61. Wild Acres Because wild animals need areas of suitable habitat to find food, water and shelter,your backyard wildlife home could become a part of a network of wild ACRES http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/wildacres.html

Wild Acres Program Does Something Wild Live in Your Backyard? Do you feed wild birds? Have you placed nest boxes around your house for animals to live in? Have you planted flowers and shrubs that attract butterflies, birds and other wildlife? If you use these or other ways to invite wildlife to your backyard, you can become a part of Maryland's Wild Acres! What Are "Wild Acres"? Because wild animals need areas of suitable habitat to find food, water and shelter, your backyard wildlife home could become a part of a network of "WILD ACRES" used by the animals that visit and live in it. Maryland's Wild Acres Program is a way to make your property a part of this network. Do it now! Complete the Wild Acres Application and mail today. A backyard wildlife information packet will be sent to you. It is full of ideas that can help you enhance your wildlife garden - or start a new one! Included in the backyard wildlife information packet are fact sheets on: Building bird boxes. What to feed birds. How to attract butterflies and hummingbirds.

62. BLM National Wild Horse And Burro Program - Frequently Asked Questions The forage and water on the public rangelands, which these animals share with wildlifeand domestic livestock, cannot sustain unchecked wild horse and burro http://www.wildhorseandburro.blm.gov/faqs.htm

Previous Page WHB Home Page Frequently Asked Questions Welcome to Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) National Wild Horse and Burro Frequently Asked Questions Page. We receive hundreds of questions each day from different segments of the public. Many of the questions are the same and many pose new challenges to find a good answer. Below are some of the more commonly asked questions and the appropriate answers. If you have further questions or need clarification to an answer, please send your request to National Wild Horse and Burro Team via email. What does BLM do to ensure a wild horse or burro is well-cared for? The BLM is committed to doing all that it can to ensure that wild horses are adopted by people who provide humane care. That is why BLM does not issue title to an animal until adopter proves that he or she has taken good care of the animal for at least one year. A veterinarian, humane official, or other qualified official must certify that the animal is healthy and well-cared for before BLM will issue title. What happens once animals are titled and who is responsible for them?

63. Alice Bailey & Djwhal Khul - Esoteric Psychology I - Section II - The Animal Kin tiger, and the other carnivorous and dangerous wild animals. Thirdly, the mass oflesser animals that seem to Objective agency Fire and water, fierce desire http://beaskund.helloyou.ws/netnews/bk/psychology1/psyc1082.html

To Netnews Homepage Previous Next Index ... Table of Contents Esoteric Psychology I - Section Two - II. The Rays and the Kingdoms in Nature 3. The Animal Kingdom Influences: The third Ray of Active Intelligence or of Adaptability is potent in this kingdom and will express itself increasingly as time goes on, until it has produced in the animal world that reaction to life and to environment which can best be described as "animal one-pointedness." Then, at this point and cyclically, the sixth Ray of Devotion or Idealism can make its pressure felt as the urge towards a goal, and thus produce a relation to man which makes of him the desired goal. This is to be seen through the medium of the tamed, the trained and the domestic animals. Results: In the one case we find the third ray producing the emergence of instinct, which in its turn creates and uses that marvelous response apparatus we call the nervous system, the brain, and the five senses which lie behind and which are responsible for them as a whole. It should be noted that, wide as we may regard the difference between man and the animals, it is really a much closer relation than that existing between the animal and the vegetable. In the case of the sixth ray, we have the appearance of the power to be domesticated and trained, which is, in the last analysis, the power to love, to serve and to emerge from the herd into the [252] group. Ponder on the words of this last paradoxical statement.

64. CAMPAIGNS | LCA - Last Chance For Animals be unsuitable for display are thrown back into the water. animals can swim only afew strokes before In the wild, marine mammals are perpetually stimulated by http://www.lcanimal.org/cmpgn/cmpgn_006.htm

Your name: Your email: Friend's name: Friend's email: Attach a note for your friend: Send me a copy of this as well Marine Parks Orca Family Life Orcas stay with their mothers for life. Each orca is a member of a pod, a family group comprised of a mother, her adult children, and her daughters' children. Each pod has its own dialect, which members use to communicate with one another and which they remember even after years in captivity. Photo Credit: Orca Conservancy Dolphin Family Life Dolphins also swim in family pods, generally of three to ten animals. Females travel with their offspring while males form groups of two or three and remain with each other for years. Several dolphin pods sometimes swim together in tribes. If human civilization is going to invade the waters of the earth, then let it be first of all to carry a message of respect. -Jacques Cousteau The Capture Process Dolphins are often captured when they swim to the bow of the capture boat to play. Other times, capture boats chase a pod to shallow waters. Nets are dropped over dolphins and they are lifted onboard. The dolphins that are thought to be unsuitable for display are thrown back into the water. Some die from shock or stress, others from pneumonia. Pregnant dolphins may spontaneously abort during this traumatic experience. The Effect of Capture on the Pod Capturing one wild dolphin or orca disrupts the entire pod. Pod members become panic-stricken after seeing their companion(s) captured. Some try to save them, following capture boats for miles. Even if family members are captured together and placed in the same park, one is likely to die soon after or be transferred to another park. Some marine mammals have been taken from their mothers when they were only 6 months old. Consequently, the social structure that normally exists will never come into being.

