41. History Notes: All At Sea Eventually, in the 1730’s, two french mathematicians proposed to resolve thequestion of the shape of the earth by leading an expedition to Lapland and http://www.infj.ulst.ac.uk/NI-Maths/hypotenuse/ritson.htm

History Notes: All at Sea Rene Ritson Stranmillis College The Art of Navigation is to be perfected by the Solution of this Problem. To find, at any Time, the Longitude of a Place at Sea. A Public Reward is promised for the Discovery. Let him obtain it who is able. Bernhard Varenius (Geographia Generalis, 1650) Among many other things, Christiaan Huygens is known in mathematics for his work on the radius of curvature of a plane curve and for his short treatise "On reasoning in games of chance", in science for his work on the wave theory of light, in astronomy for his observation of Saturn’s rings and in mechanics, having read Galileo’s work on pendulums, for his invention of the pendulum clock in 1657. On land, at least, accurate time-keeping was possible but a pendulum clock would be of no use at all on a ship negotiating rough seas. The French took advantage of the adjustability of pendulum clocks, and of Galileo’s method of finding longitude by observing the moons of Jupiter, to embark upon an ambitious programme to produce accurate maps of European and other known countries, but in some of the more distant parts of the world the pendulums needed unexpected adjustment. Initially the surveyors were suspected of carelessness but the problem did not go away. When Isaac Newton published his Principia in 1686 another piece of the longitude jigsaw was put in place. Newton established his Laws of Motion and developed them in the first two books of

42. Fractals help of the computer in the 1960s, Mandelbrot returned to earlier research questionsfirst posed between 1915 and 1930 by french mathematicians Gaston Julia http://curvebank.calstatela.edu/fractal/fractal.htm

The Mandelbrot Set weds the graphing of complex numbers to the recursive power of modern computers. MandelZoom takes approximately 15 seconds to load. Be patient. MandelZoom (C) Louis P. Santillan 2001-2002 Instructions: Click to zoom IN. O to zoom OUT. R to reset to the original screen. C to CHANGE COLORS. For source code, email Louis here. Back to . . . Curvebank Home Page The points of a Mandelbrot Set are bounded as follows: x: -2 x y i i x i Size: radius or distance from (0,0) The full Mandelbrot Set is plotted within the inscribed circle of radius . Other views showing the fractal edge are displayed by zooming in on only a portion of the bounded area. Sample calculation: Mathematicians in the early 20th century investigated curves that had highly intricate and detailed shapes. Moreover, they realized that while a region might be bounded and thus the area finite, the perimeter or border might seem to be infinite. These curves - the Koch Snowflake for example - with finite area and infinite perimeter, were given the name of "pathological." This particular area of research in mathematics has generated colorful names: Cantor's dust, Polya's sweeps, Peano's dragons, Sierpinski's carpet and others. When the edge of a curve under many iterations is broken, repeated, scaled down, and then scaled down again as the iterations progress, the curve has now become known as a fractal. This relatively new word in mathematics was first coined by Benoit B. Mandelbrot and introduced to mathematicians and computer scientists in

43. Review, Winter 2002 - Draper Feature Méré, about the chances of winning a certain game of dice seems to have promptedan exchange of letters between the two leading french mathematicians of the http://review.ucsc.edu/winter-02/draper.html

Certain of Uncertainty DAVID DRAPER'S WORK includes developing statistical methods for dealing with some of the thorniest problems facing modern society, such as how to evaluate the quality of hospitals and schools, and how to assess the risks of nuclear waste disposal. His fellow statisticians in UCSC's newly forming Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics study problems ranging from rainfall prediction to the interpretation of electrocardiogram readings from heart patients. But if Draper sometimes sounds more like a history professor than a statistician when he talks about his work, it may be because the history of his field is so intriguing. "The interesting thing is that right from the beginning, in the original exchange of letters between Pascal and Fermat, two completely different notions of probability were developed side by side," says Draper, professor and chair of the department in UCSC's Baskin School of Engineering. Probability theory was essential to the development of statistics, mostly in the 20th century, as a set of mathematical tools for analyzing data from experiments and observations. The two views of probability first put forth by Pascal and Fermat eventually gave rise to two very different approaches to statistics, now known as the frequentist (or relative frequency) and Bayesian approaches. Until recently, the frequentist approach has dominated the field.

