41. Serials And Journals Database arabian Gulf University, Manama. English, Arabic. English summary. Arab J. Math.Arab Journal of Mathematics. The Union of Arab Physicists and mathematicians, http://www.zblmath.fiz-karlsruhe.de/MATH/printer/serials/zbl/journals/all/a/dir?

42. Untitled and knowledge of Greek Mathematics was mainly preserved in arabian Islamic peoplein Notable mathematicians who revived the activity in Number theory in this http://www.math.ucla.edu/~hida/106.1.02f/Hist3.html

Historical Note 3 Renaissance of Number Theory Marin Mersenne Marin Mersenne had a great interest in learning from intellectuals at the time and was an able physicist and mathematician (and Jesuit-educated friar). He started organizing a regular meeting of mathematicians at his monastery. He also wrote many letters to his fellow mathematicians, which plays a role of scientific journals at present day in publicizing theorems newly proven and problems newly solved. Although he did not make much contributions in creating new knowledge, he had capacity of understanding new ideas coming out of creative mathematicians who participated in his gathering. In this sense, he contributed to the advancement of knowledge offering a place of discussing Mathematics and Science to those who can make Scientific research. His main contribution to Number Theory is: Study of Mersenne primes: prime numbers of the form 2^n-1. If this type of number is a prime, we call this number M(n) This is related to the study of perfect numbers. By the perfect number formula of Euclid (text page 461, and historical note 2), 2^( p M(p) is a perfect number. Later Euler proved that all even perfect numbers are in such a form. Mersenne knew that

43. About Karl J. Smith Archimedes http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/mathematicians/Archimedes.html.Chinese Mathematics. Hindu and arabian Period - 500 to 1199. http://www.mathnature.com/math/links/history.htm

There are multitude of wonderful sources of history on the world wide web. This is one of the best all around sites that I have found. It is titled "The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive." http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/ Here is another very good historical site: http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html This is an award-winning site that links to all sorts of mathematics information. archives.math.utk.edu/ Earliest uses of various mathematical symbols: http://members.aol.com/jeff570/mathsym.htm History of Mathematics by Region: http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html History of Mathematics Chronologically: http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html#toc We have divided this history of mathematics into six chronological periods, many of which are included at the following world wide web sites. Egyptian, Babylonian and Native American Periods - 3000 BC to 601 BC Mesopotamian Mathematics http://www.providence.edu/dwc/mesopot.htm http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/babylonia.html www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Babylonian_and_Egyptian.html Egyptology Mathematics www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Babylonian_and_Egyptian.html

44. The Math Forum - Math Library - History/Biography of Arabic mathematics, with a map, a list of mathematicians, sources, and Numerals(Islam and Islamic History) Nawwab, Speers, Hoye; arabian American Oil Co. http://mathforum.org/library/topics/history/

Browse and Search the Library Home Math Topics : History/Biography Library Home Search Full Table of Contents Suggest a Link ... Library Help Selected Sites (see also All Sites in this category Biographies Index - MacTutor Math History Archives An index of pages on famous mathematicians throughout history, arranged alphabetically or chronologically and searchable by keyword. There is also an index of female mathematicians, and a full alphabetical index. more>> Biographies of Women Mathematicians - Agnes Scott College Biographies in alphabetical and chronological order, and related resources on the Web. An ongoing project by students in math classes at Agnes Scott College in Atlanta, Georgia, to illustrate the numerous contributions by women to the field of mathematics. Included are the first Ph.D's in mathematics awarded to women (before 1930); and prizes, awards, and honors for women mathematicians. more>> "All numbers are not created equal; that certain constants appear at all and then echo throughout mathematics, in seemingly independent ways, is a source of fascination." Indulge your fascination, or discover a new one. This site provides well over a hundred constants, each with descriptions, proofs, interesting sidelines, and illustrations. Some are illustrated with Mathcad files (viewable with a free read-only version, linked from the site). Many entries rely on a knowledge of advanced mathematics. Browse the topic-based list or look up constants by numerical value. References and other links are cited.

