1. MEDLINEplus: Viral Infections Articles and links on viral infections from the United States National Library of Medicine.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Infectious Diseases Viral...... viral infections. Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on viral infections• Virus Diseases, General • Cytomegalovirus Infections. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html

Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Viral Infections Contents of this page: News From the NIH General/Overviews Anatomy/Physiology ... Children Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on Viral Infections: Virus Diseases, General Cytomegalovirus Infections You may also be interested in these MEDLINEplus related pages: AIDS Chickenpox Common Cold Hemorrhagic Fevers ... Infections Latest News New Clues Emerge on How HIV Evades Antibodies (03/20/2003, Reuters Health) Scientists Track Source of Mystery Pneumonia (03/19/2003, Reuters Health) From the National Institutes of Health Microbes in Sickness and in Health (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) General/Overviews Viral Infections Virus or Bacterium? (American Society for Microbiology) Also available in: Spanish Anatomy/Physiology Viruses (American Society for Microbiology) Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: Virus Diseases (National Institutes of Health) Prevention/Screening 10 Tips for Preventing the Spread of Infection (Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology) Handwashing (University of Utah, Health Sciences Center)

2. Anti-Viral.com: Viral Infections viral infections. Viruses are small infectious agents (20300 nm) that are not cells but rather genetic material (either http://www.anti-viral.com/

Healthcare professionals and scientists have carefully prepared this ALtruis Biomedical Network-affiliated site, intended for informational purposes only Partners: Vaccines Herpes Anti-viral Drug s Viral Infections Viruses are small infectious agents (20-300 nm) that are not cells but rather genetic material (either DNA or RNA ) housed in a protective protein covering called the capsid. They are basically parasites of cells in that they must utilize the cell's metabolic and replicative machinery to survive. Viruses appear to be species and organ specific and apparently can only replicate in permissive or receptive cells. The virus attaches to a cell membrane via receptors on the cell for other things, amino acids, for example. Sometimes the viral particle contains enzymes that poke a hole in the cell membrane through which the genetic material is injected. The viral shell may remain on the outside of the cell where it can be recognized by antibodies. Sometimes the viral particles are engulfed by the cell in the normal process of endocytosis and then relieved of their protein coat. It is the viral coat proteins that cause a response by the immune system. Viruses may be transmitted to humans by direct transmission from person to person as in contact with airborne droplets from a sneeze or cough, sexual contact, hand-to-eye or mouth contact, mouth-mouth or via contaminated blood. Some viral agents can be aerosolized and have been developed as

3. VIRAL INFECTIONS AIDSRELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS. viral infections. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/texts/guide/hmg19_0010.html

HIV Infection and AIDS AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS VIRAL INFECTIONS CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION DEFINITION AND CAUSE CMV is the most common life-threatening viral opportunistic infection associated with severe immunodeficiency in AIDS. As with other opportunistic infections, CMV is usually benign in a healthy person, but infection in an individual with AIDS can be life-threatening. DIAGNOSIS In a person with AIDS, the most common sites of disease are the retina and colon, but the esophagus, stomach, lungs, brain, heart, pancreas, thyroid, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, and adrenal glands are also susceptible to attack. Infection of the retina produces visual changes and can lead to blindness; disease involving the colon typically causes diarrhea and crampy abdominal pain. In the lungs, CMV can cause a severe pneumonia; in the central nervous system it can lead to inflammation of the brain, causing headache and personality changes. TREATMENT Two drugs—ganciclovir and foscarnet—are currently available to treat CMV infection of the retina. Both drugs can help resolve an acute infection but cannot rid the body of the virus; thus, recurrences are common and long-term treatment is often needed. HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION DEFINITION AND CAUSE Herpes simplex virus, or HSV, causes clusters of small, painful blisters (cold sores) most commonly over the mouth and lips and genital area. It is estimated that at least 30 percent of the U.S. population has been exposed to the herpesvirus.

