61. Nature Publishing Group their subject back to the Renaissance and then, with a bit of disruption due tothe Dark Ages (and some help from Islamic and indian mathematicians), back to http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v419/n6907/full/

62. Nature Publishing Group mathematical Sweet Eat) a secondorder interpolation formula corresponding to Newton–Stirling;and it is known that classical indian mathematicians used the http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v414/n6866/full/

63. Www.luckymojo.com/avidyana/plebe/files/gem/ltrsnmbrs The indian mathematicians introduced two factors which improved numeration so muchthat their positional decimal system has been universally adopted, except http://www.luckymojo.com/avidyana/plebe/files/gem/ltrsnmbrs

Path: shell.portal.com!svc.portal.com!sdd.hp.com!spool.mu.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!uunet!comp.vuw.ac.nz!waikato!auckland.ac.nz!malefic!nacjack!constipation.nacjack.gen.nz!Michael.Freedman Newsgroups: alt.magick From: Michael.Freedman@constipation.nacjack.gen.nz (Michael Freedman) Date: 7 Jan 95 14:29:41 GMT Message-ID:

64. Nettem Page Then why you are waiting here click on which ever you like, it is upto your choice.ANCIENT indian mathematicians. CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION. ANDHRA PRADESH. http://cpnettem.tripod.com/files/mywww.htm

Friends..... Here are some of my favourite web sites where you too can enjoy... Then why you are waiting here click on which ever you like, it is upto your choice ANCIENT INDIAN MATHEMATICIANS CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION ANDHRA PRADESH BJP ... INDIAN STORIES

65. Ex Mari Memoriarum - From The Sea Of Memories - Stormy's Play-by-Email Adventure 500 AD, indian mathematicians introduce the decimal system and zero (0).Bows and arrows are adopted by plains hunters in North America. http://www.stormy.net/immortal/history.shtm

Excerpts From History 12000 BC Hunter-gatherers make the first pottery. 9000 BC Wild sheep flocks are managed and wild cereals cultivated. 5000 BC Crop irrigation begins on the Mesopotamian plains. 4000 BC Horses are domesticated in the southwestern steppes of Europe. 3800 BC Early bronze working begins in the Middle East. 3000 BC Copper and silk are manufactured in China. Upper and Lower Egypt are united. 2700 BC The first standardized system of measurement is created in Mesopotamia. The units include the cubit, or kush, a unit of length, and the shekel, a unit of weight. The new system invents units for multiples of other units, such as the nindan (12 cubits). 2630 BC First pyramid built at Saqqera, Egypt. 2300 BC Bronze age begins in Europe and the Aegean. First permanent farming villages founded in MesoAmerica. 1400 BC The Iron age begins in the Near East. 1194 BC Beginning of Trojan War which lasts ten years. 1141 BC First documented plague; Ark of Covenant in Israel. 1000 BC Iron working common in Europe. Kingdom is Israel founded. Formative period of Hinduism. 992 BC Solomon, the second son of David, becomes the king under whom Israel reaches its greatest prosperity and glory, trading with Arabia and Phoenicia, until 925 BC.

66. Indian Scientists advanced methods of determining the number of mathematical combinations by the secondcentury BC By the fifth century AD, indian mathematicians were using ten http://www.indianchild.com/indian_scientists.htm

Indian Scientists Science in India Origin and Development India has a long and proud scientific tradition. Nehru, in his Discovery of India hindsah , meaning "from Hind (India)"), their Indian origins are a source of national pride. Technological discoveries have been made relating to pharmacology, brain surgery, medicine, artificial colors and glazes, metallurgy, recrystalization, chemistry, the decimal system, geometry, astronomy, and language and linguistics (systematic linguistic analysis having originated in India with Panini's fourth-century B.C. Sanskrit grammar, the Ashtadhyayi ). These discoveries have led to practical applications in brick and pottery making, metal casting, distillation, surveying, town planning, hydraulics, the development of a lunar calendar, and the means of recording these discoveries as early as the era of Harappan culture. Written information on scientific developments from the Harrapan period to the eleventh century A.D. (when the first permanent Muslim settlements were established in India) is found in Sanskrit, Pali, Arabic, Persian, Tamil, Malayalam, and other classical languages that were intimately connected to Indian religious and philosophical traditions. Archaeological evidence and written accounts from other cultures with which India has had contact have also been used to corroborate the evidence of Indian scientific and technological developments. The technology of textile production, hydraulic engineering, water-powered devices, medicine, and other innovations, as well as mathematics and other theoretical sciences, continued to develop and be influenced by techniques brought in from the Muslim world by the Mughals after the fifteenth century.