45. Untitled to Islamic Scholars when Western Scholars (particularly mathematicians and scientists armies,sweeping the seventh and eighth century arabian peninsula, annexed http://members.fortunecity.com/jonhays/islamic.htm

web hosting domain names email addresses related sites THE VERY NEGLECTED AND IGNORED PRERENAISSANCE ISLAMIC SCHOLARS In these days following the Sept. 11, 2001, attack upon NYC's Twin Towers and DC's Pentagon by Arabic fanatics, it is important that as many people as possible becine aware of the enormous debt we owe to Islamic Scholars when Western Scholars (particularly mathematicians and scientists) were afraid to do peform this scholarship or were too proud to do so. Without these Islamics, we'd still be living in Medieval times! As you see below, we owe more than the "Hindu-Decimal" numeration, although that alone would be an enormous debt. (Would you like to balance your checkbook or report to the IRS in Roman numerals?) In 527 B. C. Justinian, Roman Emperor of the West wing of the Roman Empire, became also Emperor of the East. He decided that the "pagan" learning of the Academy founded in Plato's name and other philosophical schools threatened orthodox Christianity, so, in 529, all these schools were closed, effectively ending speculative research in Europe. The challenge was taken up by Islamic scholars who not only preserved the knowledge of the ancients but advanced it in "forbidden areas".

46. Euclid, Elements (ed. Thomas L. Heath) Perga to be the writer of the Elements, as later arabian authorities did of the Elements;and that it gives the three great mathematicians, Euclid, Archimedes http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/text?lookup=Euc. init.

47. Math: Evolution Of Roman Numerals From India then become known by) came into common use throughout the arabian empire, which Masteryof this new mathematics allowed the Muslim mathematicians of Baghdad to http://www.gosai.com/chaitanya/saranagati/html/vishnu_mjs/math/math_4.html

Previous Next Math Index Articles Index ... Vedic Age Evolution of Arabic (Roman) Numerals from India A close investigation of the Vedic system of mathematics shows that it was much more advanced than the mathematical systems of the civilizations of the Nile or the Euphrates. The Vedic mathematicians had developed the decimal system of tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. where the remainder from one column of numbers is carried over to the next. The advantage of this system of nine number signs and a zero is that it allows for calculations to be easily made. Further, it has been said that the introduction of zero, or sunya as the Indians called it, in an operational sense as a definite part of a number system, marks one of the most important developments in the entire history of mathematics. The earliest preserved examples of the number system which is still in use today are found on several stone columns erected in India by King Ashoka in about 250 B.C.E. Similar inscriptions are found in caves near Poona (100 B.C.E.) and Nasik (200 C.E.). These earliest Indian numerals appear in a script called brahmi After 700 C.E. another notation, called by the name "Indian numerals," which is said to have evolved from the brahmi numerals, assumed common usage, spreading to Arabia and from there around the world. When Arabic numerals (the name they had then become known by) came into common use throughout the Arabian empire, which extended from India to Spain, Europeans called them "Arabic notations," because they received them from the Arabians. However, the Arabians themselves called them "Indian figures" (Al-Arqan-Al-Hindu) and mathematics itself was called "the Indian art" (hindisat).

48. MUSICMuslims Have The Distinction Of Being The Pioneers In The Sphere Of Fine Ar of being the Systematiser of Arab Prosody and the first arabian lexicographer . AlBuzjani(di998 AD), one of the greatest Arab mathematicians composed a http://members.tripod.com/~salems2/music.htm

MUSIC Muslims have the distinction of being the pioneers in the sphere of fine arts in the world. They have patronised and actively participated in the propagation of fine arts wherever they have gone. A wrong impression has been created in the minds of our educated class by the orthodox type of people that Islam forbids all pursuits of fine arts by the Faithful-an idea which does not stand the test of historical records. The Muslims whether Spaniards or Arabs, Persians or Afghans, Turks or Indians have exhibited a lively interest in the development of fine arts which ultimately led to produce in their ranks some of the greatest exponents of these arts. Arabian According to H. G. Farmer, the celebrated writer on oriental music, "music accompanied the Arabs from the cradle to the grave, from the lullaby to the elegy. Every moment of his life seems to have had its particular musicjoy and sorrow, work and play, battle throng and religious exercise".' Arabs were the great exponents of music and according to another western critic, "The cultivation of music by Arabs in all branches reduces to insignificance the recognition of this art in the history of any other country." Under the Abbasid, Spanish and Saljuqid kings music was elevated to the rank of a science., its cultivation was officially patronised and it was recognised as a fine art. People had developed a taste for music and according to Ameer Ali, "A large literature grew up on the subject; songs were collected and classified according to their melodies and keys, and the musical instruments of the ancients were improved and new ones invented.”

