81. Turkmen Carpets Online Classic Turkmen and Bukhara handmade carpets. Sales, history, information. http://www.turkmenistan-online.com

82. TULP's Sites For History history of turkmenistan Chronology with Articles and Links - A chronology of turkmenistanhistory, with articles and some links for each period history of http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/topical/histor.htm

The Turkology Update Leiden Project(TULP) History Turkey Asia Minor Middle East and Islam Organizations, Institutes and Projects not already mentioned under Education Ottoman ... Minorities Central Asia Central Asia and the Caucasus Easternmost Turkish Regions Organizations, Institutes and Projects not already mentioned under Education Asia Minor Anatolia throughout the Ages - Short Articles - Provided by Focus on Civilizations - Gives a very brief overview of the various civilizations of Asia Minor - Links to chapters on Seljuk Civilization and The Ottomans Historical Information on Asia Minor - Articles and Chronology - Provided by Reat Süthan, Turkish Ministry of Tourism - Tourism oriented, but containing some useful historical information - Links to a Turkey Maps (Historical and Contemporary; very nice!), A Map listing the Ancient Regions of Turkey Biographies of Saints, Martyrs and Bishops from Asia Minor and more... - Article - Provided by Michael Greenhalgh, Department of Art History, Australian National University Greek and Roman Cities of Western Turkey's Classical - Book: "This book deals with the urban life of Western Turkey as reflected in the magnificent surviving remains (town planning, services, architecture and sculpture) from the Greek and Roman periods, together with an account of the changes wrought upon those remains in the Byzantine and Islamic periods - changes which have often affected what survives and how it does so. Each chapter is thematic, dealing with ^Itypes^i of building and the various parts of the urban setting - streets and walls, theatres, water supply, stadia and so on. The first chapter sets the scene, and the penultimate one indicates what happened to the remains from the end of the Roman Empire onwards."

83. Ahal Travel Country information, history, and travel documents. Services include reservation for hotels, transportat Category Regional Asia Travel and Tourism Travel Services...... Asian republics and until recently eternally the terra incognita, turkmenistan offersa fascinating land with thousands of years of history, having survived http://www.ahal-travel.com/

Country Info History Travel Docs Our Services ... Home The most interesting of the Central Asian republics and until recently eternally the terra incognita, Turkmenistan offers a fascinating land with thousands of years of history, having survived through many varied dynasties and empires, yet only in recent times has become more than a collection of distinct and colourful tribes, sharing some common thread of traditional culture.

84. Lonely Planet's Guide To Turkmenistan From Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet guide to turkmenistan and the world.Order Now. turkmenistan. history. Though never a goal in itself http://cssvc.travel.compuserve.com/travel/lonely_planet/asia/turkmenistan/histor

From Lonely Planet Lonely Planet guide to Turkmenistan and the world Order Now Turkmenistan History Though never a goal in itself, the sun-scorched, barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed in ancient times from one empire to another as armies decamped on the way to richer territories. Alexander the Great established a city on his way to India, the Romans set up near present-day Ashghabat and, in the 11th century the Seljuq Turks used Alexander's old city, Merv, as a base from which to expand their empire into Afghanistan. Two centuries later, the heart of the Seljuq empire was torn out as Jenghiz Khan stormed down from the steppes into Trans-Caspia (the region east of the Caspian Sea) on his way to terrorise Europe. While the empire-builders tussled, nomadic horsebreeding tribes of Turkmen drifted in through the cracks, possibly from the Altay mountains, and grazed from oasis to oasis along the fringes of the Karakum desert and in Persia, Syria and Anatolia. With the decline in the 16th century of the Timurid empire, the region became a backwater dotted with feudal Turkmen islands. From their oasis strongholds, the Turkmen preyed on straggling caravans, pillaging and stealing slaves or skirmishing with other tribes. It was only when they started kidnapping Russians from the strengthening tsarist empire that the Turkmen fell into trouble. Military forces were sent to Trans-Caspia to rout the by now wildly uncontrollable tribes: In 1881 the Russians marched on the fortress of Geok-Tepe and massacred an estimated 7000 Turkmen. A further 8000 were cut down as they fled across the desert. Not surprisingly, the Russians met little more resistance and by 1894 had secured all Trans-Caspia for the tsar.

