41. Sickle Cell Disease Cured In Mouse Model Harvard Medical School researchers have achieved a breakthroughby curing sickle cell disease in mice. http://www.researchmatters.harvard.edu/story.php?article_id=356

42. Sickle Cell Anemia Disease Profile treatment. Blood test More than 40 states now perform a simple, inexpensiveblood test for sickle cell disease on all newborn infants. http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/posters/chromosome/sca.html

The U.S. Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research program funds this site. Genetic Disease Profile: Sickle Cell Anemia For more about the gene that causes sickle cell anemia, see the HBB Gene Profile . The following was adapted from NIH Publication No. 96-4057 (PDF requires Adobe Acrobat Reader Sickle Cell Timeline - Herrick provides the first formal description of sickle cell anemia when he reports that the blood smear of a dental student at the Chicago College of Dental Surgery contains "pear-shaped and elongated forms." - Hahn and Gillespie associate the sickling of red blood cells with low oxygen conditions. - Sherman reports that the sickling of red blood cells in the absence of oxygen is caused by a change in the hemoglobin molecule structure. - Watson suggests that the presence of fetal hemoglobin in the red blood cells of sickle cell newborns is the reason they do not show disease symptoms. - Noted physical chemist Linus Pauling and associates publish "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease" in

43. Sickle Cell Anemia Gene Hemoglobin S Allele and sickle cell disease This review was created by HuGENet (Human Genome Epidemiology Network) at Centers for Disease Control and http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/posters/chromosome/hbb.html

The U.S. Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research program funds this site. The Sickle Cell Anemia Gene Official Gene Symbol: HBB Name of Gene Product: hemoglobin, beta Alternate Name of Gene Product: beta globin Locus: 11p15.5 The HBB gene is found in region 15.5 on the short (p) arm of human chromosome 11. Size: The HBB gene's 3 coding regions (exons) are scattered over 1600 base pairs of genomic DNA. Exons translated into the HBB polypeptide chain are interspersed with segments of noncoding DNA (introns). After transcription, introns are spliced out and exons are pieced together to form a 626-bp mRNA transcript that is translated into the 147-amino acid sequence of the HBB polypeptide chain [1]. Approximate gene location is based on Chromosome 11 map from NCBI Entrez Map Viewer. Protein Function Hemoglobin molecules, which reside in red blood cells, are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to various parts of the body for use in respiration. The HBB gene codes for one of the two types of polypeptide chains found in adult hemoglobin. Normal adult hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein consisting of two alpha chains and two beta chains. HBB codes for the beta chain, which is often referred to as beta globin. Mutant beta globin is responsible for the sickling of red blood cells seen in sickle cell anemia [2].

44. Gene Therapy Corrects Sickle Cell Disease In Mice, Scientists Report Gene therapy corrects sickle cell disease in mice, scientists report.DECEMBER 14, 2001 Contact Information. CAMBRIDGE, Mass. An http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/2001/sicklecell.html

News Releases MIT News Office Search Comments ... MIT Gene therapy corrects sickle cell disease in mice, scientists report DECEMBER 14, 2001 Contact Information CAMBRIDGE, Mass. An international team led by an MIT research affiliate has developed a method of gene therapy that corrects sickle cell disease in mice, suggesting future therapies designed to treat the genetic disease in humans. The new method is described in the Dec. 14 issue of Science The lead researcher, Professor Philippe Leboulch, is an assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, a research affiliate in the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , and vice president and chief scientific officer of Genetix Pharmaceuticals of Cambridge, MA. The therapy transfers an anti-sickling variant of the faulty gene to the bone marrow, where it incorporates itself into the stem cells that give rise to red blood cells. In two mouse models, the new gene was rapidly expressed in 99 percent of all circulating red blood cells, preventing sickling and other signs of the disease, Leboulch said. Leboulch said that there are still several obstacles to overcome before the therapy can be tested in humans, but that the method is "clearly corroborating evidence that these types of vectors based on Lentiviruses are really efficient."