67. Siliconindia.com-Daily Byte Center Not long after the invention, however, the indian mathematicians who were so aheadof their time left India to work in the courts of Arab rulers — Baghdad http://www.siliconindia.com/daily_byte/index.asp?bno=56

68. Title Indian mathematics was geared towards astronomy, although astronomyis not what we remember the ancian indian mathematicians for. http://www.math.uvic.ca/courses/math415/Math415Web/india/itext.html

Overview of Indian Mathematics Ancient Indian mathematics is often described as a mixture of good and bad mathematics. Nevertheless, Indian mathematics has strongly influenced the world. Ancient Indian mathematics is marked by a few key characteristics. Firstly, it was the ancient Indians who invented the number system that we use today. Called the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, our numeral system was more an Indian invention than an Arabic invention. The Arabs were the middlemen who brought it to us, whereas the Indians were the ones who actually invented it. This numeral system, as we know, is not as clumsy as most, and lends itself well to mathematical manipulation. Another concept that the Indians had incorporated into their mathematics was the concept of zero. Most cultures did not have a symbol for something that was nothing. The ancient Indians, however, worked with what they called 'Sunya', or 'the void itself'. Much like our number system, the concept of zero came to us from India via Islam. Two more concepts that the ancient Indians were familiar with were the concepts of negative numbers, and irrational numbers. One of the oldest Hindu mathematical documents, the Sulvasutras dates back to the sixth century BCE. This valuable manuscript gives us a unique insight into Indian mathematics. In it, the square root of two is calculated to five decimal places, and a construction proof for a ritual altar is given. In fact, Sulvasutas means 'rules of the holy chord', because ropes were used to measure altars. The fact that a proof is given is interesting because demonstrative mathematics was not an mark of early Indian mathematics.

69. Untitled Document Renaissance. Probably the most celebrated indian mathematicians belongingto this period was Aaryabhat.a, who was born in 476 CE. In http://www.infinityfoundation.com/ECITmathframe.html

Indic Mathematics: India and the Scientific Revolution Dr. David Gray 1. Math and Ethnocentrism The study of mathematics in the West has long been characterized by a certain ethnocentric bias, a bias which most often manifests not in explicit racism, but in a tendency toward undermining or eliding the real contributions made by non-Western civilizations. The debt owed by the West to other civilizations, and to India in particular, go back to the earliest epoch of the "Western" scientific tradition, the age of the classical Greeks, and continued up until the dawn of the modern era, the renaissance, when Europe was awakening from its dark ages. This awakening was in part made possible by the rediscovery of mathematics and other sciences and technologies through the medium of the Arabs, who transmitted to Europe both their own lost heritage as well as the advanced mathematical traditions formulated in India. George Ghevarughese Joseph, in an important article entitled "Foundations of Eurocentrism in Mathematics," argued that "the standard treatment of the history of non-European mathematics is a product of historiographical bias (conscious or otherwise) in the selection and interpretation of facts, which, as a consequence, results in ignoring, devaluing or distorting contributions arising outside European mathematical traditions." (1987:14) Due to the legacy of colonialism, the exploitation of which was ideologically justified through a doctrine of racial superiority, the contributions of non-European civilizations were often ignored, or, as Joseph argued, even distorted, in that they were often misattributed as European, i.e. Greek, contributions, and when their contributions were so great as to resist such treatment, they were typically devalued, considered inferior or irrelevant to Western mathematical traditions.

70. Kumar's Curriculum On Ancient Indian Science This method was replaced by indian mathematicians with another system thatused the half chord of an arc, known today as the sine of an angle. http://www.infinityfoundation.com/kumargrant.htm

Home Grant Recipients Projects Announcements ... Feedback/Contact Us Dr. Alok Kumar's Project to Design a Curriculum on ancient Indian Science The Educational Council on Indic Traditions (ECIT) seeks to improve the ways in which India and her cultural, scientific and religious traditions are portrayed in the educational system. To facilitate this eCIT and the Infinity Foundation will provide funding to Dr. Alok Kumar to develop a class on Indic contributions to science. Since Dr. Kumar will eventually disseminate the course outline and resources, it is hoped that his contribution will assist in bringing these contributions to a wider audience in the United States and abroad. Project Sciences of the Ancient Hindus: Its History and Implications on World Cultures Investigator Dr. Alok Kumar, Department of Physics, State University of New York, Oswego, NY 13126. Project Outline I'll write the modules and articles mentioned in the Products section during the summer of 2001. These modules will later be tested during the Fall 2001 or Spring 2002 semester. Based on my experiences in the course, they will be revised during the summer of 2002. Depending on the schedule and location, I plan to attend one/two national meetings to present my findings in this project. At this point, I am aiming at the meetings organized by the American Physical Society, the National Science Teacher's Association, or the History of Science and Technology Society. With $500 I mostly want to buy books that are essential to my project.