44. Project 1501-1 of Shimura varieties, including some mixed Hodge theory on them at Allahabadin the hope of more direct collaboration with the french mathematicians. http://www.cefipra.org/cefipra/CEFIPREN/project/th01/prj15011.htm

Project 1501-1 ARITHMETIC AND AUTOMORPHIC FORMS Principal Collaborators Prof. Dipendra Prasad Mehta Research Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics Allahabad Prof. Jacques Tilouine URA CNRS 742 Villetaneuse Duration : Three years (November, 1996 to October, 1999) Budget Indian side: French side: Approved: Rs. 60,000 Approved: 187.000 FF Released: Rs. 20,000 Released: 118.000 FF Purchase of major equipments: Indian side: Nil French side: Nil Visits of Scientists: India to France: Prof. P. Vanchinathan Mar - Apr 1997 (14 days) Dr. S.A. Adhikari Aug - Sept 1997 (15 days) Dr. D. Prasad May -Jun 1999 (60 days) France to India: Prof. J. Oesterle Dec 96 - Feb 97 (60 days) Prof. J. Tilouine Dec 96 - Jan 97 (30days) Dr. A. Mokrane Jan - Feb 1997 (38 days) Prof. Vigneras Nov- Dec 1997 (25 days) Dr. A. Abbes Nov- Dec 1997 (25 days) Summary Since the beginning of the project, work has been carried out on theta correspondence, on Tate cycles on a product of Hilbert modular surfaces, on local Langlands correspondence for quaternion algebras, on the sign in the functional equation of Rankin product L-function, on the torsion of CM elliptic curves, on self-dual representations of finite groups of Lie-type, and finally on the module structure of the ring of integers of a number field. In all eight papers have resulted on these topics. Most have been influenced by discussion with mathematicians coming to India under the CEFIPRA project.

45. Journal Des Mathematiques Pures Et Appliques Pures et Appliques http//www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/6/0/0/7/3/ 1/Published from 1836 by the leading french mathematicians, the Journal des http://gort.ucsd.edu/newjour/j/msg02777.html

NewJour Home NewJour: J Search [Prev] ... [Next] Journal des Mathematiques Pures et Appliques cynthiareid@att.net wrote: From: cynthiareid@att.net Subject: Journal des Mathematiques Pures et Appliques Date: Wed, 16 Feb 2000 16:54:21 +0000 Journal des Mathematiques Pures et Appliques http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/6/0/0/7/3/ 1/ Published from 1836 by the leading French mathematicians, the Journal des Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées is the second oldest international mathematical journal in the world. It was founded by Joseph Liouville and published continuously by leading French Mathematicians - among the latest: Jean Leray, Jacques-Louis Lions, and presently Paul Malliavin. With its large international circulation - over 50 countries - the journal stands as one of the world's top publications in mathematics. In particular the JMPA covers mainly mathematical analysis and its relation to mechanics and numerical analysis. Publishing 10 issues a year, it develops new directions in differential geometry, complex analysis and probability theory. Full-text articles can be viewed by subscribers in PDF format. Audience: Researchers in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Editor: P. Malliavin Email: sli@ccr.jussieu.fr NewJour Home NewJour: J Search [Prev] ... [Next]

46. 1 Pascal Fermat A gambler's dispute in 1654 led to the creation of a mathematicaltheory of probability by two famous french mathematicians, Blaise Pascal and http://webpages.shepherd.edu/skunyosy/miles/probability.html

STATISTICAL THINKING AND VISUALIZATION In the Mathematics Classroom Taught by Dr. Peter Morris and Dr. Suda Kunyosying Department of Mathematics and Engineering Shepherd Cpllege, Shepherdsown, WV 25443 INTERNET ACTIVITY and Buffon's Needle by Mile Ristovic A Short History of Probability Pascal Fermat "A gambler's dispute in 1654 led to the creation of a mathematical theory of probability by two famous French mathematicians, Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Antoine Gombaud, Chevalier de M+AOk-r+AOk-, a French nobleman with an interest in gaming and gambling questions, called Pascal's attention to an apparent contradiction concerning a popular dice game. The game consisted in throwing a pair of dice 24 times; the problem was to decide whether or not to bet even money on the occurrence of at least one "double six" during the 24 throws. A seemingly well-established gambling rule led de M+AOk-r+AOk- to believe that betting on a double six in 24 throws would be profitable, but his own calculations indicated just the opposite. This problem and others posed by de M+AOk-r+AOk- led to an exchange of letters between Pascal and Fermat in which the fundamental principles of probability theory were formulated for the first time. Although a few special problems on games of chance had been solved by some Italian mathematicians in the 15th and 16th centuries, no general theory was developed before this famous correspondence.