49. The Campbell Report - Numeric Or Alphanumeric - The Final Verdict during the Middle Ages by translation of the arabian works of AlKwarizmi, who hadtaken the numericals including the decimal system from Hindi mathematicians. http://www.correspondencechess.com/campbell/articles/a010715.htm

The Campbell Report Correspondence Chess "On the Square" Article Wim van Vugt of the Netherlands has summarized a recent discussion on the CC Message Board (TCCMB) concerning the possibility of replacing International Numeric chess notation as the standard for ICCF play. I was impressed by his thorough research to remove the unfounded speculation on the disadvantages of the suggested Alpha-Numeric chess notation , and he kindly provided his summary in article form to post here. At my invitation he also provided some personal information and a photograph, which follows his article on this page. You'll also find a King's Gambit game, annotated by the winner. - J. Franklin Campbell Numeric or alphanumeric - The final verdict Written by: Wim van Vugt, July 13th 2001 All arguments have been heard last week. Let me make a critical overview. Numeric is said to have an advantage over the alphanumeric system for the notation of moves because all people know the numerals 1,2,3 but are not always so acquainted with a,b,c alphabet. So some people are strongly attracted to the present annotation system for CC. First the FROM-square is denoted and subsequently the TO-square. No symbols for pieces are used; if so, any extra indication other than the FROM/TO-squares can be ignored. The same FROM/TO-convention is used in almost every corner of science, e.g. thermodynamics. When heat and work are done from situation 1 (begin) to situation 2 (end), these quantities are usually denoted respectively by Q12 and W12.

50. Bette Veteto's Homepage History of Mathematics, very strong on geometry.Category Science Math Geometry...... in Mathematics African Americans in Mathematics Female mathematicians Overview of Egyptand Babylonia, Greek Period, Chinese, Hindu, arabian, Western Europe, Modern http://www.people.memphis.edu/~brveteto/

Bette Veteto's Math Is Marvelous Web Page The purpose of this site is to add a reading and writing component to my math classes. Students, "Choose a topic, read about it, and write a short report". The University of Memphis Memphis, TN Chambered Nautilus Fibonacci Sequence Table of Contents and Links History of Math Outline Type your report into this box. Class Schedule/Office Hours Favorite Math History Links ... Modern Period II History of Math Outline Egyptian and Babylonian Periods (3000 B.C. to 260 A.D.) Babylonian Map Eqyptian Map Empirical or Inductive Mathematics Surveying Engineering, Great Sphinx, Temples, ... The Mathematics of Early Commerce Commerce Agriculture Egyptian Farmer on Clay Tablet Calendar Ancient Clocks Sundials and Water Clocks Weights and Measures ... Taxes Mensuration History of Zero Early Uses of Zero Prime Numbers, Seive of Erastosthenes Erastosthenes, The Librarian at Alexandria ... Sexagesimal Simple Arithmetic Practical Geometry Chief Primary Sources Rhind Papyrus 1650 B.C. The Library at Alexandria, Egypt Moscow Papyrus (1850 B.C.) Rhind-Ahmes Papyrus(1650 B.C.) Picture of Rhind Papyrus ... Systematization of Deductive Logic, Aristotle 340 B.C. Axiomatic development of Geometry, Euclid 300 B.C., The Elements

51. Math History It follows the arabian adventures of a man with remarkable mathematical skills andsharing insights from the minds of some of history's great mathematicians. http://www.eho.org/store/subcategory.asp?subcatid=101&catid=9

52. Mathematics 498, Spring 2000 It also includes a huge Index, with links to biographies of Greek mathematicians,and many more including Islamic and arabian. The http://www.mssc.edu/math/lhand/websitereviews.htm

Mathematics 498, Spring 2000

53. Salon.com Books | A Is For Arabs of a Latin term, and just one of many contributions Arab mathematicians have madeto without some familiarity with the stories of the arabian Nights. Aladdin http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2002/01/08/alphabet/

