21. Guardian Unlimited Books | LRB Essay | Key Concepts: The Science Of Secrecy Indeed, as Singh makes clear, it appears that publickey cryptography was actuallyinvented some years earlier by the english mathematicians Malcolm Williamson http://books.guardian.co.uk/lrb/articles/0,6109,260296,00.html

Go to: Guardian Unlimited home UK news World news Archive search Arts Books Business EducationGuardian.co.uk Film Football Jobs MediaGuardian.co.uk Money The Observer Online Politics Shopping SocietyGuardian.co.uk Sport Talk Travel Audio Email services Special reports The Guardian The weblog The informer The northerner The wrap Advertising guide Crossword Headline service Syndication services Events / offers Help / contacts Information Newsroom Soulmates Style guide Travel offers TV listings Weather Web guides Guardian Weekly Money Observer Home Guardian Review By genre Reviews ... Help Search this site Other essays Forget the little green men The rake's progress (part 2) The rake's progress The disquieted American (part 2) ... The disquieted American Key concepts: the science of secrecy In this exclusive online essay taken from the current edition of the London Review of Books, Brian Rotman considers cryptography and privacy in the digital age Wednesday May 24, 2000 The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography by Simon Singh Fourth Estate, 402 pp., £16.99, 2 September 1999, 85702 879 1

22. Matches For: In the latter part of the nineteenth and in the early part of the twentieth centuries,two english mathematicians, LJ Rogers and FH Jackson, made fundamental http://www.ams.org/bookstore-getitem/item=CONM-291

Quick Search Advanced Search Browse by Subject General Interest Number Theory Analysis Differential Equations Probability Applications Mathematical Physics $q$-Series with Applications to Combinatorics, Number Theory, and Physics Edited by: Bruce C. Berndt University of Illinois, Urbana, IL , and Ken Ono University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Description The subject of $q$-series can be said to begin with Euler and his pentagonal number theorem. In fact, $q$-series are sometimes called Eulerian series. Contributions were made by Gauss, Jacobi, and Cauchy, but the first attempt at a systematic development, especially from the point of view of studying series with the products in the summands, was made by E. Heine in 1847. In the latter part of the nineteenth and in the early part of the twentieth centuries, two English mathematicians, L. J. Rogers and F. H. Jackson, made fundamental contributions. Despite humble beginnings, the subject of $q$-series has flourished in the past three decades, particularly with its applications to combinatorics, number theory, and physics. During the year 2000, the University of Illinois embraced The Millennial Year in Number Theory . One of the events that year was the conference $q$-Series with Applications to Combinatorics, Number Theory, and Physics. This event gathered mathematicians from the world over to lecture and discuss their research.

23. BletchleyPark.net Max Newman, who became a mathematics professor, Alan Turing and other english mathematiciansand scientists built the first programmable and electronic digital http://www.bletchleypark.net/thepark/

"The empires of the future are the empires of the mind." - Winston Churchill During World War II , Germany wreaked havoc in Europe and its seas by overrunning many sovereign nations such as Poland and France, and were at the doorsteps of invading England. In order to maintain such a campaign, the German high command had to secretly communicate with remote commanders by encrypting their messages. The device that predominately enabled this was called the Enigma Machine. So, desperate times required the most critical minds to figure out a solution to this creeping problem. Max Newman, who became a mathematics professor, Alan Turing and other English mathematicians and scientists built the first programmable and electronic digital computer out of vacuum tubes called Colossus, which sped up the process for cracking the continuous stream of German enciphered messages. A combination of brilliance, espionage, mathematics, hard work and operator error led to this secret and significant victory. This led to the successful coordination of the D-day, Normandy invasion and eventually the end of the war. Altogether, roughly 30,000 people total worked on cracking enemy codes at BP. Some experts say that this entire process shortened the war by many months and most can agree that these events resulted in the birth of modern day computing. Links http://www.bletchleypark.org

24. Articles5.htm Prior to this he had sent his papers to two eminent english mathematicianswho had returned the papers without any comment. Thus http://www.iisc.ernet.in/~currsci/nov10/articles5.htm