4. Infectious Diseases Of The Central Nervous System Parenchymal Infections Medical information on cerebral abscesses, syphilis, parasitic infections, fungal infections, viral infections, and CJD. http://www.vh.org/Providers/TeachingFiles/CNSInfDisR2/Paren.html

5. Institute Of Food Science Technology Foodborne Viral Institute of Food Science Technology Position Statement on foodborneviral infections. IFST Current Hot Topics. FOODBORNE viral infections. http://www.ifst.org/hottop12.htm

IFST: Current Hot Topics FOODBORNE VIRAL INFECTIONS (1), 49-51, March 1997). SUMMARY Foodborne viral infections are caused mainly by two types of virus, Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs, formerly named small round structured viruses (SRSVs) in the UK) which cause gastroenteritis and Hepatitis A virus which causes hepatitis. All foodborne viruses originate from the human intestine and contamination of food occurs either during preparation by infected food handlers or by contact with sewage sludge or polluted water. Control measures mainly depend on staff education and good kitchen hygiene; food handlers suffering from symptoms should be excluded from work immediately and all staff made aware of the ease with which viral contamination is transmitted. The use of clean water for irrigation of crops that are likely to be eaten raw and cultivation of molluscan shellfish in sewage-free seawater are also essential to prevent viral contamination of food. THE PROBLEM Foodborne viruses are a common but probably under-recognised cause of gastroenteritis, and may often be the cause of outbreaks of illness. Human infection can occur either by the consumption of contaminated food, or from person to person through body contact or release of aerosols. Food may be contaminated by infected food handlers or by contact with sewage sludge or polluted water, and most confirmed outbreaks of viral foodborne illness have been associated with the consumption of shellfish that had been harvested from sewage-polluted waters. The greatest risk of foodborne illness occurs from catering operations preparing ready to eat foods, although foodborne spread is difficult to prove.

6. Journals Examines all aspects of viral infections of the liver including diagnosis, epidemiology, pathology, prognosis, prevention, and therapy. Seeks to bring togther information published in the peerreviewed literature as it affects clinical practice or understanding of the field. http://www.harcourt-international.com/journals/vhrv/default.cfm?/

7. Viral Infections - DermatologyChannel viral infections commonly result in skin lesions and rashes, sometimesof quite specific nature, depending on the individual virus. http://www.dermatologychannel.net/viral_infection/

Home Search SiteMap Ask the Dr. ... Medical Store advertisement advertisement VIRAL INFECTIONS Overview Chickenpox Fifth Disease Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Herpes Simplex Virus Molluscum Postherpetic Neuralgia Pityriasis Rosea ... FAQs CONDITIONS Acne Alopecia (baldness) Birthmarks Blistering Disorders ... Blood Vessel Disorders Dermatitis (Eczema) Follicle Disorders Fungal Infections Lyme Disease ... Viral Infections RESOURCES Anatomy Clinical Trials Links News Focus ... Videos ABOUT US Healthcommunities.com Pressroom Testimonials Viral infections commonly result in skin lesions and rashes. Typically, a rash occurs, and resolution is seen after the immune system clears the infection. This is a common pattern in children. Some viruses lie dormant in the host's cells and reactivate at a later time, sometimes years later. Another pattern is a chronic infection. Viruses can infect the skin by direct inoculation, by local spread, or by systemic infection. Viruses are microscopic organisms whose survival is entirely dependent on using the DNA of other living cells (called host cells) to develop and multiply. The virus growth cycle has four stages. First, the virus attaches to a receptor on the cell's membrane. Second, the virus penetrates the cell either by fusing with the membrane or by being engulfed by the cell and delivered into its interior. Third, the virus is transported into the cell's nucleus where the virus uses the host cell's DNA to reproduce. Finally, the infectious virus particles (virions) are assembled and released from the host cell. The length of this cycle varies and can last several hours to many years (latent infection).