65. CAMPAIGNS | LCA - Last Chance For Animals They are frequently deprived of food and water during transport. Welfare Act The onlyfederal legislation regulating the treatment of wild animals in circuses http://www.lcanimal.org/cmpgn/cmpgn_001.htm

Your name: Your email: Friend's name: Friend's email: Attach a note for your friend: Send me a copy of this as well The Circus Photo Credit: The Elephant Alliance Animals work from fear. –Henry Ringling North Circus animals often suffer from inadequate care. They spend most of their lives in small, dirty cages, released only to perform. Many circus animals are leased seasonably from dealers; they thus go from one circus to another, providing little incentive for circus owners to keep them healthy. Their access to food and water is thus limited, and they are provided with insufficient veterinary care. Circus animals cannot socialize with other members of their species. They are typically “cared for” by seasonal or temporary circus workers who have little or no experience caring for exotic animals. Training Training circus animals generally involves physically punishing them. They are routinely whipped, beaten with long metal rods, shocked with electric prods, and struck with clubs, even during performances. Newly captured elephants are tied down and beaten so that they will learn not to fight back. Trainers often strike elephants with a bullhook or an ankus on the sensitive areas of their skin such as around their eyes, under their chin, inside their mouth, and behind their knees and ears. An ankus is also sometimes used to smash animals across the face. Bears have their noses broken and their paws burned to teach them to walk on their hind legs.

66. Orphaned And Injured Animals - Information And Links To Rehabilitator Lists Never take chances when dealing with wild animals. you find yourself temporarilycaring for a wild animal in attempt to give it food or water unless directed http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/nature/research/orphane.htm

Orphaned or Injured Wildlife IMPORTANT! STATEWIDE RABIES QUARANTINE INFORMATION! General Considerations Animal Diseases (Zoonoses) ... Wildlife Rehabilitators by County Deer Fawns (Fawn Triage Chart by Ann Connell) Related Links Dealing With Nuisance Wildlife Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management Every year, particularly during the spring and summer, hundreds of young wild animals are unnecessarily picked up by the general public and referred to game wardens or wildlife rehabilitators for treatment and rearing. The most commonly referred animals are baby birds and deer fawns. While most of these animals are picked up by well-meaning persons, it is important to realize that many such human-animal encounters are unnecessary and can even be detrimental to the wildlife concerned. A recent study conducted by Texas rehabilitator Ann Connell found that, in some years, 40% or more of the deer fawns referred to her were not orphans or injured, but "kidnapped" from their mothers. Typically these incidents were well-meaning but misguided attempts to "save" seemingly abandoned fawns. Anecdotal data suggest that the situation for baby birds is similar or worse. These data indicate that such unnecessary referrals to rehabilitators are not only detrimental to the wildlife, but also disruptive and costly to wildlife rehabilitators during the time of year when they most need to concentrate limited resources on truly orphaned or injured wildlife.

67. IncrediMail - Gallery Parrots. water Birds. wild animals. Art. Bon Appetite. Click to view collection.Parrots. Click to view collection. water Birds. Click to view collection. wild animals. http://www.incredimail.com/english/gallery.asp?typeId=1&catId=14

68. Assateague Island National Seashore Wild Horses Discusses the feral horses of Assateague Island, Maryland, USA.Category Science Biology Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae...... animals, meaning that they are descendants of domestic animals that have revertedto a wild state the horses to drink twice as much fresh water as domestic http://www.nps.gov/asis/horses.htm

In-Depth Trip Planning Activities Maps Camping Horses Resources Education Research Contact Us Assateague's Wild Horses Assateague's wild horses are well known, even to many people who have never been to the island. The ‘wild’ horses on Assateague are actually feral animals, meaning that they are descendants of domestic animals that have reverted to a wild state. Despite the often told tale of the horses swimming to Assateague from a shipwrecked Spanish galleon, the most plausible explanation is that they are the descendants of horses that were brought to barrier islands like Assateague in the late 17th century by mainland owners to avoid fencing laws and taxation of livestock. Todays horses are actually the size of ponies (average 12- 13 hands) probably due to their poor diet and harsh environment. Some horses removed from Assateague as foals and fed a higher protein diet grow to horse size. Almost 80% of their diet is coarse salt marsh cord grass and American beach grass. Various grass species, greenbrier stems, bayberry twigs, rose hips, seaweeds and poison ivy make up the rest of their diet. The high concentration of salt in their diets causes the horses to drink twice as much fresh water as domestic horses. Because of this, the horses have a "fat" or "bloated" appearance. Although they will sip salty ocean or bay water, they actually drink very little of it.