71. Indian History Congress, Calcutta, 2001 Indeed, the openness of approach that allowed indian mathematicians and scientiststo learn about the state of these professions in Babylon, Greece and Rome http://www.amartyasen.net/historycong.htm

Amartya Sen HISTORY AND THE ENTERPRISE OF KNOWLEDGE Indian History Congress, Calcutta, 2001 In an often-quoted remark, Henry Ford, the great captain of industry, said, "History is more or less bunk." As a general statement about history, this is perhaps not an assessment of compelling delicacy. And yet Henry Ford would have been right to think, if that is what he meant, that history could easily become "bunk" through motivated manipulation. This is especially so if the writing of history is manoeuvred to suit a slanted agenda in contemporary politics. There are organized attempts in our country, at this time, to do just that, with arbitrary augmentation of a narrowly sectarian view of India's past, along with undermining its magnificently multireligious and heterodox history. Among other distortions, there is also a systematic confounding here of mythology with history. An extraordinary example of this has been the interpretation of the Ramayana , not as a great epic, but as documentary history, which can be invoked to establish property rights over places and sites possessed and owned by others. The Ramayana , which Rabindranath Tagore had seen as a wonderful legend ("the story of the Ramayana" is to be interpreted, as Tagore put it, not as "a matter of historical fact" but "in the plane of ideas") and in fact as a marvellous parable of "reconciliation"

72. AMCA: Solving The Pell Equation Presented By Hugh C. Williams The technique was refined by successive indian mathematicians, culminating in thecyclic method, a deterministic algorithm for finding t and u, which had been http://at.yorku.ca/cgi-bin/amca/cadx-74

AMCA Document # cadx-74 Millennial Conference on Number Theory May 21-26, 2000 University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA Organizers B.C. Berndt, N. Boston, H.G. Diamond, A.J. Hildebrand, W. Philipp View Abstracts Conference Homepage Solving the Pell Equation by Hugh C. Williams University of Waterloo Let D be a positive nonsquare integer. The misnamed Pell equation is an expression of the form T - D U where the values of T and U are constrained to be integers. This very simple Diophantine equation seems to have been known to mathematicians for over 2000 years. It is well known that for any D it has an infinitude of solutions which can be easily expressed in terms of a fundamental solution t,u. The problem of finding t and u has been studied since the early 7th century, when the Indian mathematician Brahmagupta discovered an ad hoc method of doing this. The technique was refined by successive Indian mathematicians, culminating in the cyclic method, a deterministic algorithm for finding t and u, which had been developed by the 11th century. Since the rediscovery of this equation by Fermat in 1657, a considerable literature concerning it has accumulated, including two books. In fact, research on the Pell equation is still very active today; at least one hundred articles dealing with it in various ways have appeared within the last decade. In this talk I will discuss the recent progress that has been made in the problem of finding t and u. The techniques involve continued fractions, ideal class infrastructure, compact representations and subexponential methods. Many examples will be provided.

73. Untitled Document 1400 AD. indian mathematicians and astronomers have contributed immenselyto the fundamental concept of celestial science. It is http://www.embajadaindia.com/main_historiaciencia.htm

History of Indian Science Starting with the Indus Valley civilization around 2500 BC, India has been the site for significant historical and philosophical developments intermeshed with several facets of scientific and technological activities. Recent excavations at Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal and Dholavira (Gujarat) have underlined the singular achievements of this period in history, especially in the spheres of town planning and building of houses using standard burnt bricks, interlinked drainage system, wheel -turned ceramics, solid wheel carts and the use of copper and bronze in various products. The discovery of coins and concrete evidence of maritime trade indicate a definite level of excellence in the fields of mathematics, geometry and astronomy. In the field of medicine and surgery, Charak Samhita and Sushrita, classics on Ayurveda are acknowledged as important milestones of the sixth century BC. As far as metallurgy was concerned, according to the Rasvatnakar, the very first batch of zinc to be distilled by man took place around 50 BC in Zawar, Rajasthan.