47. IVIHSM Home Berlin . Ulf Hashagen (Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany) German andfrench mathematicians in the 1870s and 1880s . Norbert Schappacher http://ivihsm.cua.edu/

Home Site Home Site Map Personnel Faculty Associates Faculty Publications E-Mail Addresses ... Teaching Guide Dialogue Forums Resources Contacts Reflection Poem of the Month Special Topics Goals Acknowledgment "No subject loses more than mathematics by any attempt to dissociate it from its history." Florian Cajori I. Foley Award In 2001 the National Board of Directors of Alpha Delta Gamma Fraternity voted to bestow the Foley Outstanding Education of the Year Award on Dr. Ronald Calinger. Nominees for this award are scrutinized by ADG chapters across the country before the final selection is made. The picture above has the ADG brothers presenting the award to Dr. Calinger at the Student Center on the Catholic University Campus. II. The Euler Society Founded in October of 2001, The Euler Society will examine the life, times, and work of Leonhard Euler (1707 - 1783), along with the impact of his discoveries on current research in the mathematical sciences and engineering applications. Euler ranks with Archimedes, Isaac Newton, and Karl Gauss as one of the four most eminent mathematical scientists in history. This international learned society will also contribute to current efforts to reinvigorate the teaching, learning, and wider understanding of mathematics.

48. Germain However, nothing would stop Sophie. In 1794 the Ecole Polytechnique was establishedin Paris to train french mathematicians and scientists. Women. http://web.uvic.ca/educ/lfrancis/web/germain.html

Sophie Germain (1776 - 1831) Sophie Germain was born into a middle class Parisian family just before the French Revolution. Because of the dangers of the revolution, Sophie was confined to her house and spent much of her time in her fathers library. It was here that her interests in mathematics began. Sophie taught herself from the books in her father's library as her parents did not feel that it was an interest appropriate to a female. It is said that her parents would take away her clothes, bed, heat and light to discourage her from her endeavours. However, nothing would stop Sophie. In 1794 the Ecole Polytechnique was established in Paris to train French mathematicians and scientists. Women were not allowed to enrol, but Sophie received lecture notes from an acquaintance. Sophie submitted a paper to a professor under a male pseudonym. The professor was so impressed that he wanted to meet the author of the paper. Later this professor was to become her mentor and her way into the circle of emerging French scientists and mathematicians. In 1804 Germain befriended and began corresponding with Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German mathematician who helped guide her work. During this time Sophie did much of her work looking at and trying to prove

49. Book Reviews From Smarandache Notions Journal, Volume 11 Most mathematicians have heard of Nicolas Bourbaki, the mathematical polyglotwho is in fact a pseudonym for a collection of french mathematicians. http://www.ashbacher.com/jsmar_11reviews.stm

Book Reviews from Smarandache Notions Journal , Volume 11 Book Reviews by Ralph P. Boas, Jr., edited by Gerald L. Alexanderson and Dale H. Mugler, The Mathematical Association of America, Washington, D. C., 1995. 320 pp., $35.00(paper). ISBN 0-88385-323-X. Despite common misconceptions, there are some mathematicians who contain a bit of the sprite and Ralph P. Boas Jr. was such a person. That impishness is captured in this book, which is reason enough to read it. Non-Euclidean Geometry 6th Edition , by H. S. M. Coxeter, The Mathematical Association of America, Washington, D. C., 1998. 336 pp., $30.95(paper). ISBN 0-88385-522-4. Originally published in 1942, this book has lost none of its power in the last half century. It is a commentary on the recent demise of geometry in many curricula that 33 years elapsed between the publication of the fifth and sixth editions. Fortunately, like so many things in the world, trends in mathematics are cyclic, and one can hope that the geometric cycle is on the rise. We in mathematics owe so much to geometry. It is generally conceded that much of the origins of mathematics is due to the simple necessity of maintaining accurate plots in settlements. The only book from the ancient history of mathematics that all mathematicians have heard of is the Elements by Euclid. It is one of the most read books of all time, arguably the only book without a religious theme still in widespread use over 2000 years after the publication of the first edition. The geometry taught in high schools today is with only minor modifications found in the Euclidean classic.