Unfair to Hardy Returning to the article1, I do not understand what the authors mean by the statement `It was Ramanujan who discovered Hardy'. On the contrary, was it not Ramanujan himself who sought the opinion of the then famed mathematician, G. H. Hardy, on his mathematical work in 1913? Prior to this he had sent his papers to two eminent English mathematicians who had returned the papers without any comment. Thus, Hardy indeed has to be credited for recognizing and `discovering' `the natural mathematical genius' of Ramanujan2. Regarding the education of Ramanujan, Snow2 remarks: `In an uncharacteristically sloppy moment, Hardy once wrote that if he had been better educated, he would have been less Ramanujan'. Also of interest are the remarks on Formal Education by Selberg3. Selberg notes, `If Hardy had trusted Ramanujan more, they should have inevitably ended with the Redemacher series'. To sum up, the authors1 are unfair to Hardy. Although, it is true that Vedic tradition of knowledge and fundamentals of Indian culture are entirely alien to Western mind; but in the process of making the Indian society modern, the Indian intellectuals too have become more alienated from their roots. Snow C. P., in A Mathematician's Apology: Foreword (Hardy, G. H.), CUP, 1967.

25. Digby, Kenelm He played the virtuoso role in the scientific correspondence between a group of Frenchand english mathematicians (Frenicle and Fermat, Wallis and Brouncker). http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Catalog/Files/digby.html

Catalog of the Scientific Community Digby, Kenelm Note: the creators of the Galileo Project and this catalogue cannot answer email on genealogical questions. 1. Dates Born: Gayhurst, Buckinghamshire, 11 July 1603 Died: London, 11 July 1665 Dateinfo: Dates Certain Lifespan: 2. Father Occupation: Gentry Sir Everard Digby was executed in 1606, when Kenelm was three, for involvement in the Gunpowder Plot. Kenelm was able to claim the estate. Kenelm's uncle, John Digby, later the Earl of Bristol, reared him. Clearly wealthy. 3. Nationality Birth: English Career: English, French Death: English 4. Education Schooling: Oxford Oxford University, Fellow Commoner, Gloucester Hall, 1618- 20; no degree. After the years in Oxford, Digby went on the grand tour, 1620-3, ending in Madrid, where his uncle was the English Ambassador. 5. Religion Affiliation: Catholic, Anglican Digby, who was reared a Catholic, was able to attend Oxford without subscribing to the Thirty-nine Articles. Gloucester Hall was known as a haven for Catholics, but even with that Digby lived apart and not in the college. And he left without taking a degree. Briefly an Anglican, 1630-3; returned to the Catholic

26. Persian Miniatures government. After his papers were sent to several english mathematicianshis genius was recognised immediately by GH Hardy. In 1914 http://www.cmi.univ-mrs.fr/~owhadi/alternate.html

Owhadi Houman Persian Miniatures Omar Khayyam Rubayyat The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ, Moves on : nor all thy Piety nor Wit Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line, Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it. Je ne me suis jamais privé de donner mon temps aux sciences, Par la science j'ai dénoué les quelques noeuds d'obscurs secrets, Après soixante-douze années de réflexion sans jour de trêve, Mon ignorance je la sais ... Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan Born: 22 Dec 1887 in Erode, Tamil Nadu state, India Died: 26 April 1920 in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu state, India Don't click Here Images Dust in the wind Nine Pointed Star "The existence and validity of human rights is not written in the stars ... therefore the struggle for ... human rights [is] an eternal struggle ..." Albert Einstein The resume of Ramine Owhadi : Your company needs an engineer mastering computer science , information technologies and mathematics, contact him !

27. Roger Penrose Roger Penrose. One of the finest english mathematicians and physicistsof the last half century. Penrose has worked closely with http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?RogerPenrose

28. Australia & New Zealand Maps - Baldwin's Old Maps & Prints generally called the globular projection and was first recommended by De La Hireand afterwards by various Foreign and english mathematicians, particularly by http://www.baldwinsmaps.com/australia.htm