74. A Science History Quiz This source claims that indian mathematicians picked up the Babylonianplacevalue idea and adapted it to decimal notation. Quoting http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/scihist.htm

A SCIENCE HISTORY QUIZ by Donald E. Simanek This quiz has answers below, but please don't look at them too soon. I've used these questions in history of science seminars at Lock Haven University to give students practice in library research. 1. Who first described Newton's rings? 2. Who first successfully explained Newton's rings? 3. Who first gave a correct physical explanation of why the sky is blue? 4. Who invented the Wheatstone bridge? 5. Who first patented the telegraph? 6. Who invented Morse code? 7. Who first experimentally verified Coulomb's law of electric attraction? 8. Who first performed Faraday's ice pail experiment demonstrating electrostatic shielding? 9. Who invented the decimal point notation in mathematics? 10. Who invented the drip coffee pot? 11. Who first made carbonated water? 12. What chemist was the first to discover and describe color blindness? 13. Who first formulated L'Hospital's rule for evaluating indeterminate algebraic forms? 14. Who first made a `Galilean' (non-inverting) type telescope consisting of a positive objective lens and a negative eyelens at opposite ends of a tube?

75. Culture Engineering Medicine. indian mathematicians are credited with introducingthe concept of zero to the world. There is plenty of http://www.anand.to/india/culture.html

Indian Culture Home India Decisive Dates Culture Economy Government History Religion Modern day Indian culture has been influenced by foreign invaders, settlers and colonizers. This has often left people wondering as to the origins of Indian culture. The present theory is that Dravidians were the original settlers who were chased to the south by the Aryans during their migrations from Central Asia. With time however, their traditions merged and as a result, throughout India today, traditions are quite similar. India is rich in her ceremonial greetings. Each gesture is meaningful and bears its own name: Namaste, Vanakkam, Swagattam, Sat Sri Akal and many more, signifying respect and welcome, blessings and greetings. The most universal is the soft-spoken Namaste. Swagattam or welcome is expressed in a hundred different ways appropriate to a land as rich, vast and varied as India. As someone once said, "If there is one place on the face of the earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began to dream of existence, it is India." Languages With over 1600 languages and dialects, India's linguistic diversity is extreme. Three-fourths of the population speak languages belonging to the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European family, all of which ultimately descend from Sanskrit. These include Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu, all enjoying official status. Nearly one-fourth of all Indians speak languages belonging to the Dravidian family, among which Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu have official status. Hundreds of additional languages, grouped in several families, account for less than 5 percent of the population. English, an auxiliary official language, serves as an all-Indian lingua franca.

76. Bellagio Proceedings: Titles Of Contributions This paper describes the kinds of iterative algorithms that indian mathematiciansemployed and discusses specific examples of each, as well as the overall http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/transmath/proceedings/abstracts.html

From China to Paris: 2000 Years Transmission of Mathematical Ideas Edited by Yvonne Dold-Samplonius, Joseph W. Dauben, Menso Folkerts, and Benno van Dalen Steiner Verlag Stuttgart, 2002 Abstracts Kurt Vogel, 30.09.1888 - 27.10.1985 Aufnahme: Bachert, Bonn This paper treats the history of a surveying problem in which both the height of a mountain or tower and its distance from the observer are to be determined in cases where the distance between observer and object cannot be crossed. This problem arises in works by the Chinese (Liu Hui), Indians (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta), Arabs (al-Biruni) and the Christians of the Middle Ages ( Geometria incerti auctoris , Hugo de Sancto Victore), all of which present similar examples and methods of solution. Jens Høyrup: Seleucid Innovations in the Babylonian;"Algebraic" Tradition and their Kin Abroad Seleucid and Demotic mathematical sources, along with problems and techniques that continue older Babylonian and Egyptian traditions, both present us with a number of innovations: the treatment of "quasi-algebraic" problems about rectangular sides, diagonals and areas, and summations of series "until 10." This paper characterises these two problem types and investigates their presence in certain Neopythagorean and agrimensorial Greco-Roman writings, and in Mahavira’s compendium of Jaina mathematics, and discusses their possible influence on the Chinese Nine Chapters on Arithmetic We investigate the historical roots and branches of a number of common approximations of some irrational quantities arising in ancient and medieval mathematics. Almost all of these values or methods were known from China to Western Europe, but in our investigations of their origins and diffusion we have taken into account the varying contexts in which they appear. The historical record of their diffusion seems to suggest, in at least one case, a single origin and diffusion from that center, but, in other cases, multiple origins and again diffusion from these.