Search About Salon Table Talk Advertise in Salon ... Search All of Salon.com Only Books Directory Hot Topics J.R.R. Tolkien Harry Potter Book Reviews Dave Eggers ... Stephen King Articles by date All of Salon.com By department Books Comics ... Table Talk [Spirited Salon forums] The wages of synonym Learn a new word today. The whole world in your hands A passion for reference books. Posts of the week The Well [Pioneering members-only discussions] Elephants and blind men Author David Weinberger explains why the Web is so hard to define. Sound Off E-mail Salon Send us a Letter to the Editor Recent Letters Downloads Get Salon.com on your PDA A is for Arabs From algebra and coffee to guitars, optics and universities an alphabetical reminder of what the West owes to the People of the Crescent Moon. By George Rafael Even before Sept. 11 forced the West to face the cultural friction between it and the Arab/Islamic world, there was an unwarranted sense of superiority. The renowned Italian journalist and interviewer Oriana Fallaci wrote Arab culture off as a few interesting architectural flourishes and the Quran. Apparently, it's easy to forget that history is cyclical and the roles were once reversed. A millennium ago, while the West was shrouded in darkness, Islam enjoyed a golden age. Lighting in the streets of Cordoba when London was a barbarous pit; religious tolerance in Toledo while pogroms raged from York to Vienna. As custodians of our classical legacy, Arabs were midwives to our Renaissance. Their influence, however alien it might seem, has always been with us, whether it's a cup of steaming hot Joe or the algorithms in computer programs. A little magnanimity is called for.

54. Did You Know? - Christian History And like early Islam, chess had Persian, arabian, and even Indian influences. thenotation system came to Europe via Islamic Arab mathematicians sometime in http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2002/002/13.2.html

Explore ChristianityToday.com: -Home Page -Search -Christianity Today Magazine -Free! Newsletters and more! CHURCH/MINISTRY -LeadershipJournal.net -Church Buyers Guide -BuildingChurchLeaders.com -Conferences PREACHINGTODAY.COM -Sermon Illustrations -Sermon Transcripts -Audio Tapes BIBLE/LIFE -Your Spiritual Life -Christian History -Church Locator -Who Is Jesus? COMMUNITIES -Women -Marriage -Parenting -Men -Singles -Seniors -Teens -Kids -International ENTERTAINMENT -Music -Sports -E-cards - Free! PEOPLE/CHAT -Message Boards SCHOOLS/JOBS -Home School Center -Christian College Guide SHOPPING -Books -Music -Our Store -Videos -Gifts -Classifieds -Personals -Travel MAGAZINES -Christianity Today -Campus Life -Christian History -Christian Parenting Today -Christian Reader -Leadership -Marriage Partnership -Men of Integrity -Sports Spectrum -Today's Christian Woman -Your Church Main Archives Contact Us Site Search ... Go to other searches Community FREE CH Newsletter Letters In Depth Early Church The American Experience World Christianity Special Interests In Brief Ask Christian History This Week in Christian History Reviews Profiles ... Newsletter Archive Links Pages of History CH Store Buy Past Issues Buy History Videos Take Our Poll(s) During the past century, Christianity has experienced stunning growth in sub-Saharan Africa.

55. Biography Of Leonardo Fibonacci Biographies of mathematicians Fibonacci. Table of Contents. His introductionof the arabian Numerals gave the Europeans an easier way to do calculations. http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/199899/biofibo.htm

Back to the Table of Contents Biographies of Mathematicians - Fibonacci Table of Contents Introduction Biography Accomplishments Effects ... Bibliography Introduction Fibonacci was known for many things. He was best known for the Fibonacci Numbers, which is a number sequence that he had discovered while solving a problem about rabbits. There is a lot more that we will talk about him and his discoveries which are now coming up. Biography From 529 until 1500 A.D. there were no big improvements in european mathematics. Except for Fibonacci, who was a great 13th century mathematician. He was born in Pisa, Italy, and was the son of a pisan merchant. Fibonacci was best known as Leonardo of Pisa. His father was also a customs officer for the North African city of Bugia. Since Fibonacci was the son of a merchant, he was able go travel freely all over the Byzantine Empire. Merchants at the time were immuned, so they were allowed to move about freely. This allowed him to visit many of the area's centers of trade. While he was there, he was able to learn both the mathematics of the scholars and the calculating schemes in popular use, at the time. Accomplishments He published a book called Liber Abaci In 1202 he published the first of his four books

56. The Daily Princetonian - Saudi Group Grants Prize Of $200,000 To Wiles For Proof nine years working out a proof whose discovery had eluded mathematicians for 350years The latest honor comes from the Saudi arabianbased King Faisal Foundation http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/1998/01/09/news/5412.shtml

Summer Program Feedback Subscribe E-Prince ... Staff Friday, January 9, 1998 Today Previous Next Calendar Saudi group grants prize of $200,000 to Wiles for proof of Fermat's Last Theorem By RICHARD JUST Princetonian Staff Writer Wiles leapt to international fame four years ago when he announced that he had proved Fermat's Last Theorem, long considered one of the world's great unsolved mathematical mysteries. Recognition for the 44-year-old professor has not been in short supply. Most recently, PBS aired a documentary that examined how Wiles' childhood fascination with the famous theorem led him to spend nine years working out a proof whose discovery had eluded mathematicians for 350 years. Last June, he received a "genius grant" from the Chicago-based John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Six months earlier, he was presented with the American Mathematical Society's Frank Nelson Cole Prize in Number Theory. Wiles was unavailable for comment yesterday. He told the Associated Press earlier this week that his prize money would go towards the education of his three daughters, ages seven, six and three. His secretary declined to confirm whether he would attend the ceremony in Riyadh.

