61. Chemistry Department - Division Of Science - CCNY julius axelrod, '33 Shared the 1970 nobel Prize in Medicine with Sir Bernard Katzand Ulf Von Euler for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors http://www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/chemistry/alumni.html

Over the years the Chemistry department at City College has been blessed with exceptional students. The list of alumni includes 4 Nobel laureates , several members of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Institute of Medicine, and numerous corporate executives. Nobel Prize winners Julius Axelrod, '33 Shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Sir Bernard Katz and Ulf Von Euler for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation. Arthur Kornberg, '37 Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Severo Ochoa for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid. Stanford page Jerome Karle, '37 Shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Herbert A. Hauptman for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures. Leon M. Lederman, '43

62. @P.Medicina: Nobel Premiados , Última Actualización 25/11/99. Premiados con el nobel de Fisiología o Medicina. 1970.Sir Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler julius axelrod. 1921. No Hubo Premiado. http://www.iespana.es/apmedicina/Nobel/Nobel2/nobel2.html

Número de Archivos: Mapa Novedades Tu opinión Libro de Visitas Foro Lista de Correo Buscar Becas Buscar Farmacias Buscadores Médicos Hora Internet Última Actualización: Premiados con el Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina Emil Adolf von Behring Max Theiler Sir Ronald Ross Selman Abraham Waksman ... Philip Showalter Hench Webmaster

63. Volver A La Página Principal Las Instituciones Que Nos Cobijan Premios nobel de Medicina. PRINCIPAL ÍNDICE Notas nobel Medicina nobel Química 1970, axelrod, julius; Euler, Ulf Von; Katz, Sir Bernard. http://www.biologia.edu.ar/basicos/nobeles/nobelmed.htm

Premios Nobel de Medicina PRINCIPAL ÍNDICE Notas [ Nobel Medicina ] Nobel Química Tema Ganador Behring, Emil Adolf Von Ross, Sir Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Koch, Robert Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y.; Golgi, Camillo Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Ehrlich, Paul; Metchnikoff, Ilya Ilyich Kocher, Emil Theodor Kossel, Albrecht Gullstrand, Allvar Carrel, Alexis Richet, Charles Robert Barany, Robert Bordet, Jules Krogh, Schack August Steenberger Hill, Sir Archibald Vivian; Meyerhof, Otto Fritz; Banting, Sir Frederick Grant; Macleod, John James Richard; Einthoven, Willem; Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan; Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland Landsteiner, Karl Warburg, Otto Heinrich Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas; Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott Morgan, Thomas Hunt Minot, George Richards; Murphy, William Parry; Whipple, George Hoyt Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Hallett; Loewi, Otto Nagyrapolt, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Von Heymans, Corneille Jean Francois Domagk, Gerhard

64. Autographs Of Nobel Prize Winners - List And Pics Alferov, Zhores, Phys2000, signed colour photo. signed Sweden nobel FDC. TLS. Asturias,Miguel, Lit67, signed card. axelrod, julius, Med70, signed publication, dedicated. http://nigel-harris.com/nobel.htm

Autographs of Nobel Prize Winners (Autogramme von Nobelpreistraeger) My List/Pics of Laureates Signatures Data Base (update: 26.10.2001) Statistics (26.10.2001) till 2001 received total Chemistry Physics Medicine Peace (Persons) Peace (Organisations) Literature Economy Total (excl. organisations) Total (incl. organisations) A B C D ... Organisations A Addams, Laura Jane signed "Hull House" paper Adrian, Edgar D. signed card Aleixandre, Vicente signed card, framed Allais, Maurice signed handwritten letter signed Alderney FDC (sun eclipse 1999) Alferov, Zhores signed colour photo signed Sweden Nobel FDC Alfven, Hannes G. signed book (also signed by his wife) Altman, Sidney signed card signed publication signed publication signed colour photo Alvarez, Luis W. signed card signed b/w photo Anderson, Carl D. signed card Anderson, Philip W. signed US FDC signed b/w photo (Repro) Andric, Ivo signed card Anfinsen, Christian B. signed card signed b/w photo (large size) signed US FDC Angell, Ralph N.