50. Darnière : Relax And Have Fun! The world wide famous group Bourbaki, which has counted among its members some ofthe greatest french mathematicians of the period 19351985, is mostly known http://math.univ-angers.fr/~darniere/humour_uk.html

Relax and have fun! French humour is definitly non politically correct! Test it with the Ouaibe pour rigoler (web for fun) 3.3 Mb of french fat humour...;-). English speakers may also enjoy the page of silly (but true!) mathematical jokes collected by Andrej and Elena Cherkaev choosen among the 698 pages purposed on math jokes by Alta Vista. The world wide famous group Bourbaki, which has counted among its members some of the greatest french mathematicians of the period 1935-1985, is mostly known for its "serious" works: an encyclopedia of mathematics, and a very prestigious seminar. So you may be surprised to see how those great scientists enjoyed to do jokes like schoolboys . Here is a selection of those jokes (in french) that you won't find in any scientific library. In a more "cultural" context, I like the very typical flavour of the : following its author (native from the USA and in love with french canadian language) this page contains "the complete list of french canadian rude words". xyloglotte language. A hilarious page with no sense!

51. Names For Large Numbers system. However, it was also french mathematicians of the 1600's whoused billion and trillion for 10 9 and 10 12 , respectively. This http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/large.html

How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Table of Contents About the Dictionary Using the Dictionary Names for Large Numbers The English names for large numbers are coined from the Latin names for small numbers n by adding the ending -illion suggested by the name "million." Thus billion and trillion are coined from the Latin prefixes bi- n = 2) and tri- n = 3), respectively. In the American system for naming large numbers, the name coined from the Latin number n applies to the number 10 n . In a system traditional in many European countries, the same name applies to the number 10 n In particular, a billion is 10 = 1 000 000 000 in the American system and 10 = 1 000 000 000 000 in the European system. For 10 , Europeans say "thousand million" or "milliard." Although we describe the two systems today as American or European, both systems are actually of French origin. The French physician and mathematician Nicolas Chuquet (1445-1488) apparently coined the words byllion and tryllion and used them to represent 10 and 10 , respectively, thus establishing what we now think of as the "European" system. However, it was also French mathematicians of the 1600's who used

52. Les Mathematiques Sur Internet Postage stamps A list of mathematicians has been submitted to the Post Office foran issue, in the year 2000, of six stamps portraying french mathematicians. http://gauss.math.ucl.ac.be/~revue/index.year.html

Year 2000 : World Mathematical Year : Projets INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICAL UNION (IMU) Mathematics Tomorrow . V. Arnold, M. Atiyah, P. Lax and B. Mazur are coordinating the preparation of a book of articles by prominent mathematicians on how they see the prospects of mathematics in the coming century . Contact: Jacob Palis, jpalis@impa.br . Web page: http://elib.zib/de/imu/wmy INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE MATHEMATICAL INSTRUCTION (ICMI) International Congress on the Teaching of Mathematics (ICME-9) July 31 - August 7, 2000, Makuhari/Chiba (Japan) . Contact: Mogens Niss, MN@mmf.ruc.dk ICMI WMY 2000 Committee . Contact: Miguel de Guzman, mdeguzman@bitmailer.net INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS (ICHM) BACHELIER FINANCE SOCIETY BERNOULLI SOCIETY for MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS and PROBABILITIES World Congress of the Bernoulli Society . May 15-20, 2000, Guanajato (Mexico) . Five Year 2000 Conferences : Causality, Ecology and Environment, Financial Mathematics, Neural Networks and Learning, Quantum Stochastics, Stochastic Geometry and Imaging EUROPEAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY (EMS) Alhambra 2000 (in collaboration with CIMPA (Nice, France))

53. National French Week Events - Activities We even had a math teacher who did a minilesson on french mathematiciansand an English teacher who did an activity with French words! http://frenchteachers.org/nfw/activities/generalactivities.htm

American Association of Teachers of French Home Headquarters NFC NFW ... Search National French Week: La Semaine du Français November 5-11, 2003 A PROFESSIONAL CHEF DEMONSTRATES Reprinted from AATF National Bulletin, Special Issue, Vol. 24 No. 5 (May 1999) Davara Potel (OH) Extra Credit for French Students 10 points added to any test/quiz grade chosen by the student... for Getting Permission and Posting a Poster Commemorating National French Week, November 4-10 Help us celebrate National French Week, and help yourself to at least one higher grade! One poster per student. Name and location of business: Manager/owner's signature Allen R. Remaley Poster Display of Where in the World French is Spoken Directions: Make a poster about the countyr you have been assigned. Prepare the following three portions of this project and place them neatly in your own creative and artistic way on the card provided. Map indicate clearly where in the world the country is located; include the boundaries; the map can be photocopied and colored, drawn by hand, or it can be a computer printout.