8. Viral Infections - Warts - DermatologyChannel A discussion about what causes warts, how they are classified, and how they are treated.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Skin Disorders Warts...... The degree of contact, location of the lesions, the amount of virus present (newerwarts tend to contain more viral particles than older warts), and the state http://www.dermatologychannel.net/viral_infection/warts.shtml

Home Search SiteMap Ask the Dr. ... Medical Store advertisement advertisement VIRAL INFECTIONS Overview Chickenpox Fifth Disease Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Herpes Simplex Virus Molluscum Postherpetic Neuralgia Pityriasis Rosea ... FAQs CONDITIONS Acne Alopecia (baldness) Birthmarks Blistering Disorders ... Blood Vessel Disorders Dermatitis (Eczema) Follicle Disorders Fungal Infections Lyme Disease ... Viral Infections RESOURCES Anatomy Clinical Trials Links News Focus ... Videos ABOUT US Healthcommunities.com Pressroom Testimonials Warts, or verrucae (singular: verruca), are benign growths on the skin or mucous membranes that cause cosmetic problems as well as pain and discomfort. They are seen on people of all ages but most commonly appear in children and teenagers. The incubation period of a wart is 2 to 9 months following infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV), during which time an excessive proliferation of skin growth slowly devleops. Fortunately, more than 50 percent of them disappear on their own within two years. Causes More than 80 different types of HPV have been identified, and they have tropism (affinity) for different types of body tissue. Most types of HPV have an affinity for the skin and produce common warts (verruca vulgaris), flat warts (verruca plana), and plantar or foot warts (verruca plantaris). Several other types of HPV have an affinity for mucous membranes and some of these cause ano-genital warts (condyloma acuminata). HPV is passed from person to person by direct or indirect contact, and from one body location to another on the same person. The virus more easily enters the body through an area of skin that is moist, peeling, or cracked. Some types (e.g., condyloma acuminta) are transmitted sexually. The degree of contact, location of the lesions, the amount of virus present (newer warts tend to contain more viral particles than older warts), and the state of a person's immunity are among the factors that determine HPV infection.

9. Essential Therapeutics Discovers and develops novel antibiotics for treatment of serious bacterial, fungal and viral infections. (Nasdaq MCDE). http://www.microcide.com/

10. Antiviral Preclinical Drug Screening And Animal Model Evaluation viral infections. Preclinical Antiviral Testing Program. In Vitro ScreensHerpesviruses (HSV1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8). http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/viral/

Viral Infections Preclinical Antiviral Testing Program In Vitro Screens Herpesviruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8) Hepatitis B virus Orthopoxviruses (Vaccinia, Cowpox) Special Pathogens: VEE, Punta Toro, Pichinde, Yellow fever, West Nile Animal Models Herpesviruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, MCMV, GPCMV, HCMV SCID-hu Hepatitis viruses (WHV, HDV, HBV transgenic Orthopoxviruses (Vaccinia, Cowpox, Rabbitpox, Ectromelia) Papillomaviruses (Shope, HPV SCID-hu For information, contact: Dr. Christopher Tseng Virology Branch DMID, NIAID, NIH 6700B Rockledge Dr. MSC 7630 Bethesda, MD 20892-7630 Tel: 301.496.7453 Fax: 301.480.1594 E-mail: ctseng@niaid.nih.gov Ms. Diana Berard (for models of viral hepatitis) Hepatic and Enteric Diseases Branch DMID, NIAID, NIH 6700B Rockledge Dr. MSC 7630 Bethesda, MD 20892-7630 Tel: 301.496.7051 Fax: 301.402.1456 E-mail: dberard@niaid.nih.gov Home Site Map Search ... NIH Home Last updated 01.12.02 (dlb)

11. Protein Design Labs, Inc. Develops humanized and human monoclonal antibodies to prevent and treat variety of disease conditions including autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, cancers and viral infections. (Nasdaq PDLI). http://www.pdl.com/

12. THE MERCK MANUALHome Edition, Sec. 23, Ch. 260, Viral Infections viral infections. A number of viral infections are common in children. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/sec23/260.htm

13. EMedicine Dermatology : VIRAL INFECTIONS - Online Medical Textbooks And Physicia Back to Dermatology viral infections. Dermatology viral infectionsArticles. Bowenoid Papulosis, (CME available). Chickenpox, (CME available). http://www.emedicine.com/derm/VIRAL_INFECTIONS.htm

Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: Dermatology > Viral Infections Dermatology - Viral Infections Articles Bowenoid Papulosis (CME available) Chickenpox (CME available) ... (CME available) document.write(''); About Us Privacy Contact Us Advertise with Us ... Institutional Subscribers