65. Jewish Nobel Prize Winners 1970 - julius axelrod; 1970 - Sir Bernard Katz; 1972 - Gerald Maurice Edelman; http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/nobels.html

Jewish Nobel Prize Winners The Nobel Prizes are awarded by the Nobel Foundation of Sweden to men and women who have rendered the greatest service to humankind. Between 1901 and 1995, 663 Nobel Prizes were handed out. Of these, 140 are Jews or people of Jewish descent. Literature 1910 - Paul Heyse 1927 - Henri Bergson 1958 - Boris Pasternak Shmuel Yosef Agnon 1966 - Nelly Sachs 1976 - Saul Bellow Isaac Bashevis Singer 1981 - Elias Canetti 1987 - Joseph Brodsky Nadine Gordimer 2001- Imre Kertesz World Peace 1911 - Alfred Fried Tobias Michael Carel Asser 1968 - Rene Cassin Henry Kissinger Menachem Begin Elie Wiesel Shimon Peres ... Yitzhak Rabin Chemistry 1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer 1906 - Henri Moissan 1910 - Otto Wallach 1915 - Richard Willstaetter 1918 - Fritz Haber 1943 - George Charles de Hevesy 1961 - Melvin Calvin 1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz 1972 - William Howard Stein Ilya Prigogine 1979 - Herbert Charles Brown 1980 - Paul Berg Walter Gilbert 1981 - Roald Hoffmann 1982 - Aaron Klug 1985 - Albert A. Hauptman

66. Nobel Letter 1972. julius axelrod Scientist Emeritus National Institutes of HealthNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1970. David Baltimore http://www.ascb.org/publicpolicy/Nobelletter.html

Statement by 40 Nobel Laureates Regarding Cloning NATIONAL OFFICE: 8120 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 750 Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2762 TEL: 301/347-9300  FAX 301/347-9310  E-MAIL ascbinfo@ascb.org www.ascb.org Two National Academy of Sciences expert committees, as well as noted national and international organizations, have evaluated current scientific and medical information and have concluded that cloning a human being using the method of nuclear transplantation cannot be achieved safely. Such attempts in other mammals often have catastrophic outcomes.  Furthermore, virtually nothing is known about the potential safety of such procedures in humans. Consequently, there is widespread and strong agreement that an attempt to clone a human being would constitute unwarranted experimentation on human subjects and should be prohibited by legislation that imposes criminal and civil penalties on those who would implant the product of nuclear transplantation into a woman’s uterus. Unfortunately, some legislation, such as that introduced by Senator Brownback (R-KS) would foreclose the legitimate use of nuclear transplantation technology for research and therapeutic purposes. This would impede progress against some of the most debilitating diseases known to man. For example, it may be possible to use nuclear transplantation technology to produce patient-specific embryonic stem cells that could overcome the rejection normally associated with tissue and organ transplantation.  Nuclear transplantation technology might also permit the creation of embryonic stem cells with defined genetic constitution, permitting a new and powerful approach to understanding how inherited predispositions lead to a variety of cancers and neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

67. April-02_13 April 2002 Continue 13 Sidney Altman nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1989 Kenneth J. Arrownobel Prize in Economics, 1972 julius axelrod nobel Prize in Physiology or http://www.ascb.org/news/vol25no4/ie/April-02_13.html

Continue Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1989 Kenneth J. Arrow Nobel Prize in Economics, 1972 Julius Axelrod Medicine, 1970 David Baltimore Medicine, 1975 Paul Berg Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1980 J. Michael Bishop Medicine, 1989 Thomas R. Cech Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1989 Medicine, 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1990 Johann Deisenhofer Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1988 Renato Dulbecco Medicine, 1975 Edmond H. Fischer Medicine, 1992 Jerome I. Friedman Nobel Prize in Physics, 1990 Walter Gilbert Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1980 Alfred G. Gilman Medicine, 1994 Donald A. Glaser Nobel Prize in Physics, 1960 Joseph L. Goldstein Medicine, 1985 Paul Greengard Medicine, 2000 Lee Hartwell Medicine, 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1986 Burton Richter Nobel Prize in Physics, 1976 Richard J. Roberts Medicine, 1993 Phillip A. Sharp Medicine, 1993 Hamilton O. Smith Medicine, 1978 Robert M. Solow Nobel Prize in Economics, 1987 E. Donnall Thomas Medicine, 1990 Harold Varmus Medicine, 1989 Medicine, 1962 Torsten Nils Wiesel Medicine, 1981 Robert W. Wilson