69. Santa Cruz City Water Department- Loch Lomond Recreation Area PICKNICKING AND HIKING Picnic areas are provided with tables, barbecues, water,and restrooms. Feeding wild animals jeopardizes both animal and visitor safety http://www.ci.santa-cruz.ca.us/wt/llra/llra.html

70. Randall Museum | Animal Exhibit We can help animals in the wild by preserving their remaining If you weigh all theanimals in one acre of in tide pools and there is even a water strider that http://www.randallmuseum.org/animalroom.cfm

Hours, Directions, School Field Trips Check out our current exhibits! Class Schedules and Calendar of Events Our History, Contact Info, General Info, Press Info, and Clubs Memberships, Volunteering, and Donations Follow the footprints through this site Take a look at our resident animals! Games, Puzzles and Fun Facts! Animal Exhibit Inside the Animal Exhibit, you will encounter over 100 animals that make their home in our Museum because they can no longer survive in the wild. Some are injured so they cannot hunt for food or protect themselves from predators. Others were born in captivity or kept as pets so they never learned how to live in the wild. Living at the Museum, these animals help us learn about and appreciate California's diverse and disappearing wildlife. Over one hundred and fifty years ago, much of the Bay Area was wild, providing lots of habitat, or homes for wild animals. Today, there are more people, less open space, and fewer plants and animals. We can help animals in the wild by preserving their remaining habitats. At this web site, we give you a glimpse at just a few of the amazing critters we house at the Randall Museum. We will feature other animals in the future so make sure you come back and visit. Even better, drop by in person to the Animal Exhibit at 199 Museum Way!

71. Biodiversity And Protected Areas Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 wild animals. Clean water Act of 1972 Wetlands,freshwater species. Endangered Species Act of 1973 wild plants and animals. http://www.wri.org/wri/biodiv/us-laws.html

Home Global topics Biodiversity and protected areas List all topics Biodiversity and protected areas People and projects Key issues Case studies Related sites Federal Laws of the United States Relating to Biodiversity Conservation U.S. Laws by Category U.S. Laws in Chronological Order Related Links U.S. Laws by Category Agricultural Species Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 Coastal Areas Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Fisheries Fish Restoration and Management Act of 1950 Anadromous Fish Conservation Act of 1965 Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1977 Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980 Salmon and Steelhead Conservation and Enhancement Act of 1980 Habitats Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934 National Forests National Forest Management Act of 1976 National Landmarks Historic Sites, Buildings, and Antiquities Act of 1935 Public Lands Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978 Refuges National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 River Segments Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 Sanctuaries Fish and Game Sanctuary Act of 1934 Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 Tree Germplasm Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Research Act of 1978 Wetlands, Freshwater Species

72. Leptospirosis Facts Infected wild and domestic animals pass leptospirosiscausing bacteria in theirurine. People get leptospirosis by contact with fresh water, wet soil, or http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/lepto.html

Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Infected wild and domestic animals pass leptospirosis-causing bacteria in their urine. People get leptospirosis by contact with fresh water, wet soil, or vegetation that has been contaminated by the urine of infected animals. Leptospirosis is treatable with antibiotics. To prevent leptospirosis, minimize contact with fresh water and mud that might be contaminated with the urine of infected animals. What is leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is a potentially serious illness that can affect many parts of the body. What is the infectious agent that causes leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira interrogans , a corkscrew-shaped bacterium (spirochete). Where is leptospirosis found? Leptospirosis-causing bacteria are common worldwide, especially in tropical countries with heavy rainfall. Infected rodents and other wild and domestic animals pass the bacteria in their urine. The bacteria can live for a long time in fresh water, damp soil, vegetation, and mud. Flooding after heavy rainfall helps spread the bacteria in the environment. How is leptospirosis spread?

73. Editorial: Hoof-and-Mouth Crisis Shows We've Come A Long Way Drinking water in the wild, now (or by our huntergatherer ancestors Diseases caughtfrom wild animals include tularemia (a disease related to bubonic plague http://www.acsh.org/press/editorials/crisis032201.html