PO Box 745, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568 (508) 693-5903 Note: The map title is a link to a picture. To see a picture of any of the maps click on the underlined title. Australia "Perspective Projection of the Southern Hemisphere on the Plane of the Horizon of London." Projected, Drawn, and Engraved by Joseph Lowry, published by J. Mawman, London in 1824, $95, "Australia" by J. Bartholomew, 1854, $110. "Johnsons Australia " by A.J. Johnson , $95, 1865, 14" x 18" (approx). Hand colored engraving. Lovely mid 19th Century map of the Australia with decorative border. Delineates states, counties, cities, towns and villages, and rivers. Condition agetoned at edges, a few short reinforced tears in margins (does not affect image), otherwise good. Full margins not shown on scan. "New South Wales" "From the M.S. in the Colonial Office, the Surveys of the Austral'n Agrcult. Company, and the Routes of Allan Cunningham." 1833 $85. "Victoria" by J. Bartholomew, 1854, $95 "Australia in 1839" "Under the Superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge". Engraving with outline color, 13 1/2" x 16 1/2" . An interesting map of Australia and Van Diemen Land. Most details are along the coast lines. Each colony is outlined and marked with its date of establishment and the names of explorers and the area that they explored are also delineated. There are also population figures for each colony. Condition: Some agetoning, but overall very good. Note: Scan does not show margins or borders.

29. British Contemporaries Of Newton, Taylor, Maclaurin And Simpson intimately connected with Newton, Halley, and other mathematicians of the english school. The manner of his death has http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/18thCentury/RouseBall/RB_Engl18C.htm

British Contemporaries of Newton, Taylor, Maclaurin and Simpson From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. David Gregory Halley Ditton Cotes ... Stewart It was almost a matter of course that the English should at first have adopted the notation of Newton in the infinitesimal calculus in preference to that of Leibnitz and consequently the English school would in any case have developed on somewhat different lines to that on the continent, where a knowledge of the infinitesimal calculus was derived solely from Leibnitz and the Bernoullis. But this separation into two distinct schools became very marked owing to the action of Leibnitz and John Bernoulli, which was naturally resented by Newton's friends; and so for forty or fifty years, to the disadvantage of both sides, the quarrel raged. The leading members of the English school were Cotes Demoivre Ditton David Gregory Halley Maclaurin Simpson , and Taylor . I may, however, again remind my readers that as we approach modern times the number of capable mathematicians in Britain, France, Germany and Italy becomes very considerable, but that in a popular sketch like this book it is only the leading men whom I propose to mention. To David Gregory, Halley and Ditton I need devote but few words.

30. Math-Net Welcome Page Preprints, links, directories. Oriented towards German mathematics but in english. http://www.math-net.de/

News News

31. UBM - Main Page (English) Contact information, meetings.Category Science Math Organizations......Union of Bulgarian mathematicians. This Page in Bulgarian(íà Áúëãàðñêè)Welcome to the WWW HOME PAGE of the Union of Bulgarian mathematicians ! http://www.math.bas.bg/~smb/

Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians This Page in Bulgarian(íà Áúëãàðñêè) Welcome to the WWW HOME PAGE of the Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians ! Address: Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians Akad.G.Bonchev Str., bl.8 1113 Sofia, BULGARIA Phone: (359 2) 72 11 89, 73 80 76 E-mail: smb@math.bas.bg About the Union Executive Committe Spring conferences of UBM ... Back to Institute of Mathematics and Informatics MS-Windows Cyrillic Fonts Cyrillic Last updated by Georgi Petrov on July 4, 2000

32. Wren Biography of the great english architect responsible for St Paul's Cathedral, from the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive at the University of St Andrews. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Wren.html

Sir Christopher Wren Born: 20 Oct 1632 in East Knoyle, Wiltshire, England Died: 25 Feb 1723 in London, England Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Christopher Wren 's father was also called Christopher Wren. Christopher Wren senior was a well educated man, having graduated from St John's College Oxford before entering the Church. He became rector of Fonthill, Wiltshire in 1620 and then East Knoyle, Wiltshire in 1623. He married Mary Cox, the only child of the Wiltshire squire Robert Cox from Fonthill, and it was while they were living at East Knoyle that all their children were born. Mary, Catherine, and Susan were all born by 1628 but then several children were born who died within a few weeks of their birth. Their son Christopher was born in 1632 then, two years later, another daughter named Elizabeth was born. Mary must have died shortly after the birth of Elizabeth, although there does not appear to be any surviving record of the date. Through Mary, however, the family became well off financially for, as the only heir, she had inherited her father's estate. In 1634 Christopher Wren senior was offered the position of Dean of Windsor, a post held by his brother Mathew Wren who was becoming Bishop of Hereford. Christopher Wren senior was installed as Dean on 4 April 1635 and there the young Christopher was brought up by his father and by an older sister who slotted into the role of a mother to him. He grew up with the close friendship of another relation, for his uncle Mathew Wren had a son, also called Mathew Wren, who became part of Christopher's close family. Another childhood friend was the son of Charles I, the Prince of Wales, and they often played together.