54. Lienard Systems Errors were recently found in Dulac's original proof and are corrected in 1988,independently, by a group of french mathematicians and the Russian http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~y5li/am451/node25.html

55. Herigone, Pierre Scientific Societies Memberships None. He was no doubt a full member of the communityof french mathematicians of the first half of the seventeenth century. http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Catalog/Files/herigone.html

Catalog of the Scientific Community Herigone, Pierre Note: the creators of the Galileo Project and this catalogue cannot answer email on genealogical questions. 1. Dates Born: apparently in France; date unknown Died: France, c. 1643 Dateinfo: Flourished (two dates give known period) Lifespan: N/A 2. Father Occupation: No Information No information on financial status. 3. Nationality Birth: French Career: French Death: French 4. Education Schooling: No University 5. Religion Affiliation: Unknown 6. Scientific Disciplines Primary: Mathematics His only published work of any consequence is the Cursus mathematicus, a six-volume compendium of elementary and intermediate mathematics in French and Latin. 7. Means of Support Primary: Schoolmastering Secondary: Government He spent most of his life in Paris as a teacher of mathematics. He also served on a number of official committees dealing with mathematical subjects, notably the one appointed by Richelieu in 1634 for determining longitude from the moon's motion. 8. Patronage

56. Napoleon's B52--Part 1 calculator would be better, but even a ‘4banger’ would put an enormousamount of calculating firepower at the disposal of french mathematicians. http://members.aol.com/althist2/jun00/napoleon2.htm

Napoleon's B52 (part two) By: Dale Cozort Where did this come from? As I pointed out last issue, because of my web site, I get a lot of e-mail. This is the second part of an essay I wrote after a columnist for a national children’s magazine e-mailed me with a question one his readers had asked: What if Napoleon had a B52 at the Battle of Waterloo? I gave him my answer, and figured that since I had already done a great deal of thinking about the issue I would write up a brief scenario on it. Last issue, I figured out a reasonably plausible way to get an intact B52 complete with crew and weapons into Napoleon’s hands. I hadn’t found a way to get that B52 back in the air without possibly aborting the Battle of Waterloo. Give Napoleon the plane long enough before the battle for him to build a runway, and the French or the Allies might change their patterns of activity enough to make the battle somewhere else, if it happened at all. I said at the end of last issue’s essay: Let’s say Napoleon doesn’t have enough time to improvise a way of getting his B52 off the ground. I say he still wins the battle. I’ll let you know why next issue. (There are actually probably a number of reasons. See if you can guess mine). Well, in case you hadn’t already guessed, I say that Napoleon would win by using the crews’ tactical radios. The crew-members would almost certainly each have one in case of a crash. The radios would give Napoleon an enormous advantage in coordinating the movements of his forces. Given his genius at battle, the radios would win Waterloo for him and probably any other battle he chose to fight until the batteries went dead.

57. Article Presented And Copyrighted By NewsFinder.Org ?2002 - 2003 - All Rights Re Important contributions to algebra study were made by the french mathematiciansGalois and Augustin Cauchy, the British mathematician Arthur Cayley, and the http://www.newsfinder.org/archives/00000463.shtml

NewsFinder.Org : Selected Article Page Our First Award Click and Vote for us Return to Main page Algebra ..:: Posted and ? by Jim Down ::.. Algebra is a branch of mathematics in which symbols represent relationships. Classical algebra grew out of methods of solving equations, and it represents numbers with symbols that combine according to the basic arithmetical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and the extraction of roots. Modern algebra has evolved from classical algebra by increasing its attention to the structures within mathematics. Mathematicians consider modern algebra to be a set of objects with rules for connecting or relating them. As such, in its most general form, algebra may commonly be described as the language of mathematics. The history of algebra began in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, where people learned to solve linear (ax = b) and quadratic (ax + bx = c) equations, as well as indeterminate equations such as x + y = z , whereby several unknowns are involved. The ancient Babylonians solved arbitrary quadratic equations by essentially the same procedures taught today. The Alexandrian mathematicians Hero of Alexandria and Diophantus continued the traditions of Egypt and Babylon, but Diophantus' book Arithmetica is on a much higher level and gives many surprising solutions to difficult indeterminate equations.