News from ACSH Alcohol Diseases Environmental Health ... Sign ACSH Guestbook March 22, 2001 Hoof-and-Mouth Crisis Shows We've Come A Long Way By Thomas R. DeGregori, Ph.D. American Council on Science and Health Because of this burgeoning population, agriculture has the additional challenge of putting nutrients into the soil to feed the plants so crops could be grown to feed the people. Paradoxically, these gains are largely denied, if only by implication, and the science and technology that allowed them to happen have been under attack for almost the entire century. This is clearly evident in a multitude of responses to the hoof-and-mouth disease crisis which is being attributed to some fault of modern agriculture which could allegedly be cured by a return to a more benign, eco-friendly organic agriculture. First, it has to be stated that prior to the 20th century, humans never had consistent access to clean water and clean, adequate, nutritious food. Drinking water in the wild, now (or by our hunter-gatherer ancestors) can cause "beaver belly" (giardiasis) or be a source of microorganisms derived from moose, ducks, and geese. Diseases caught from wild animals include tularemia (a disease related to bubonic plague) by those who regularly handled game and fur bearing animals. Wild animals or their remains can be infected with such diseases as rabies, toxoplasmosis, hemorrhagic fevers, leptospirosis, brucellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis, and lethal anaerobic bacteria - gangrene, botulism, and tetanus - which can be transmitted to humans.

74. National Park Service Natural Resource Fact Sheet the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein to alter vegetation andto capture some animals. Pollution affects air, water, animals, and plants. http://www.nature.nps.gov/facts/ftan&pl.htm

Bobby Approved U . S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Information Division FACT SHEET You retrieved a fact sheet from the archive of the NRID Fact Sheet Series. Although much information in this sheet is indefinitely valid, some is outdated. Please check our index for updated issues and new fact sheets. Animals and Plants in the National Park System Mission and Basic Policies In 1916, the U.S. Congress declared the fundamental purpose of parks and mandated the National Park Service to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for future generations. Accordingly, the National Park Service manages the animals and plants and their environment to minimize human interference. People and their environment have always interacted. Pre-Columbian humans in North America used fire, for example, to alter vegetation and to capture some animals. Today, habitats around parks are often developed and the landscapes around the parks are fragmented. Pollution affects air, water, animals, and plants. Human intervention may be needed to reverse adverse effects of human actions. Such intervention includes protection of native plants and animals and restoration of species that humans eliminated from parks. Determining the kind and extent of necessary management is difficult. It requires information about the status of the plants and animals, understanding of the environment around the park and of human social structure and needs, and careful examination of the purposes for which the Congress established a specific park. The information must be gathered with species inventories, population monitoring, and research on the interactions of the animals and plants with their environments.

75. San Francisco Zoo | Animals | Magellanic Penguin Their small, flat wings work like paddles, driven by powerful flight muscles to propelthe bird through the water. Life span in the wild is 25 years, and up to http://www.sfzoo.org/cgi-bin/animals.py?ID=54

76. Agricultural Pests And Feral Animals Social Sciences, water Sciences, The Scientific, Economic and Social Issues ofCommercial Use of wild animals in Australia. Commercial use of pest animals*. http://www.affa.gov.au/rural_science_pests

Ministers The Department Home Contacts ...or browse by subject Outputs Natural Resource Management About NRM Climate Change Contacts ... Contact Us SCIENTIFIC ADVICE Home Scientific Advice Agriculture and Food Sciences Agricultural Pests and Feral Animals This project manages the Bureau of Rural Sciences component of the National Feral Animal Control Program (NFACP). The project also provides scientific and technical advice on the assessment and management of agricultural pests. This work will contribute to the sustainability and profitability of Australia's agricultural industries. Agricultural Pests and Feral Animals Documents Science for Decision Makers : Managing Pests Animals in Australia* National Feral Animal Control Program (NFACP) National Feral Animal Control Program Projects Pest/Feral animal management in Australia ... Contacts and further information Other Suggested Topics Carp Commercial use of pest animals feral animals Feral Goats ... Rodents Page last updated by BRS, 14 January 2003 For more information contact Internet Section brs-webmaster@brs.gov.au

77. Giardia, Pathogenic Organisms, And Waterborne Diease Impact On Drinking Water Since both people and animals (wild and domestic animals) are carriers, it is impossibleto prevent these organisms from getting into a surface water source. http://wilkes.edu/~eqc/giardia1.html

Report #1: Giardia, Crytosporidium and Waterborne Disease The Online Helpguide Wilkes University's Center for Environmental Quality in cooperation with Consumer Products Group is a strong supporter of environmental education and the company feels privileged to make available this informational fact sheet for free as a means of environmental education, awareness, and outreach. The ENEMY: The topic of this summary report is Giardia Crytosporidium , and waterborne disease. Giardia and Crytosporidium are becoming the most widespread intestinal parasites, i.e., disease causing organisms, associated with waterborne disease. These organisms are not bacteria or viruses, but protozoans with complex life cycles. Outside of the host, the organisms are in a cyst stage, which is much like a seed for a plant or microscopic egg. The size of the Giardia cyst is approximately 8 to 14 um ; whereas, the Crytosporidium oocysts are usually 4 to 6 microns in diameter. (Note: 1 micron = 0.001 mm = 0.00004 inches ) , which is too small to see with the naked eye. These organisms are reasonable for over 100,000 causes of reported outbreaks of waterborne, since 1979. These are not new organisms and in fact Van Leeuwenhoek first describe Giardia cysts in 1681, but these organisms have not been identified as disease causing agents until the last two decades.