14. THE MERCK MANUAL--Home Edition, Sec. 17, Ch. 186, Viral Infections viral infections. A virus is a small infectious organismmuch smaller than a fungus or bacteriumthat needs a living http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/sec17/186.htm

The Merck Manual of Medical InformationHome Edition Section 17. Infections Chapter 186 Viral Infections A virus is a small infectious organismmuch smaller than a fungus or bacteriumthat needs a living cell in order to reproduce. The virus attaches to a cell, often a specific type of cell. Once inside a cell, the virus releases its DNA or RNA (which contains the information needed to create new virus particles) and takes control of some aspects of the cell's metabolism. The components of the virus are then manufactured inside the cell and must be properly assembled for the virus to be released and remain infectious. What happens to the cell depends on the type of virus. Some viruses kill the cells they infect. Others alter the cell function so that the cell loses control over normal cell division and becomes cancerous. Some viruses incorporate a part or all of their genetic information into the host cell DNA, but they remain silent (or latent) until the cell is disturbed in a way that permits the virus to emerge again. Smallpox, the Disease That May Not Be

15. EMedicine - Viral Infections Of The Mouth : Article By Sara Gordon, DDS, MSc viral infections of the Mouth Members of the human herpesvirus (HHV) and humanpapillomavirus (HPV) families cause the most common primary viral infections http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic765.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Dermatology Diseases Of The Oral Mucosa Viral Infections of the Mouth Last Updated: November 13, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: human herpesvirus, HHV, herpesvirus infections, human papillomavirus, HPV, coxsackievirus, mumps, measles, rubeola, rubella AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Human Herpesvirus Human Papillomavirus ... Bibliography Author: Sara Gordon, DDS, MSc , Assistant Professor of Oral Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry Coauthor(s): Seema Ganatra, DDS, MSD , Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta at Edmonton Sara Gordon, DDS, MSc, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral Medicine American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , Canadian Academy of Oral Pathology, Canadian Dental Association International Association of Oral Pathologists , and Royal College of Dentists of Canada Editor(s): Takuo Tsuji, MD

16. Aaa-datarecovery.com Recovers data lost due to hardware failure, viral infections, and program errors. http://www.aaa-datarecovery.com

Coming Soon! www.aaa-datarecovery.com This page is parked FREE at Go Daddy! Domain transfer offer expires March 31st .US only $6.95/yr through Mar. 31! FREE! Domain forwarding! FREE! Change of domain ownership! FREE! Parked page w/every domain! 99¢ 5-pack email forwarding Check availability: www. .com .net .org .info .biz .us .ws Go Daddy is ICANN Accredited Check out our President's Page for the latest Go Daddy News! More space, hot new features and NEW anywhere, anytime access via Go Daddy WebMail! from $9.95/yr! Click for more info Also Available! Email forwarding 5-pack for 99¢! Create a customized web site! It's FAST and EASY! Choose from over 470 professional-quality templates and 2,500 photo images in NEW WebSite complete 5.0. Try it for only $14.95! For each web site you post, you pay a small one-time fee of just $35.00 for the first and $49.95 for each additional site. only $14.95! Click for more info Our Hosting Packages include: - A FREE email account - Reliable, state-of-the-art servers - up to 50 MB storage space - Month-to-month billing - Cancellation at any time - And more!

17. HepNet - Hepatitis Update 2:The Consequences Of Hepatitis C Viral Infections The Consequences of Hepatitis C viral infections. Gerald Minuk MD and Nimer Assy, MD http://www.hepnet.com/update2.html