58. The Hindu : Twins In Invariant Theory His first paper, published in 1841, grew out of his study of the workof french mathematicians Lagrange and Laplace. He published http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/seta/2002/04/18/stories/2002041800100400.htm

Online edition of India's National Newspaper Thursday, Apr 18, 2002 Group Publications Business Line The Sportstar Frontline The Hindu About Us Contact Us Sci Tech Published on Thursdays Features: Magazine Literary Review Life Metro Plus ... Sci Tech Twins in invariant theory ARTHUR CAYLEY was born (August 16, 1821) at Richmond, England but spent the first eight years of his boyhood in St. Petersburg, Russia where his father was a successful merchant. This contributed to Cayley's later fluency in French. Cayley entered King's College Senior School when only 14, although the mandatory age was 16. The first manifestations of superior talent were similar to those of Gauss (1777-1855). , namely an amazing skill in numerical calculations. His teachers recognised his ability and recommended that the boy should make mathematics his career, to which the merchant father objected strongly. The latter was finally won over by the Principal of the school and gave his blessing and money for his son to study at Cambridge (1839-42). By the end of his third year at Cambridge, the head examiner put Cayley ``in a class by himself, above the first.'' He was senior wrangler and won the Smith's prize. In October 1842, he was elected Fellow of Trinity College. He was tutor for three years, spending most of his time in research.

59. A Short History Of Probability A gambler's dispute in 1654 led to the creation of a mathematical theory of probabilityby two famous french mathematicians, Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/stat-meas/probHist.html

A Short History of Probability From Calculus, Volume II by Tom M. Apostol nd The Dutch scientist Christian Huygens, a teacher of Leibniz, learned of this correspondence and shortly thereafter (in 1657) published the first book on probability; entitled De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae , it was a treatise on problems associated with gambling. Because of the inherent appeal of games of chance, probability theory soon became popular, and the subject developed rapidly during the 18th century. The major contributors during this period were Jakob Bernoulli (1654-1705) and Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754). In 1812 Pierre de Laplace (1749-1827) introduced a host of new ideas and mathematical techniques in his book, . Before Laplace, probability theory was solely concerned with developing a mathematical analysis of games of chance. Laplace applied probabilistic ideas to many scientific and practical problems. The theory of errors, actuarial mathematics, and statistical mechanics are examples of some of the important applications of probability theory developed in the l9th century. Like so many other branches of mathematics, the development of probability theory has been stimulated by the variety of its applications. Conversely, each advance in the theory has enlarged the scope of its influence. Mathematical statistics is one important branch of applied probability; other applications occur in such widely different fields as genetics, psychology, economics, and engineering. Many workers have contributed to the theory since Laplace's time; among the most important are Chebyshev, Markov, von Mises, and Kolmogorov.

60. Re: Physics Bitten By Reverse Alan Sokal Hoax? des orbites . If necessary, I can easily produce as witnesses twentyfrench mathematicians who will swear to that fact. At any rate http://www.lns.cornell.edu/spr/2002-12/msg0047192.html

Date Prev Date Next Thread Prev Thread Next ... Thread Index Re: Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax? To : sci-physics-research@moderators.isc.org Subject : Re: Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax? From : david.madore@ens.fr (David Madore) Date : Wed, 25 Dec 2002 20:33:55 +0000 (UTC) Approved : kevin@caltech.edu (sci.physics.research) Message-ID xHWG6gEyI4hs9037@clipper.ens.fr Newsgroups : sci.physics.research Organization : (none) References at0nch$mjo$1@woodrow.ucdavis.edu atdur2$1io$1@glue.ucr.edu e8e077d9.0212161619.738a0756@posting.google.com atq1jh$3jb$1@ra.nrl.navy.mil ... e8e077d9.0212230321.6a4b0cc8@posting.google.com Sender : kevin@blinky.its.caltech.edu e8e077d9.0212230321.6a4b0cc8@posting.google.com au64qa$qec$1@glue.ucr.edu atq1jh$3jb$1@ra.nrl.navy.mil http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/madore/ References Re: Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax? From: Re: Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax? From: baez@galaxy.ucr.edu (John Baez) Re: Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax? From: igor.bogdanov@free.fr (I/G.Bogdanoff) Re: Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax?

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