78. Untitled Document Leave wild animals where they belongin the wild! Don’t pollute! Pollutants andwaste can have a disastrous effect on water quality and those organisms that http://www.chattnaturecenter.com/field_trips/ga_mtn_bogs.html

Georgia’s Disappearing Mountain Bogs Above: This beaver lodge sits in the middle of a wetland marsh created by the damming of running water. The lodge, with an underwater entrance, provides a protected nest for young beaver kits. Above: These egret chicks would not exist without much needed nesting sites and protection that wetlands offer. Above: This Kingsnake is a wetland dwelling reptile. By eating other snakes, including venomous species, it helps control snake populations. Above: Wetlands work much like a hotel, a comfortable resting place for migratory birds like these Sandhill Cranes. Several species of waterfowl also spend the wintering months in wetland refuges. Home to the Threatened Bog Turtle Wetlands are a unique habitat teeming with wildlife. Usually found near bodies of water, their saturated soils support one third of the nation’s threatened and endangered species. Their importance is priceless to the environment, where they serve as natural water purification systems, flood controllers, and homes to a diverse community of plants and animals. One such bog-dwelling animal whose existence is threatened is the bog turtle, found in 12 states including the northern part of Georgia. Bog turtles are dark brown with a large orange or yellow patch on either side of the head and grow to a maximum shell length of four and one-half inches. Small and camouflaged, these turtles are difficult to find. Their habitat needs are extremely restricted, and the bog turtle is believed to be the rarest turtle in the United States. It struggles to survive just north of the Metro Atlanta area.

79. Wild Ideas material. Aquatic Able to live in water, as a fish or turtle. rabbits.Bushmeat wild animals that are killed by people for food. http://www.sandiegozoo.org/wildideas/glossary_a-b.html

Glossary Terms found on this Web site Click here to go back to the referring page C-D E-F G-H-I J-K-L-M-N-O ... U-V-W-X-Y-Z Is there an animal- or plant-related word you think should be added to our Web site Glossary? Contact us at wildideas@sandiegozoo.org A normal kingsnake is black or brown, with yellow or orange patterns; an albino kingsnake lacks the pigment to produce the black or brown bands. Adapt/Adaptation: To adjust to new conditions or surroundings. Aerial: Living or spending time in the air. Aerial roots: Any root exposed to the air. Aggressiveness: The tendency for an animal to attack. Alarm signal: A communication made by animals to alert others to the presence of a predator or a potential predator. May be visual, vocal, olfactory, etc. Albino: An animal or plant that has less pigment than normal. An albino animal usually has skin that appears white or transparent; white or nearly colorless hair, feathers, or scales; and pink or blue eyes with a deep-red pupil. An albino plant has less of the chemicals that give plants their normal colors. Alpha male: The strongest male in a small geographic area.

80. Fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/african_convention.txt importance of the vegetation cover for the maintenance of the water balance of clearingfor cultivation, and overgrazing by domestic and wild animals; c) set http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/african_convention.txt