45. Gene Therapy Corrects Sickle Cell Disease In Mice, Scientists Report WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 19, 2001. Gene therapy corrects sickle cell diseasein mice, scientists report. By Deborah Halber News Office. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/2001/dec19/anemia.html

Published by the MIT News Office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. December 19 Tech Talk Search MIT News ... MIT WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 19, 2001 Gene therapy corrects sickle cell disease in mice, scientists report By Deborah Halber News Office An international team led by an MIT research affiliate has developed a method of gene therapy that corrects sickle cell disease in mice, suggesting future therapies designed to treat the genetic disease in humans. The new method is described in the December issue of Science. The lead researcher, Professor Philippe Leboulch, is an assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, a research affiliate in the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, and vice president and chief scientific officer of Genetix Pharmaceuticals of Cambridge, Mass. The therapy transfers an anti-sickling variant of the faulty gene to the bone marrow, where it incorporates itself into the stem cells that give rise to red blood cells. In two mouse models, the new gene was rapidly expressed in 99 percent of all circulating red blood cells, preventing sickling and other signs of the disease, Leboulch said. Sickle cell disorders are most common in individuals of African, Mediterranean, Indian and Middle Eastern descent; one in every 13 African-Americans carries the sickle cell trait, according to Leboulch. The disease is caused by a single nucleotide mutation in the human beta globin gene.

46. Naz' WebSpot - Stick To Your Vision [ DotNaz Designs ] A comprehensive, patient run sickle cell information site. The information is presented from the patient' Category Health Conditions and Diseases Blood Disorders Sickle Cell...... Quick Index sickle cell disease. Fine Arts. sickle cell disease Forum @ SCDAA August/September 2000 issue of HealthQuest Magazine www.healthquestmag.com. http://members.tripod.com/nazaire1/

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated Welcome to Naz' Page don't forget to bookmark this page: press CTRL-D [ Stick to Your Vision... ] Hertz Nazaire [ Naz WebSpot ] Quick Index Sickle Cell Disease Fine Arts Poetry/Prose PBS Documentary ... check your m@il Movies/TV X History Join BlackPlanet [ web search ] Search Media Shareware Computers Usenet Health Politics Employment Sports Kids Business Education Sciences Entertainment The Web [ kreyol web search ] visit my friends @ click to [ kreyol.com ] a nazaire design project a tribute to Haiti Music - Kompa Our Culture Kreyol Words Archive ... Nazaire's Art Our Haiti Gift Store please support [ kreyol.com a project that i designed and i'm still working on for the haitian and caribbean community check my Art and Poetry > See me on PBS TV Official WETA site for Exploring Your Brain Username: Password: Use Frames: Yes  No Forgot Password? Signup Now Click Here Help Section please tell a friend about @Kreyol Mail... [ kreyol words archive ] [ Sickle Cell Disease Forum @ SCDAA ] August/September 2000 issue of HealthQuest Magazine www.healthquestmag.com

47. HON - News : Gas A Promising Therapy For Sickle Cell Disease Cell. Resources from HONselect. Gas a Promising Therapy for SickleCell Disease Inhaling nitric oxide can relieve pain, study says By http://www.hon.ch/News/HSN/512042.html

HON News - 300 medical topics and themes Themes: A B C ... I J K L M N ... P Q R S T U ... W X Y Z Browse archive: Mar Feb Jan Dec ... Sep Other news for: Child Anemia, Sickle Cell Resources from HONselect Gas a Promising Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease Inhaling nitric oxide can relieve pain, study says By Ed Edelson HealthScoutNews Reporter TUESDAY, March 4 (HealthScoutNews) A new kind of treatment for sickle cell disease having children breathe nitric oxide for hours eases the pain of the vein-blocking crises suffered by patients with the condition, researchers report. The nitric oxide treatment strikes at the cause of those crises, while current treatments aim only at relieving symptoms, says Dr. Debra L. Weiner, assistant in emergency medicine at Children's Hospital Boston. She is the leader of the group reporting the findings in the March 5 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association . And while it is a small study, involving only 20 children, "the results are encouraging and warrant further investigation," she says. Sickle cell disease is a genetic condition occurring primarily among people of African descent; it affects one of every 500 black newborns. The genetic defect causes production of abnormal molecules of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Those molecules clump together, giving red cells the distinctive appearance described by the condition's name. Patients suffer painful episodes of blood vessel blockage that can start in infancy, become more common with age and cause severe damage to many organs.