68. Nobel Prizes In Medicine THE nobel PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE 1970 The prize was Sweden, The KarolinskaInstitute, Stockholm, * 1905, + 1983; and axelrod, julius, USA, National http://felix.unife.it/Root/d-Medicine/d-The-physician/t-Nobel-prizes-medicine

Nobel prizes in Medicine

69. The Nobel Prize Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.) 1970 ? (Sir Bernard Katz), ? ?(Ulf von Euler), (julius axelrod) 1969 http://home.megapass.co.kr/~jayleen/medicine/medi-index.htm

ij·Ñ¶óÀÎÀÇÇבּ¸¼ÒÀÇ »ý¸®ÇÐ ÀÇÇлó ¸Þ´Þ¿¡´Â ÀÇÇÐÀÇ ½ÅÀÌ ¹«¸­ À§¿¡ ¥À» Æîijõ°í ¼Ò³à ȯÀÚÀÇ °¥ÁõÀ» ´Þ·¡ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ±×¸©¿¡´Ù ¹ÙÀ§¿¡¼­ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â ¹°À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀÌ »õ°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖÀ§¿¡´Â º£¸£±æ¸®¿ì½ºÀÇ '¾ÆÀ̳׾ƽº'¿¡¼­ Àοë¶õ ¶óƾ¾î ±¸Àý 'Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes'°¡ »õ°ÜÁ® Àִµ¥ '±×¸®°í »õ·Î ¹ß°ßÇÑ Áö¹è·Î Áö»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ »îÀ» ´õ ³´°Ô ¸¸µç ±×µé'À̶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. Leland H. Hartwell), Ƽ¸ð½ ÇåÆ®(Timothy Hunt), Æú ³Ê½º(Sir Paul M. Nurse) Arvid Carlsson), Æú ±×¸°°¡µå(Paul Greengard), ¿¡¸¯ Ä˵é(Eric R. Kandel) Robert F. Furchgott), ·çÀ̽º À̱׳ª·Î(Louis J. Ignarro), Æ丮µå ¹Â¶óµå(Ferid Murad) Stanley B. Prusiner) Peter C. Doherty), ·ÑÇÁ ĪĿ³ª°Ö(Rolf M. Zinkernagel) Alfred G. Gilman), ¸¶Æ¾ ·Îµåº§(Martin Rodbell) Richard J. Roberts), Çʸ³ »þÇÁ(Phillip A. Sharp) Edmond H. Fischer), ¿¡µåÀ© Å©·¹ºê½º(Edwin G. Krebs) Erwin Neher), º£¸£Æ® ÀÚÅ©¸¸(Bert Sakmann) Joseph E. Murray), µµ³Î Åä¸Ó½º(E. Donnall Thomas) J. Michael Bishop), ÇØ·Ñµå ¹Ù¸Ó½º(Harold E. Varmus) Sir James W. Black), °ÅÅõ¸£µå ¿¤¸®¿Â(Gertrude B. Elion),Á¶Áö È÷Ī½º( George H. Hitchings) Susumu Tonegawa) Stanley Cohen), ¸®Å¸ ·¹ºñ ¸óÅ»¸®Ä¡(Rita Levi-Montalcini)

70. Nobel Prize For Medicine nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. 1970. julius axelrod (US), Ulf S. von Euler(Sweden), and Sir Bernard Katz (UK), for studies of how nerve impulses are http://homepages.shu.ac.uk/~acsdry/quizes/medicine.htm