african_convention.txt (1001 UNTS 3) AFRICAN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (15 Sept 1968) Entry into Force: 16 June 1969 Preamble We, the Heads of State and Government of Independent African States, Fully conscious that soil, water, flora and faunal resources constitute a capital of vital importance to mankind; Confirming, as we accepted upon declaring our adherence to the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, that we know that it is our duty "to harness the natural and human resources of our continent for the total advancement of our peoples in spheres of human endeavour"; Fully conscious of the ever-growing importance of natural resources from an economic, nutritional, scientific, educational, cultural and aesthetic point of view; Conscious of the dangers which threaten some of these irreplaceable assets; Accepting that the utilization of the natural resources must aim at satisfying the needs of man according to the carrying capacity of the environment; Desirous of undertaking individual and joint action for the conservation, utilization and development of these assets by establishing and maintaining their rational utilization for the present and future welfare of mankind; Convinced that one of the most appropriate means of achieving this end is to bring into force a convention; Have agreed as follows: Article I The Contracting States hereby establish an African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Article II. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE The Contracting States shall undertake to adopt the measures to ensure conservation, utilization and development of soil, water, flora and faunal resources in accordance with scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of the people. Article III. DEFINITIONS For purposes of the present Convention, the meaning of the following expressions shall be as defined below: 1. "Natural Resources" means renewable resources, that is soil, water, flora and fauna. 2. "Specimen" means an individual example of a species of wild animal or wild plant or part of a wild plant. 3. "Trophy" means any dead animal specimen or part thereof whether included in a manufactured or processed object or otherwise dealt with, unless it has lost its original identity; also nests, eggs and eggshells. 4. "Conservation area" means any protected natural resource area, whether it be a strict natural reserve, a national park or a special reserve; a) "strict nature reserve" means an area: 1) under State control and the boundaries of which may not be altered nor any portion alienated except by the competent legislative authority, 2) throughout which any form of hunting or fishing, any undertaking connected with forestry, agriculture or mining, any grazing, any excavation or prospecting, drilling, levelling of the ground or construction, any work tending to alter the configuration of the soil or the character of the vegetation, any water pollution and, generally, any act likely to harm or disturb the fauna or flora, including introduction of zoological or botanical species, whether indigenous or imported, wild or domesticated, are strictly forbidden. 3) where it shall be forbidden to reside, enter, traverse or camp, and where it shall be forbidden to fly over at low altitude, without a special written permit from the competent authority, and in which scientific investigations (including removal of animals and plants in order to maintain an ecosystem) may only be undertaken by permission of the competent authority; b) "national park" means an area: 1) under State control and the boundaries of which may not be altered or any portion alienated except by the competent legislative authority, 2) exclusively set aside for the propagation, protection, conservation and management of vegetation and wild animals as well as for the protection of sites, land-scapes or geological formations of particular scientific or aesthetic value, for the benefit and enjoyment of the general public, and 3) in which the killing, hunting and capture of animals and the destruction or collection of plants are prohibited except for scientific and management purposes and on the condition that such measures are taken under the direction or control of the competent authority; 4) covering any aquatic environment to which all of the provisions of section (b) (1-3) above are applicable. The activities prohibited in "strict nature reserve" under the provisions of section (a) (2) of paragraph (4) of this article are equally prohibited in national parks except in so far as they are necessary to enable the park authorities to implement the provisions of section (2) of this paragraph, by applying, for example, appropriate management practices, and to enable the public to visit these parks; however, sport fishing may be practised with the authorization and under the control of the competent authority; c) "special reserve" means other protected areas such as: 1) "game reserve" which shall denote an area a) set aside for the conservation, management and propagation of wild animal life and the protection and management of its habitat, b) within which the hunting, killing or capture of fauna shall be prohibited except by or under the direction or control of the reserve authorities, c) where settlement and other human activities shall be controlled or prohibited; 2) "partial reserve" or "sanctuary" which shall denote an area a) set aside to protect characteristic wildlife and especially bird communities, or to protect particularly threatened animal or plant species and especially those listed in the Annex to this Convention, together with the biotopes essential for their survival, b) in which all other interests and activities shall be subordinated to this end; 3) "soil", "water" or "forest" reserve shall denote areas set aside to protect such resources. Article IV. SOIL The Contracting States shall take effective measures for conservation and improvement of the soil and shall in particular combat erosion and misuse of the soil. To this end: a) they shall establish land-use plans based on scientific investigations (ecological, pedological, economic, and sociological) and, in particular, classification and land-use capability; b) they shall, when implementing agricultural practices and agrarian reforms, 1) improve soil conservation and introduce improved farming methods, which ensure long-term productivity of the land, 2) control erosion caused by various forms of land-use which may lead to loss of vegetation cover. Article V. WATER 1. The Contracting States shall establish policies for conservation, utilization and development of underground and surface water, and shall endeavour to guarantee for their populations a sufficient and continuous supply of suitable water, taking appropriate measures with due regard to: 1) the study of water cycles and the investigation of each catchment area, 2) the co-ordination and planning of water resources development projects, 3) the administration and control of all water utilization, and 4) prevention and control of water pollution. 