48. HON - News : Hunting Down A Cure For Sickle Cell Disease Hunting Down a Cure for sickle cell disease Meanwhile, victims are living longer,healthier lives By Janice Billingsley HealthScoutNews Reporter. SUNDAY, Sept. http://www.hon.ch/News/HSN/508766.html

HON News - 300 medical topics and themes Themes: A B C ... I J K L M N ... P Q R S T U ... W X Y Z Browse archive: Mar Feb Jan Dec ... Sep Hunting Down a Cure for Sickle Cell Disease Meanwhile, victims are living longer, healthier lives By Janice Billingsley HealthScoutNews Reporter SUNDAY, Sept. 22 (HealthScoutNews) While a cure remains elusive, victims of sickle cell anemia are living longer, healthier lives. The most common inherited blood disease in the United States, sickle cell anemia affects about 80,000 Americans, primarily blacks. Another 2 million Americans have the defective gene that causes the disorder, making them potential carriers. Thanks to improvements in diagnosis, treatment and research, half of those with the condition are now more than 50 years old. Until recently, people with sickle cell rarely survived childhood, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. "I have five adult patients, one more than 60 years old, who watch out for themselves. They are good, cooperative patients who make sure they optimize their care," says Dr. Kenneth Algazy, a clinical associate professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Sickle cell anemia is caused by the production of faulty hemoglobin, a key component of red blood cells. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the heart to all parts of the body.

49. Medical References: Sickle Cell Disease sickle cell disease is an inherited disease of red blood cells which can cause pain,damage to vital organs, risk of serious infections and can lead to early http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1221.asp

View All Chapters Find Your Local Chapter March 31, 2003 Select one Folic Acid Pregnancy Prenatal Screening Infections/Diseases Loss Concerns Newborn Information Birth Defects Polio Genetics Research Funding Perinatal Statistics Medical References Continuing Education ... Prematurity Quick Reference and Fact Sheets Sickle Cell Disease What Is Sickle Cell Disease? It is an inherited disease of red blood cells which can cause attacks of pain, damage to vital organs, risk of serious infections and can lead to early death. Sickle cell disease affects the main protein inside the red blood cells called hemoglobin. The disease occurs when a person inherits one sickle cell gene from each parent or a combination of one sickle cell gene plus one of several other abnormal hemoglobin genes. Hemoglobin in the red blood cells carries oxygen from the lungs and takes it to every part of the body. The main hemoglobin in the red blood cells of people with sickle cell disease is not normal. Red blood cells containing mainly normal hemoglobin are round and flexible. In people with sickle cell disease, the abnormal hemoglobin forces the cells to lose their normally round and flexible shape, becoming distorted and rigid. Under a microscope, these abnormal cells may look like the C-shaped farm tool called a sickle. Sickle cells tend to become trapped and to be destroyed in small blood vessels (veins and arteries), the spleen, the liver and other organs. This results in a shortage of red blood cells, or anemia. Anemia can cause an affected child to be pale, short of breath, easily tired and have slowed growth and physical development. Certain conditions, such as infections or enlargement of the spleen, may worsen the anemia by speeding up destruction of red blood cells. Infections also can reduce red blood cell production, leading to worsening of anemia.