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine For years not listed, no award was made. Emil A. von Behring (Germany), for work on serum therapy against diphtheria Sir Ronald Ross (U.K.), for work on malaria Niels R. Finsen (Denmark), for his treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light rays Ivan P. Pavlov (U.S.S.R.), for work on the physiology of digestion Robert Koch (Germany), for work on tuberculosis Charles L. A. Laveran (France), for work with protozoa in the generation of disease Paul Ehrlich (Germany) and Elie Metchnikoff (U.S.S.R.), for work on immunity Theodor Kocher (Switzerland), for work on the thyroid gland Albrecht Kossel (Germany), for achievements in the chemistry of the cell Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden), for work on the dioptrics of the eye Alexis Carrel (France), for work on vascular ligature and grafting of blood vessels and organs Charles Richet (France), for work on anaphylaxy Jules Bordet (Belgium), for discoveries in connection with immunity August Krogh (Denmark), for discovery of regulation of capillaries' motor mechanism In1923, the1922 prize was shared by Archibald V. Hill (U.K.), for discovery relating to heat-production in muscles; and Otto Meyerhof (Germany), for correlation between consumption of oxygen and production of lactic acid in muscles

71. BMJ_U Of Toronto Accused Of Violating Academic Freedom [Prozac Politics] Dr Arvid Carlsson, this year's winner of the nobel prize in medicine, and Dr julius axelrod, the 1970 winner, were among those who branded the affair an http://csf.colorado.edu/envtecsoc/2001/msg00419.html

Date Thread BMJ_U of Toronto accused of violating academic freedom [Prozac politics] by Mark Douglas Whitaker 16 September 2001 01:16 UTC http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/323/7313/591/a http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/323/7313/591/a Date Thread ... Home

72. Scientific Discovery June - August 1998 - Supplement nobel Laureate Prof.Dr. julius axelrod PhD Dr. hc FRS FAAAS FNAS Dr. axelrod isthe World’s leading Biochemical Pharmacologists and Guest Worker at the US http://www.thewif.org.uk/nlett/8/pages.html

73. Physiology Or Medicine 1984 VON EULER, ULF, (photo 2) Sweden, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm,b. 1905, d. 1983;. axelrod, julius,. for axelrod, julius,. “az http://www.radnoti.hu/common/nobel/orvos.htm

The prize was awarded jointly to: JERNE , NIELS K., KÖHLER , GEORGES J.F., and MILSTEIN , CÉSAR, (photo) Great Britain and Argentina, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, b. 1927 (in Bahia Blanca, Argentina) "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" A díjat megoszva kapták: JERNE , NIELS K., KÖHLER , GEORGES J.F., és MILSTEIN , CÉSAR, (kép) Great Britain and Argentina, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, “az immunrendszer fejlõdésében és szabályozásában megnyilvánuló specificitásra vonatkozó elméletekért és a monoklonális antitestek képzõdési elvének felfedezéséért” The prize was awarded jointly to: BERGSTRÖM , SUNE K., SAMUELSSON , BENGT I., and VANE , Sir JOHN, (photo) Great Britain, The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, b. 1927 "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" A díjat megosztva kapták: BERGSTRÖM , SUNE K.

74. SIMR - Centenary Survey Of Nobel Laureates which is now the case in many places. Michael S Brown, MD, nobel Prizewinner1985. 1970 Sir Bernard KATZ, Ulf von EULER and julius axelrod - show how http://www.simr.org.uk/pages/nobel/time_line_8.html

Home Biotechnology Celebrity support Benefits of animal research ... Links Nobel Prize Winners in Physiology and Medicine (1970 - 1979) Alfred Bernhard Nobel Nobel Survey Index Photo: Wellcome Institute Library The Timeline "I agree that animal experimentation should be humane and regulated, but the regulations must not be so onerous as to impede legitimate experimentation, which is now the case in many places." - Michael S Brown, M.D., Nobel Prizewinner 1985 Sir Bernard KATZ, Ulf von EULER and Julius AXELROD - show how chemical nerve transmitters are stored and released. Earl W. SUTHERLAND, Jr. - describes the mechanisms by which hormones act. Gerald M. EDELMAN and Rodney R. PORTER - discover the chemical structure of antibodies. Karl von FRISCH, Konrad LORENZ and Nikolaas TINGBERGEN - show the organisation of social behaviour patterns in animals. Albert CLAUDE, Christian de DUVE and George E. PALADE - describe the structural and functional organisation of the individual cell. David BALTIMORE, Renato DULBECCO and Howard Martin TEMIN - demonstrate the interaction between tumour viruses and genes.