2. Where surface or underground water resources are shared by two or more of the Contracting States, the latter shall act in consultation, and if the need arises, set up inter-State Commissions to study and resolve problems arising from the joint use of these resources, and for the joint development and conservation thereof. Article VI. FLORA 1. The Contracting States shall take all necessary measures for the protection of flora and to ensure its best utilization and development. To this end the Contracting States shall: a) adopt scientifically-based conservation, utilization and management plans of forests and' rangeland, taking into account the social and economic needs of the States concerned, the importance of the vegetation cover for the maintenance of the water balance of an area, the productivity of soils and the habitat requirements of the fauna; b) observe section (a) above by paying particular attention to controlling bush fires, forest exploitation, land clearing for cultivation, and over-grazing by domestic and wild animals; c) set aside areas for forest reserves and carry out afforestation programmes where necessary; d) limitation of forest grazing to season and intensities that will not prevent forest regeneration; and e) establish botanical gardens to perpetuate plant species of particular interest. 2. The Contracting States also shall undertake the conservation of plant species or communities, which are threatened and/or of special scientific or aesthetic value by ensuring that they are included in conservation areas. Article VII. FAUNAL RESOURCES 1. The Contracting States shall ensure conservation, wise use and development of faunal resources and their environment, within the framework of land-use planning and of economic and social development. Management shall be carried out in accordance with plans based on scientific principles, and to that end the Contracting States shall: a) manage wildlife populations inside designated areas according to the objectives of such areas and also manage exploitable wildlife populations outside such areas for an optimum sustained yield, compatible with and complementary to other land uses; and b) manage aquatic environments, whether in fresh, brackish or coastal water, with a view to minimising deleterious effects of any water and land use practice which might adversely affect aquatic habitats. 2. The Contracting States shall adopt adequate legislation on hunting, capture and fishing, under which: a) the issue of permits is properly regulated; b) unauthorized methods are prohibited; c) the following methods of hunting, capture and fishing are prohibited: 1) any method liable to cause a mass destruction of wild animals, 2) the use of drugs, poisons, poisoned weapons or poisoned baits, 3) the use of explosives; 4) the following methods of hunting and capture are particularly prohibited: 1. the use of mechanically propelled vehicles; 2. the use of fire; 3. the use of fire arms capable of firing more than one round at each pull of the trigger; 4. hunting or capture at night; 5. the use of missiles containing detonators; d) the following methods of hunting or capture are as far as possible prohibited: 1) the use of nets and stockades, 2) the use of concealed traps, pits, snares, set-gun traps, deadfalls, and hunting from a blind or hide; e) with a view to as rational use as possible of game meat, the abandonment by hunters of carcasses of animals, which represent a food resource, is prohibited. Capture of animals with the aid of drugs or mechanically propelled vehicles, or hunting or capture by night if carried out by, or under the control of, the competent authority shall nevertheless be exempted from the prohibitions under (c) above. Article VIII. PROTECTED SPECIES 1. The Contracting States recognize that it is important and urgent to accord a special protection to those animal and plant species that are threatened with extinction, or which may become so, and to the habitat necessary to their survival. Where such a species is represented only in the territory of one Contracting State, that State has a particular responsibility for its protection. These species which are, or may be, listed according to the degree of protection that shall be given to them are placed in Class A or B of the Annex to this Convention, and shall be protected by Contracting States as follows: 1) species in Class A shall be totally protected throughout the entire territory of the Contracting States; the hunting, killing, capture or collection of specimens shall be permitted only on the authorization in each case of the highest competent authority and only if required in the national interest or for scientific purposes; and 2) species in Class B shall be totally protected, but may be hunted, killed, captured or collected under special authorization granted by the competent authority. 2. The competent authority of each Contracting State shall examine the necessity of applying the provisions of this article to species not listed in the annex, in order to conserve the indigenous flora and fauna of their respective countries. Such additional species shall be placed in Class A or B by the State concerned, according to its specific requirements. Article IX. TRAFFIC IN SPECIMENS AND TROPHIES 1. In the case of animal species to which Article VIII does not apply the Contracting States shall: a) regulate trade in and transport of specimens and trophies; b) control the application of these regulations in such a way as to prevent trade in specimens and trophies which have been illegally captured or killed or obtained. 2. In the case of plant and animal species to which Article VIII paragraph (1) applies, the Contracting States shall: a) take all measures similar to those in paragraph (1); b) make the export of such specimens and trophies subject to an authorization- 1) additional to that required for their capture, killing or collection by Article VIII, 2) which indicates their destination, 3) which shall not be given unless the specimens or trophies have been obtained legally, 4) which shall be examined prior to exportation, 5) which shall be on a standard form, as may be arranged under Article XVI; c) make the import and transit of such specimens and trophies subject to the presentation of the authorization required under section (b) above with due provision for the confiscation of specimens and trophies exported illegally, without prejudice to the application of other penalties. Article X. CONSERVATION AREAS 1. The Contracting States shall maintain and extend where appropriate, within their territory and where applicable in their territorial waters, the Conservation areas existing at the time of entry into force of the present Convention and, preferably within the framework of land-use planning programmes, assess the necessity of establishing additional conservation areas in order to: 1) protect those ecosystems which are most representative of and particularly those which are in any respect peculiar to their territories, 2) ensure the conservation of all species and more particularly of those listed or which may be listed in the annex to this Convention; 2. The Contracting States shall establish, where necessary, around the borders of conservation areas, zones within which the competent authorities shall control activities detrimental to the protected natural resources. Article XI. CUSTOMARY RIGHTS The Contracting States shall take all necessary legislative measures to reconcile customary rights with the provisions of this Convention. Article XII. RESEARCH The Contracting States shall encourage and promote research in conservation, utilization and management of natural resources and shall pay particular attention to ecological and sociological factors. Article XIII. CONSERVATION EDUCATION 1. a) The Contracting States shall ensure that their peoples appreciate their close dependence on natural resources and that they understand the need, and rules for, the rational utilization of these resources. b) For this purpose they shall ensure that the principles indicated in paragraph (1): 1) are included in educational programmes at all levels, 2) form the object of information campaigns capable of acquainting the public with, and winning it over to, the idea of conservation. 