33. UBM - Main Page (English) sent to the address of the Union of Bulgarian mathematicians. LaTeX or Word 95/97should be used. 3. The papers should be written in Bulgarian or in english.. http://www.math.bas.bg/~smb/sconf02e.html

Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians Akad.G.Bonchev Str., bl.8 1113 Sofia, BULGARIA Phone: (359 2) 72 11 89, 73 80 76 E-mail: smb@math.bas.bg This page in Bulgarian 31st SPRING CONFERENCE April, 2002 THE 31st SPRING CONFERENCE OF THE UNION OF BULGARIAN MATHEMATICIANS will take place at the beginning of April, 2002. The Conference program will include papers considering research in the field of mathematics and computer science as well as teaching methods in these fields. All papers have to be sent to the office of the Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians (UBM) till November 30 th , 2001. The accepted papers will be included in the Conference Proceedings. More information about the conference (the structure of the scientific program, the dates and place of the conference, etc.) will be included in the Second Announcement. Paper Format and Submission 1. The results presented in the papers should not be published before. 2. The text should not exceed 10800 characters (i.e. 6 standard pages with 30 lines, 60 characters in a line). Two printed copies of the text and a file with the text should be sent to the address of the Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians. LaTeX or Word 95/97 should be used. 3. The papers should be written in Bulgarian or in English..

34. Independent University Of Moscow Founded in 1991 on the initiative of a group of wellknown Russian mathematicians. http://www.mccme.ru/english/ium/

Independent University of Moscow To our Russian page Approval of the Ministry of Educatoin No 24-0307, issued on November 22, 2000. New! Clay mathematical lectures Who are we? Administration Faculty ... Our sponsors How to contact us Telephone: +7 (095) 2414086, +7 (095) 2916501 (fax) email: adm@mccme.ru Moscow, Bolshoi Vlasevsky Pereulok, Dom 11, RUSSIA

35. Directory Of Latin American And Caribbean Mathematicians - Language Português. This is the Directory of Latin American and Caribbean mathematicians,set by UMALCA, The Mathematical Union for Latin http://umalca.impa.br/english/

36. Mathematicians For a more complete list of mathematicians, click on index of mathematicians JohnWallis, english, 16161703, Tractatus de sectioibus conicas (Conics); Arithmetica http://members.fortunecity.com/kokhuitan/mathematicians.html

Great Mathematicians and Their Achievements Mathematics exist before 1900 BC, in great civilizations everywhere, including China, India, Babylon etc. However, the first record of Mathematical manuscripts is found in Egypt, namely, the Moscow Papyrus and the Rhind Papyrus. In the 'Achievement' column below, the notations are as follows: AG = Analytic Geometry Al = Algebra Ar = Arithmetic As = Astronomy C = Calculus DE = Differential Equation FM = Foundation of Mathematics G = Geometry GT = Group Theory L = Logic M = Mechanics N = Number Theory P = Probability RM = Recreational Mathematics S = Statistic ST = Set Theory T = Topology The list here is not exhaustive. The mathematicians listed here are either pioneers in various fields of Mathematics, or those who have contributed to almost all fields, or those who have settled unsolved problems. For a more complete list of mathematicians, click on index of mathematicians Name Nationality Year Achievements Egyptian 1900 BC Moscow Papyrus (25 problems on G Ahmes Egyptian 1700 BC Rhind Papyrus (84 problems on Ar, Al, G

37. TU Berlin - Medieninformation No. 19 (English) - 19. January 1998 english) 19. January 1998 TU Berlin Pressestelle Medieninformationen .Advanced announcement. The International Congress of mathematicians , http://www.tu-berlin.de/presse/pi/1998/pi19e.htm