75. Nobel Peace Prize? JEWISH nobel WINNERS. Francois Jacob 1965 Andre Lwoff 1967 - George Wald 1968 -Marshall W. Nirenberg 1969 - Salvador Luria 1970 - julius axelrod 1970 - Sir http://www.toojewish.com/contrib/misc/sillynobel.html

76. Chemie Im Rückblick Translate this page Aston, Francis W. *1.9.1877 axelrod, julius *30.5.1912 Robert Bruce *15.7.1921 Meyer,julius Lothar *19.8 4.1927 nobel, Alfred *21.10.1833 Noddack, Ida *25.2 http://www.asn-linz.ac.at/schule/chemie/back.htm

Februar April Mai Juni ... Dezember Diese Woche im ChemCenter und bei Lemoyne Leitseite Chemikern alphabetisch: A B C D ... X Y Z A Alder, Kurt Altman, Sidney Anfinsen, Christian Arrhenius, Svante August ... Axelrod, Julius B Baeyer, Adolf von Balmer, Johann Jakob Banting, Frederick Grant Barton, Derek Harold Richard ... Butenandt, Adolf C Calvin, Melvin Carothers, Wallace Hume Cavendish , Henry Chadwick, James ... Czech, Thomas Robert D Daguerre, Louis-Jaques Dalton, John Davy, Sir Humphrey Deisenhofer , Johann ... Domagk, Gerhard E Edelman, Gerald Maurice Eigen, Manfred Einhorn, Alfred Einstein, Albert ... Eyring, Henry F Faraday, Michael Fehling, Hermann von Fenn, John B. Fischer, Emil Hermann ... Furchgott, Robert F. G Gadolin, Johan Gahn, Johann G. Gasser, Herbert S. Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis ... Grignard, Francois Auguste Victor H Haber, Fritz Hahn, Otto Hantzsch, Arthur Rudolf Harden, Arthur ... Hund, Friedrich I, J Ignarro, Louis J. Ingold, Christopher K. Joule, James Prescott K Karle, Jerome Karrer, Paul Katz, Bernard Kendall, Edward C. ... Kuhn, Richard L Landolt, Hans Heinrich Landsteiner, Karl Langmuir, Irving Lavoisier , Antoine L. ... Luria, Salvador M Mannich, Carl

77. Nobel Prices Related To Neuroscience nobel prices related to neuroscience. 1970 Sir Bernard Katz (Great Britain), Ulfvon Euler (Sweden) and julius axelrod (USA) for their discoveries concerning http://www.biomag.helsinki.fi/braincourse/nobelneuroscience.html

To BioMag home page Nobel prices related to neuroscience 1973 Physics: Brian David Josephson (Great Britain) "for his theoretical predictions of theproperties of a supercurrent through a barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" 1991 Erwin Neher (Germany) Bert Sakmann (Germany) "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" Alfred G. Gilman (USA) Martin Rodbell (USA) "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" Send comments to Risto Ilmoniemi ( rji@biomag.helsinki.fi BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital P.O. Box 340, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland FAX +358-9-47175781, Tel. +358-9-47172096, +358-50-5562964 http://www.biomag.helsinki.fi

78. Stories About Nobel Prize Winners... julius axelrod shared the 1970 nobel Prize in Medicine. He said that the best thingthat ever happened to him was that he couldn't get in to medical school. http://www.finchcms.edu/cms/biochem/walters/stories.html