2. In order to put into effect paragraph (l) above, the Contracting States shall make maximum use of the educational value of conservation areas. Article XIV. DEVELOPMENT PLANS 1. The Contracting States shall ensure that conservation and management of natural resources are treated as an integral part of national and/or regional development plans. 2. In the formulation of all development plans, full consideration shall be given to ecological, as well as to economic and social factors. 3. Where any development plan is likely to affect the natural resources of another State, the latter shall be consulted. Article XV. ORGANIZATION OF NATIONAL CONSERVATION SERVICES Each Contracting State shall establish, if it has not already done so, a single agency empowered to deal with all matters covered by the Convention, but, where this is not possible a co-ordinating machinery shall be established for this purpose. Article XVI. INTERSTATE CO-OPERATION 1. The Contracting States shall co-operate: a) whenever such co-operation is necessary to give effect to the provisions of this Convention and b) whenever any national measure is likely to affect the natural resources of any other State. 2. The Contracting States shall supply the Organization of African Unity with: a) the text of laws, decrees, regulations and instructions in force in their territories, which are intended to ensure the implementation of this Convention, b) reports on the results achieved in applying the provisions of this Convention, and c) all the information necessary for the complete documentation of matters dealt with by this Convention if requested. 3. If so requested by Contracting States, the organization of African Unity shall organize any meeting which may be necessary to dispose of any matters covered by this Convention. Requests for such meetings must be made by at least three of the Contracting States and be approved by two-thirds of the States which it is proposed should participate in such meetings. 4. Any expenditure arising from this Convention, which devolves upon the Organization of African Unity shall be included in its regular budget, unless shared by the Contracting States or otherwise defrayed. Article XVII. PROVISION FOR EXCEPTIONS 1. The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the responsibilities of Contracting States concerning: 1) the paramount interest of the State, 2) "force majeure", 3) defence of human life. 2. The provisions of this Convention shall not prevent Contracting States: 1) in time of famine. 2) for the protection of public health, 3) in defence of property, to enact measures contrary to the provisions of the Convention, provided their application is precisely defined in respect of aim, time and place. Article XVIII. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES Any dispute between the Contracting States relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled by negotiation, shall at the request of any party be submitted to the Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration of the Organization of African Unity. Article XIX. SIGNATURE AND RATIFICATION 1. This Convention shall be open for signature immediately after being approved by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity. 2. The Convention shall be ratified by each of the Contracting States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity. Article XX. RESERVATIONS 1. At the time of signature, ratification or accession, any State may declare its acceptance of this Convention in part only, provided that such reservation may not apply to the provisions of Articles II-XI. 2. Reservations made in conformity with the preceding paragraph shall be deposited together with the instruments of ratification or accession. 3. Any Contracting State which has formulated a reservation in conformity with the preceding paragraph may at any time withdraw it by notifying the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity. Article XXI. ENTRY INTO FORCE 1. This Convention shall come into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit of the fourth instrument of ratification or accession with the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity, who shall inform participating States accordingly. 2. In the case of a State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the depositing of the fourth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall come into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession. 3. The London Convention of 1933 or any other Convention on the conservation of flora and fauna in their natural state shall cease to have effect in States in which this Convention has come into force. Article XXII. ACCESSION 1. After the date of approval specified in Article XIX paragraph (1), this Convention shall be open to accession by any independent and sovereign African State. 2. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity. Article XXIII. DENUNCIATION 1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by notification in writing addressed to the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity. 2. Such denunciation shall take effect, for such a State, one year after the date of receipt of its notification by the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity. 3. No denunciation shall, however, be made before the expiry of a period of five years from the date at which for the State concerned this Convention comes into force. Article XXIV. REVISION 1. After the expiry of a period of five years from the date of entry into force of this Convention, any Contracting State may at any time make a request for the revision of part or the whole of this Convention by notification in writing addressed to the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity. 2. In the event of such a request the appropriate organ of the Organization of African Unity shall deal with the matter in accordance with the provisions of section 3 of Article XVI of this Convention. 3. (i) At the request of one or more Contracting States and notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) and (2) of this Article, the annex to this Convention may be revised or added to by the appropriate organ of the Organization of African Unity. (ii) Such revision or addition shall come into force three months after the approval by the appropriate organ of the Organization of African Unity. Article XXV. FINAL PROVISIONS The original of this Convention of which both the English and the French texts are authentic, shall be deposited with the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity. IN WITNESS WHEREOF we the Heads of State and Government of Independent African States, assembled at Algiers, Algeria, on 15 September 1968, have signed this Convention. [ANNEX omitted]

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