77. #1 Site For Learning Mathematics Amongst the oldest known indian mathematicians is Aryabhatta, who lived in Kusumaputrain Bihar around 470 AD Aryabhatta wrote ìAryabhatiyaî in which he has http://home.att.net/~cat5a/introduction.htm

Introduction to Mathematics Keywords: Help Mathematics originates from a Greek word ìmathemaî which means science, learning, etc.. Mathematics is an abstract science, although its application is seen in practically each and every sphere of our lives. It is the basis of all the other sciences. The oldest known mathematical treatise, dating between 2000 and 1700 B.C. comes from Egypt and is known as Ahmes Papyrus. The document contains rules for finding volumes of barns and areas of fields. Fractions and whole numbers also appear to be mentioned. Equations similar to algebra with unknown quantities are mentioned also. It is a great wonder that about thousand years earlier, the Egyptians had built their pyramids. This shows that the Egyptians knew a lot of advanced mathematics. The word geometry comes from Greek words (ge : earth, metron : measure). Pythagoras was one of the early Greek mathematicians th century B.C.) whose Theorem of Pythagoras concerning squares of the sides of a right-angled triangle is well known. Pythagoras could tell the heights, distances, or how far a boat was from the coast, by using his knowledge of the right angled triangles.

78. Beliefnet.com View a List of indian mathematicians and Sources Add more links! amorphous beliefnethost Hinduism Reconstructionist C C, Bhakta 6/5/02 1053 PM, 2 out of 3, http://www.beliefnet.com/boards/message_list.asp?discussionID=157461

79. Academe Today: The Chronicle Of Higher Education is a universal human language Modern scholars can still read mathematical textswritten by Babylonian, Chinese, Greek, and indian mathematicians thousands of http://www.ams.org/ams/rochester/chronicle_3-1.html

Academe Today: The Chronicle of Higher Education The Chronicle of Higher Education Date: March 1, 1996 Section: Opinion Page: B1 U. of Rochester Plan to Cut Mathematics Is Recipe for Disaster By Arthur Jaffe, Joseph Lipman, and Morton Lowengrub Financially beleaguered, the University of Rochester recently announced its "Renaissance Plan," designed to improve the institution's quality by reducing the student body by 20 per cent and the faculty by 10 per cent, or 37 positions. Four graduate programs are to be terminated: mathematics, chemical engineering, comparative literature, and linguistics. Four others are to be reduced. The faculty reductions will occur mostly in these eight departments, through attrition. Mathematics will be hit the hardest, shrinking from 21 to 10 faculty members. Even though more than 70 per cent of Rochester's undergraduates enroll in calculus courses, Richard Aslin, Rochester's vice-provost and dean, says: "There are other ways to service our need for calculus instruction, including the hiring of non-research adjunct faculty and/or the redirection of other qualified faculty from other disciplines." The plan to downgrade mathematics at Rochester has produced an extraordinary wave of protest, not only from mathematicians, but also from well-known biologists, chemists, computer scientists, economists, physicists, and others. Four Nobel laureates have agreed to serve on a 27-member task force, with representatives from the sciences and business, formed by the American Mathematical Society to try to resolve the situation at Rochester. Four other Nobel laureates and several dozen members of the National Academy of Sciences are among the leaders in science, industry, and education who have sent letters and resolutions to the Rochester administration.

80. Development Of Philosophical Thought And Scientific Method In Ancient India (The famous Pythagoras theorem is actually a restatement of a resultalready known and proven by earlier indian mathematicians). http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/science.htm

South Asian History Development of Philosophical Thought and Scientific Method in Ancient India Return to India Index Home to Positive Atheism Mirrored from: South Asian History Contrary to the popular perception that Indian civilization has been largely concerned with the affairs of the spirit and "after-life", India's historical record suggests that some of the greatest Indian minds were much more concerned with developing philosophical paradigms that were grounded in reality. The premise that Indian philosophy is founded solely on mysticism and renunciation emanates from a colonial and orientalist world view that seeks to obfuscate a rich tradition of scientific thought and analysis in India. Much of the evidence for how India's ancient logicians and scientists developed their theories lies buried in polemical texts that are not normally thought of as scientific texts. While some of the treatises on mathematics, logic, grammar, and medicine have survived as such many philosophical texts enunciating a rational and scientific world view can only be constructed from extended references found in philosophical texts and commentaries by Buddhist and Jain monks or Hindu scholars (usually Brahmins). Although these documents are usually considered to lie within the domain of religious studies, it should be pointed out that many of these are in the form of extended polemics that are quite unlike the holy books of Christianity or Islam. These texts attempt to debate the value of the real-world versus the spiritual-world. They attempt to counter the theories of the atheists and other skeptics. But in their attempts to prove the primacy of a mystical soul or "Atman" they often go to great lengths in describing competing rationalist and worldly philosophies rooted in a more realistic and more scientific perception of the world. Their extensive commentaries illustrate the popular methods of debate, of developing a hypothesis, of extending and elaborating theory, of furnishing proofs and counter-proofs.

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