Svante Arrhenius (Chemistry, 1903) put forward his theory of ionization while still a student at Upsala. "I came to my professor, Cleve, whom I admire very much, and I said: 'I have a new theory of electrical conductivity as a cause of chemical reactions.' He said: 'That is very interesting,' and then said 'Good-bye.' He explained to me later, when he had to pronounce the reason for my receiving the Nobel Prize for that work, that he knew very well that there are so many different theories formed, and that they are almost all certain to be wrong, for after a short time they disappear; and therefore, by using the statistical manner of forming his ideas, he concluded that my theory also would not exist very long." Linus Pauling won two Nobel Prizes: Chemistry (1954) for work on the nature of the chemical bond, and Peace (1962). He said that the way to have good ideas is to have lots of ideas. He conceded that most of the ideas would turn out to be stupid, but if you practice coming up with lots of ideas, some of them will turn out to be great ones. Julius Axelrod shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in Medicine. He said that the best thing that ever happened to him was that he couldn't get in to medical school. He turned to research and made key discoveries in the field of neurotransmission.

79. WIEM: Axelrod Julius (encyklopedia.pl)Category World Polska Leksykon Encyklopedia encyklopedia.pl A......wersja dla drukarki. Chemia, Medycyna, Stany Zjednoczone axelrod julius(1912), widok strony znajdz podobne pokaz powiazane. axelrod http://wiem.onet.pl/wiem/00a458.html

wiem.onet.pl napisz do nas losuj: has³a multimedia Chemia, Medycyna, Stany Zjednoczone Axelrod Julius widok strony znajd¼ podobne poka¿ powi±zane Axelrod Julius (1912-), amerykañski neurobiolog, farmakolog i biochemik. 1949-1953 pracownik National Heart Institute w Bethesda w stanie Maryland, od 1955 kierownik dzia³u farmakologii w National lnstitute of Mental Health tam¿e. Cz³onek m.in. Narodowej Akademii Nauk w Waszyngtonie i Royal Society w Londynie. Bada³ mechanizm dzia³ania noradrenaliny pod wp³ywem odkrytego przez siebie enzymu. 1970 laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie medycyny i fizjologii (wspólnie z B. Katzem i U.S. von Eulerem) za odkrycia (w badaniach prowadzonych niezale¿nie od siebie) dotycz±ce mediatorów wydzielanych na zakoñczeniach nerwowych oraz mechanizmów ich magazynowania, uwalniania i unieczynniania, czyli mechanizmu przenoszenia impulsów w  uk³adzie nerwowym . Odkrycia te, podstawowe dla neurofizjologii i neurofarmakologii, otworzy³y drogê nowym metodom leczenia w  neurologii i  psychiatrii Odwied¼ w Internecie The Nobel Foundation Docent OnLine Powi±zania Katz Sir Bernard Euler Ulf Svante von Nobla Nagrody, 1966-1970

80. NOBEL LAUREATES WARN AGAINST MISSILE DEFENSE DEPLOYMENT Kenneth J. Arrow STANFORD UNIVERSITY 1972 nobel Prize in economics julius AxelrodNIH 1970 nobel Prize in medicine Baruj Benacerraf DANA FARBER CANCER INST. http://www.fas.org/press/000706-letter.htm

July 6, 2000 President William Jefferson Clinton The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20502 Dear Mr. President: We urge you not to make the decision to deploy an anti-ballistic missile system during the remaining months of your administration. The system would offer little protection and would do grave harm to this nation's core security interests. We and other independent scientists have long argued that anti-ballistic missile systems, particularly those attempting to intercept reentry vehicles in space, will inevitably lose in an arms race of improvements to offensive missiles. North Korea has taken dramatic steps toward reconciliation with South Korea. Other dangerous states will arise. But what would such a state gain by attacking the United States except its own destruction? While the benefits of the proposed anti-ballistic missile system are dubious, the dangers created by a decision to deploy are clear. It would be difficult to persuade Russia or China that the United States is wasting tens of billions of dollars on an ineffective missile system against small states that are unlikely to launch a missile attack on the U.S. The Russians and Chinese must therefore conclude that the presently planned system is a stage in developing a bigger system directed against them. They may respond by restarting an arms race in ballistic missiles and having missiles in a dangerous "launch-on-warning" mode.

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