The Hepatitis Information Network HepUpdate Clinical News and Views on Hepatitis The HepUpdate series is comprised of original papers reflecting the views of each of each of the contributing specialists. Would you like to see the complete index Update 2 - December 1995 The Consequences of Hepatitis C Viral Infections Gerald Minuk,MD and Nimer Assy, MD Dr. Sherman is a Hepatologist practicing in Toronto, Canada. This paper has been submitted as a contribution to the Canadian Hepatitis Education Council. There are numerous consequences of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infections in some instances, as a result of a paucity of data, this review will be confined to the physical consequences of HCV infection as they pertain to the infected individual. Psychologic and financial implications of HCV infections will not be discussed nor will the consequences to family members, friends, colleagues, employers and the economy in general. Wherever possible, only data derived from studies or observations in which the diagnosis of HCV has been established serologically will be utilized. Due to the wide geographic distribution of the 20 different genetic variants (HCV genotypes) and the strong probability that the natural history of HCV infections are genotype-dependent, studies from North America and to a lesser extent, Europe, will be highlighted. What are the Consequences of Acute HCV Infections?

18. Viral Infections, Infectious Disease Guidelines, NCID, CDC viral infections. Web Page Version, Downloadable Version. Vaccination. viral infections.Some documents are available here in Adobe Acrobat Reader format (PDF). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/guidelines/guidelines_topic_viral.htm

Infectious Disease Guidelines Contents Guidelines by Topic or Type of Infection Guidelines by Publication Date Infectious Disease Guidelines, By Topic Viral Infections Web Page Version Downloadable Version Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2003: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. (NASPHV) MMWR Recommendations and Reports. March 21, 2003; 52(RR-05):1-8 Adobe Acrobat Reader (157 KB) Epidemic/Epizootic West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases. November 8-9, 1999. Adobe Acrobat Reader (340 KB) Guidelines for Arbovirus Surveillance in the United States Division of Vector-borne Diseases; April 1993 Adobe Acrobat Reader (554 KB) Guidelines for Laboratory Testing and Result Reporting of Antibody to Hepatitis C Virus MMWR Recommendations and Reports. February 7, 2003; 52(RR-03):1-16 Adobe Acrobat Reader (2.1 MB)

19. Pedia-Pop Home Offers an oral electrolyte maintenance solution for toddlers and older children with dehydration due to vomiting and diarrheas caused by viral infections. http://www.pedia-pop.com/

Pedia-Pop is available from these fine merchants Visit our Partners Delicious Electrolyte Replenisher for Toddlers and Older Children Benefits of Using Pedia-Pop@ for Dehydration and Electrolyte Loss:It tastes great! Unlike many products on the market Pedia-pop Palsicles have no salty taste or after taste. Your kids can enjoy any of the four available flavors. Booby Bloo Raspberry Sweet Lucy Orange Gary Grape Sherry Cherry Three Great Ways to Enjoy Pedia-Pop@ Pal Cut of top, push up frozen Pals from bottom of sleeve. Consume as slushy treat using spoon or straw. To drink, simply pour product into juice cup or bottle. No Waste. The unit dose containers eliminates discarding unused fluid after 48 hours. No mixing. This eliminates the possibly of errors due to improperly mixing.

20. Antibiotics And Viral Infections explain why antibiotics should not be used to treat viral infections. It also offers suggestions to help relieve some http://www.sdh.sk.ca/pharmacy/antibioticsviral.htm

The Saskatoon Health Region was created on August 1, 2002 with the amalgamation of the Gabriel Springs, Living Sky, Central Plains and Saskatoon health districts. Please visit our new regional website at www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca Antibiotics Are Not For Viral Infections A Message From: Saskatoon Family Physicians, Pediatricians, the Division of Infectious Disease and SDH Pharmacists The educational material in this pamphlet is intended to explain why antibiotics should not be used to treat viral infections. It also offers suggestions to help relieve some of your symptoms. An antibiotic is a drug that is used to treat infections caused only by bacteria. Antibiotics do not work in viral infections. What harm can it do if I take an antibiotic for a viral infection? Using an antibiotic to fight a viral infection may make you feel even worse. The improper use of antibiotics exposes you unnecessarily to side effects such as an upset stomach, diarrhea and rashes. The unnecessary use of antibiotics also results in the development of resistant bacteria. Resistance means that antibiotics do not work when we need them. The overuse of antibiotics has already resulted in some resistant bacteria making a number of infections very difficult to treat. Unnecessary antibiotics are also a waste of money. But a friend who had the same symptoms received an antibiotic.

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