50. Berkeley Lab Research Review Fall 1998 | Front Line: Health Genetically engineered mice that fully mimic all the symptoms of humansickle cell disease have been developed by Berkeley Lab scientists. http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1998/frontline/mice

HEALTH Cellular Engineering Mice with Sickle Cell Genes Online Health Survey ENVIRONMENT Smog NOx Detector Cleaning Up Dirty Silicon ONLINE Priority Service for the Internet Climate Modeling Tools for Weather Forecasting ADVANCED MATERIALS Imaging Liquids Magic Sizes and Microscopic Crucibles Mice With Sickle Cell Genes Will Aid in Developing Treatment Genetically engineered mice that fully mimic all the symptoms of human sickle cell disease have been developed by Berkeley Lab scientists. With this new mouse model, medical researchers finally have a means of effectively testing experimental treatments for the disease. Research in the laboratory of Dr. Edward Rubin of the Life Sciences Division resulted in the creation of a new strain of mice that carries human hemoglobin genes with no counteracting mouse genes. This enables the mice to develop all clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease. "This work marks the end of a long road to genetically engineer mice that faithfully model human sickle cell disease," says Rubin. Transgenic mice containing the human sickle genes have been engineered before, but these mice developed only mild symptoms of the disease. The problem was that in addition to carrying the mutant human genes responsible for sickle cell disease, these strains also carried normal mouse genes which counteracted the defective human genes.

51. Berkeley Scientists Develop Mouse Model For Sickle Cell Research This enables the mice to develop all clinical manifestations of the sicklecell disease. Paszty with mouse engineered to model sickle cell disease. http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sickle-cell-mouse.html

Berkeley Scientists Develop Mouse Model For Sickle Cell Research By Lynn Yarris, lcyarris@lbl.gov October 30, 1997 BERKELEY, CA Genetically engineered mice that fully mimic all the symptoms of human sickle cell disease have been developed by scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. With this new mouse model, medical researchers finally have a means of effectively testing experimental treatments for the disease. Research by Drs. Chris Paszty and Edward Rubin of Berkeley Lab's Life Sciences Division has reported the creation of a new strain of mice that carries human hemoglobin genes with no counteracting mouse genes. This enables the mice to develop all clinical manifestations of the sickle cell disease. Paszty with mouse engineered to model sickle cell disease The research has been reported in this week's issue (October 31) of the magazine Science. In addition to Paszty and Rubin, other authors of the Science paper were Catherine Brion, Mary Stevens, and Mohandas Narla of Berkeley Lab, plus Ewa Witkowska of the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute and Elizabeth Manci of the University of South Alabama Doctors Hospital. Each year approximately 100,000 babies in the world, mostly of African descent, are born with sickle cell disease, a painful and debilitating condition caused by a mutant hemoglobin gene. Although sickle cell disease has been extensively studied, there is still no effective treatment a failure attributed in part to the lack of an animal model that accurately reproduces the disease's symptoms.

52. Redirect There are currently no sickle cell disease Titles on our reference list. ARCHIVES THANKS SUGGESTIONS FEATURE. © 2001 The New York Public Library. http://www.nypl.org/branch/choices/books/sicklecell.html

53. Home Page Member SCDAA. About Us About sickle cell disease Board of Directors 2001 PosterChildren Programs Services Events SCA's Video Inspirational Corner Support. http://www.sicklecell-texas.org/

A United Way Agency Member S C D A A Providing A Safe Haven for over 30 years Our Mission Providing knowledge, support, About Us About Sickle Cell Disease Board of Directors 2001 Poster Children ... Support

54. PEGT: Centers - University Of Washington/Project 5 Printable Version. Project 5 PreClinical and Clinical Studies onGene Therapy of sickle cell disease and b thalassemia. The goal http://www.med.cornell.edu/pegt/pegtProject5_Washington.html

Screen Reader/Printer Friendly Version Project 5: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies on Gene Therapy of Sickle Cell Disease and b thalassemia. The goal of this project is to perform the pre-clinical and clinical studies that are required for the eventual application of therapeutic gene transfer in sickle cell disease and b thalassemia. Specifically, 1) stem cell mobilization is required for the application of ex vivo bg -globin gene vectors can be used for clinical studies in sickle cell disease and b thalassemia. Specifically, we will a) test whether such vectors can correct the defects in sickle cell and b thalassemia mice; b) assess transduction rates, levels of expression of the transferred bg -globin gene and vector toxicity in the baboon transplantation model; c) determine bg gene expression and transduction rates in primary human erythroid cells following transduction of BFU-E of patients with sickle cell disease or b thalassemia; d) measure transduction rates of human stem cells in the SCID/NOD murine model. 3) Successful completion of these pre-clinical studies will allow us to proceed with a clinical study in patients with Hb S disease or