57. La Mama mathematicians are very passionate about what they do, and many people don't whopreviously collaborated on a musical version of arabian Nights, absorbed a http://www.theatermania.com/news/feature/index.cfm?story=1145&cid=1

58. Caliphate, Halife WEB Muslim Scientists, mathematicians and Astronomers Before European Renaissance,700 The arabian Nights Entertainments, translated by Andrew Lang Gutenberg http://www.findthelinks.com/countries/history/caliphate.htm

The Caliphate General The First Four Caliphs [At USC-MSA] WEB H-Medieval Mideast Homepage WEB Bibliography for Medieval Islam [At IGS] Government An Arab Ambassador in Constantinople , (late 10th Century) Al-Tanûkhî: Ruminations and Reminiscences , c. 980 CE "The Table Talk of a Mesopotamian Judge" Yakut: Baghdad under the Abbasids , c. 1000 CE Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu'di (Masoudi) (ca. 895?-957 CE): The Book of Golden Meadows , c. 940 CE Masu'di - "the Arab Suetonius" or "the Arab Herodotus" - specialized in a history which went beyond chronology to look at themes and individual anecdotes. This is an extensive selection on various caliphs. Ibn-Miskawaih: The Experiences of the Nations , c. 980 CE

59. The Christian Crusades Positively Impacted The East And The West Many twelfth century European scientists voyaged to arabian countries to studydifferent traveled to Syria and to Egypt to study with mathematicians there. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/7930/crusades.htm

The Christian Crusades Positively Impacted the East and the West The Crusades , he quotes J. Kerr as claiming that the "most obvious result of the crusades" was a growth in "trade with the east". According to a 1996 AP article printed in the Jerusalem Post, the English word "sugar" comes from the Arabic "sukkar", and "scallion" comes from "Ascalon", a Philistine city. Trade extended from England to the Black Sea, going through the ports of Beirut, Acre and Alexandria. After the loss of Acre in 1291, Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete were the three Mediterranean islands that composed some of the main crusader trading centers. From these three islands it was possible to control goods' ships traveling to and from the Middle East (Child, 1994). Figure 1 Figure 1 are some trade routes utilized after the Crusades. Nathan der Weise by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Carmen Ambrosii and Chanson d’Antioche (Riley-Smith, 1995). The Crusades also brought new light upon old matters. Many old tales were redone with the spirit of crusading infused in them. The contact that occurred during the Crusades had many positive effects, and the fine literature produced was just one of them (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993). Bibliography Main Index of Papers

60. The Science Bookstore - Chronology 271 AD, Chinese mathematicians invented the magnetic compass. 1038 AD, Alhazen, THeidea of the camera obscura described first by the arabian Scholar Hassan ibn http://www.thesciencebookstore.com/chron.asp

Home Page About Us Books Prints and Maps ... SciImages Quick Search: (Enter name, year, or keyword) SAMPLE PREVIEW OF CALENDAR ENTRIES: History of Science Women in Medicine and Science History of Mathematics History of Chemistry Chronology of the History of Science Calendars Available Again Since 1993 we've been producing an assortment of calendars highlighting the history of science. They're back! All are 17x11 when open, displaying artwork on the top half and the calendar with the birthdates of scientists on the bottom. They are $12 each, postpaid in the U.S. Available now are: History of Science, with 875 entries BUY Women in Medicine and Science, 275 entries BUY ... BUY 3000 BCE Dust abacus is invented, probably in Babylonia. Imhotep, Born: 2635 Died: 2595 Poet, architect and physician-priest; vizier and high priest of Ptah during the reign of Djoser I. 2635 BCE Related Links: http://touregypt.net/who/imhotep.htm http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/prehistory/egypt/history/people/imhotep.html http://this.com/imhotep.htm# http://classes.yale.edu/hsar112a/pga071.html ... http://www.uh.edu/admin/engines/epi1074.htm c. 2600 BCE Imhotep,

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