Medieninformation No. 19 (English) - 19. January 1998 [TU Berlin] [Pressestelle] [Medieninformationen] Advanced announcement The "International Congress of Mathematicians", the largest and most important mathematical congress worldwide, is being held from 18th to 27th August 1998 in Berlin. Some 4000 participants are expected. It is being held in Germany for the first time in 94 years. During the Congress the Fields Medal will be awarded, the "Nobel Prize" for mathematicians. An extensive fringe programme will include an exhibition "Hands-on Mathematics" with a "VideoMath" festival and a number of scientific events for non-experts. To the members of the press, radio and television: In the March we will be drawing up a list of the most important (and accessible) mathematical topics from the plenary lecture. Can you please name a contact in your organisation, so that we can pass this information on to them directly? You can ring the PR Office of the TU Berlin (Dr. Kristina Zerges or Janny Glaesmer) under Tel. +49 30 314-22919 or 23922, send a fax to +49 30 314-23909, or send e-mail to: pressestelle@tu-berlin.de

38. TU Berlin - Press Release Nr. 149 (English) - 14 July 1998, Last Updated 14 Augu general interest to nonmathematicians as well as to the participants of the conference.Some of the talks will be in German, others in english, some speakers http://www.tu-berlin.de/presse/pi/1998/pi149e.htm

Press Release Nr. 149 (English) - 14 July 1998, last updated 14 August [TU Berlin] [Pressestelle] [Medieninformationen] Third announcement: DATES The International Congress of Mathematicians - World Congress In August, Berlin will be the centre of the mathematical world. From 18th to 27th August, more than 3500 mathematicians from some 100 countries will be visiting the city for the International Congress of Mathematicians . This is the largest mathematical congress world-wide, and is one of the highlights of the mathematical calendar. The importance of the ICM '98 is enhanced by the award ceremony for the " Fields Medal ", which is often referred to as the "Nobel Prize" for mathematics (at the opening meeting on 18th August 1998 in the International Congress Centre (ICC). In addition to the scientific programme, which begins on 19 August in the Technical University Berlin, there will also be an extensive generalprogramme from 20 to 27 August in the Berlin Urania under the motto "Mathematics in everyday life". This programme is intended specifically for interested members of the general public. For your advanced planning, we would like to inform you about the following dates for ICM '98:

39. BBC News | SCI/TECH | Mathematicians Crack Big Puzzle Friday, 19 November, 1999, 1800 GMT mathematicians crack big puzzle. Onlyfrontline mathematicians will really understand the STW conjecture. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_527000/527914.stm

low graphics version feedback help You are in: Sci/Tech Front Page World UK ... AudioVideo Friday, 19 November, 1999, 18:00 GMT Mathematicians crack big puzzle By BBC News Online Science Editor Dr David Whitehouse One of the most difficult problems in mathematics has finally been solved. It is called the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil (STW) conjecture, and it has baffled and defeated some of the greatest minds in maths over the last 40 years. Now an international team is claiming victory. "This is one of the crowning achievements of mathematics in the 20th Century," said number theorist Professor Henri Darmon of McGill University in Canada. The STW conjecture links two seemingly unrelated areas of mathematics: the theory of numbers and the theory of shapes or, as mathematicians prefer to call them, elliptic curves and modular forms. For decades, mathematicians have studied these subjects realising that there are deep connections between them but without ever being able to pin down the exact relationship. Andrew Wiles used the STW conjecture to provide the proof for the famous mathematical puzzle Fermat's Last Theorem. But before Wiles cracked the theorem in 1993, nobody even knew where to begin to tackle the STW conjecture.

40. BBC News | SCI/TECH | Number Takes Prime Position Theory of numbers. Prime numbers have long fascinated mathematicians. A whole numbergreater than one is called a prime if its only divisors are one and itself. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1693000/1693364.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: Sci/Tech Front Page World UK ... AudioVideo SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobiles/PDAs Feedback ... Low Graphics Wednesday, 5 December, 2001, 11:42 GMT Number takes prime position By BBC News Online science editor Dr David Whitehouse The largest prime number yet discovered has just been revealed to the world. There are more primes out there George Woltman, Gimps founder The new number, expressed as 2 -1, contains 4,053,946 digits and would take the best part of three weeks to write out longhand. The prime number - a number that can only be divided by one and itself - was discovered by Michael Cameron, a 20-year-old Canadian participant in a mass computer project known as the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (Gimps). Mersenne primes are important for the theory of numbers and they may help in developing unbreakable codes and message encryptions. The Gimps project spent 13,000 years of computer time to find the new prime number. Big effort Cameron used an 800 MHz AMD T-Bird PC, running part-time for 45 days to find the number.

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