55. PEGT: Centers - University Of Washington/Project 5 PEGT Centers University of Washington Project 5 PreClinical and ClinicalStudies on Gene Therapy of sickle cell disease and b thalassemia. http://www.med.cornell.edu/pegt/pegtProject5_Washington-print.html

Navigation links to all pages on this site can be found in the following drop-down list Select a Category HOME PEGT Centers Cornell University Stanford University University of Pittsburgh University of Washington PEGT National Service Cores Clinical Grade Vector Production Cores Pre-Clinical Grade Vector Production Core Cell Morphology Core Hematopoietic Stem Cell Processing Core Primate Stem Cell Transplantation Core PEGT Training Programs Cornell University Stanford University University of Pittsburgh University of Washington PEGT Administrative Organization PEGT Discussion Listserv PEGT Data and Coordinating Center PEGT Centers: University of Washington Project 5: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies on Gene Therapy of Sickle Cell Disease and b thalassemia. The goal of this project is to perform the pre-clinical and clinical studies that are required for the eventual application of therapeutic gene transfer in sickle cell disease and b thalassemia. Specifically, 1) stem cell mobilization is required for the application of ex vivo bg -globin gene vectors can be used for clinical studies in sickle cell disease and b thalassemia. Specifically, we will a) test whether such vectors can correct the defects in sickle cell and

56. Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers and clinical research, and also to include relevant service activities in diagnosis,counseling and education concerning sickle cell disease and related http://www.rhofed.com/sickle/

Back To Home To CSCC-SDMC web site Program Description The Division of Blood Diseases and Resources (DBDR) of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), supports grants for the Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers to focus on multi-disciplinary programs of basic, applied, and clinical research, and also to include relevant service activities in diagnosis, counseling and education concerning sickle cell disease and related disorders. The NIH established the Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center Program in 1972, in response to a Presidential initiative and Congressional mandate. After an open competition, ten Centers were funded in 1972 and five additional Centers in 1973. Subsequent RFA's were announced in 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991, and 1996, and the next RFA will be released in 2001. Ten Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers are currently funded (as of 4/1/98), and they are: San Francisco General Hospital/Children's Hospital Oakland, University of Southern California (Los Angeles), Children's Hospital Cincinnati, University of South Alabama, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Thomas Jefferson University (Philadelphia), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Columbia University, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Boston University. Sickle Cell Center grants are identifiable units within sponsoring institutions that are organized around a group of investigators and other health professionals engaged in ongoing basic and clinical research and community service related to sickle cell disease. Centers provide support for multi - disciplinary programs of basic, clinical and behavioral research; for core resources such as laboratory and data analysis; and for quality service activities including diagnosis, counseling, and education.

57. Workshop On Adults With Sickle Cell Disease: Meeting Unmet Needs Agenda--Respons Workshop on Adults with sickle cell disease Meeting Unmet Needs. Workshop on AdultsWith sickle cell disease Meeting Unmet Needs. Your Responses and Advice . http://www.prospectassoc.com/nhlbi_sickle/response.htm

Agenda Discussion Groups Registration ... and Advice Workshop on Adults With Sickle Cell Disease: Meeting Unmet Needs Your Responses and Advice . . . The purpose of this workshop is to discuss the social, economic, health care, quality of life and other issues for adults with sickle cell disease. The workshop objectives are: To identify and describe the unmet needs of adults with SCD, specifically: their social and economic problems and needs; their quality of life issues; their information and educational problems and needs and those of their providers; and their health care problems and needs. To begin a strategy development process that sets objectives for health, health care and information for adults with SCD, and information for their providers; and that crafts research initiatives to better understand the problems and needs of adults with SCD. The Workshop Planning Committee identified four topics that are important for adults with sickle cell disease, and are to be discussed at the workshop. Next to each topic is a space where you can enter your advice and opinion about that topic. Your advice will be aggregated with opinions expressed at the workshop, and included in the workshop report. (No identifiers will be included.) Your responses may be sent through the online form (below) or by letter, email, or fax to the appropriate address, email address, or fax number listed below.

58. Workshop On Adults With Sickle Cell Disease: Meeting Unmet Needs Registration Fo Workshop on Adults with sickle cell disease Meeting Unmet Needs. Workshop on AdultsWith sickle cell disease Meeting Unmet Needs. Registration Information. http://www.prospectassoc.com/nhlbi_sickle/regform.htm

Agenda Discussion Groups Registration ... and Advice Workshop on Adults With Sickle Cell Disease: Meeting Unmet Needs Registration Information Registration is closed. Purpose: The goals of this workshop are to identify the major healthcare, psychosocial, educational, and economic isssues that affect adults with sickle cell disease, and to develop strategies to deal with those issues. Workshop participants will define areas of targeted research that can help to clarify the problems, and develop strategies to address a wide range of concerns through partnerships with the NHLBI, HRSA, state and local healthcare delivery systems, and consumer advocates, such as the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America (SCDAA). Location: NIH Campus The Natcher Building Auditorium-Balcony C 45 Center Drive Bethesda, MD Hotel: Holiday Inn Select Bethesda 8120 Wisconsin Avenue Bethesda, Maryland Please contact the hotel directly to reserve your room by Monday, May 13, 2002, at (301) 652-2000, using the group code: NHLBI/Adults with SCD, Unmet Needs. Workshop Home Meetings, Conferences, and Events

59. FOCUS - December 14, 2001 - CHRONIC DISEASES Sickle Cell Disease Cured In Mouse Chronic Diseases sickle cell disease Cured in Mouse Model. Disease ProfilingDiagnosis by Database Shows Promise. sickle cell disease Cured in Mouse Model. http://www.med.harvard.edu/publications/Focus/2001/Dec14_2001/chronic_diseases.h

Genetics: Level-headed Stardust Knows Which Way Is Up Chronic Diseases: Sickle Cell Disease Cured in Mouse Model Disease Profiling: Diagnosis by Database Shows Promise Genomics: Technique Enables Quick Accounting of Gene Function Medical Ethics: Panelists Frame Ethics of Stem Cell Debate Primary Care: Summers on Patient Care Pain and Pleasure Activate Same Brain Structures Microbial Master of Disguise is Unmasked Risk of Mad Cow Disease in U.S. Called Low Animal Model for Obesity Developed Center for Educational Technology Opens News Brief In Memoriam: John Brooks Thomas Durant W. Morton Grant Francis Moore A Better Way to Care for Teen Moms Front Page CHRONIC DISEASES Sickle Cell Disease Cured in Mouse Model Reaching a milestone in the advance against genetic disorders, a consortium led by Philippe Leboulch, HMS assistant professor of medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, has used gene therapy to cure a model of sickle cell disease in mice. The achievement, announced in the Dec. 14 Science

60. UMMC - Sickle Cell Disease Multicultural Health sickle cell disease. What is sickle cell disease?Sickle About 50,000 African Americans have sickle cell disease. One http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/multicul/afamer01.htm

Multicultural Health Health Topics A-Z Multicultural Health Sickle Cell Disease What is sickle cell disease? How does it occur? What are the symptoms? How is it diagnosed? ... How can sickle cell anemia be prevented? What is sickle cell disease? Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited disease of red blood cells which can cause attacks of pain and damage to vital organs and can lead to early death. It is a lifelong disease starting at birth. Sickle cell disease is most prevalent among people who are African, African American, Mediterranean (Italian, Sicilian, Greek), middle Eastern, East Indian, Caribbean, and Central or South American. In the U.S. the frequency of sickle cell anemia among African Americans is about one in every 400 births. About 50,000 African Americans have sickle cell disease. One of every twelve African American newborns carries the sickle cell trait in his or her genes. The effects of sickle cell disease vary greatly from one person to the next. Some affected people rarely are ill while others are frequently hospitalized.

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