85. Israel - Diaspora Community of turkmenistan; Jewish history of turkmenistan; Jewish historyin turkmenistan; turkmenistan Country Page; UCSJ turkmenistan. http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/diaspora/asia/turkmenistan.html

New Sub-Sites Structure Languages ... Israel - Diaspora Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrein ... Yemen Turkmenistan General Jewish Communities of the World: Turkmenistan Jewish Community of Turkmenistan Jewish History of Turkmenistan Jewish History in Turkmenistan ... UCSJ: Turkmenistan

86. Turkmenistan - Internet Resources Transition ,Oct 1998). history history of turkmenistan by PankratovViacheslav. ETHNIC GROUPS IN TRUKMENISTAN Ethnologue Database http://www.lk.net/links/countries/Turkmenistan.shtml

Citizen Watches at discount 30-40% - CapitalWatches.com Turkmenistan - Internet Resources General Sites Country Overview Online News Laws ... Travel GENERAL SITES "Central ASIA and the Caucasus" Journal and database. Turkmenistan Information Center Turkmenistan Resource Page - Soros Foundation Interactive Central Asia Resource Project - Turkmenistan Embassy of Turkmenistan in Washington, DC Turkmenistan Online Turkmenistan Chaihana - by Greg Lastowka COUNTRY OVERVIEW Fact Sheets Trukmenistan on the Internet - General Review CIA World Factbooks - Trukmenistan Factbook 1998 Factbook 1996 UNDP Human Development Report - Turkmenistan 1996 Report Summaries of National Human Development Reports 1995 - Turkmenistan Trukmenistan - A Country Study - US Library of Congress Nations in Transit - Trukmenistan - from Freedom House's 1998 annual report USAID Country Profile: Trukmenistan October, 1996 ONLINE NEWS The Latest News on Turkmenistan from Reuters/Infoseek BBC News - Turkmenistan Washington Post/AP - Turkmenistan AFP - Turkmenistan - a pay-per-story site Fox News (AP,Reuters) - Turkmenistan

87. The Silk Road: Destinations - Turkmenistan hands of nomadic tribal women have become the artistic symbol of turkmenistan, acountry of sweeping deserts which played a vital role in the history of The http://www.silkroad-hotels.com/destinations/turkmenistan.html

Index History Destinations Azerbaijan ... Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Hotels Photo Tour Contacts Elaborately woven, bright crimson carpets created by the delicate hands of nomadic tribal women have become the artistic symbol of Turkmenistan, a country of sweeping deserts which played a vital role in the history of The Silk Road. Three centuries before Christ, the Parthian tribes of horsemen arrived to establish their capital in Turkmenistan at Nisa. When their empire eventually encompassed much of Central Asia, the Parthians were a power which rivalled Rome. From Nisa, the Parthians controlled The Silk Road and oasis settlements and trading centres like the region's harsh desert cities of Merv and Serakhs. Ruins of these ancient sites, evacuated and studied by international teams of archaeologists, can be visited and enjoyed today. Turkmenistan later gained fame throughout Central Asia for producing the skilled and fierce nomadic tribesmen who rode out on raids to seize the riches of the passing caravans. These days, more benign tribal customs such as hospitality are making Turkmenistan famous. The Parthian Capital of Nisa dates from the 3rd century BC and was inhabited up until the 19th century. Diggings have revealed a grandiose architectural complex consisting of an extensive palace with ceremonial hall, treasure house and residences. There are also ruins at nearby

88. Turkmenistan Map Relief map from the University of Texas. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/turkmenistan_relief.jpg

89. UNITED NATIONS IN TURKMENISTAN Some excellent resources. http://www.untuk.org/

Created on Oct'2001

90. Map Of Turkmenistan Small map gif 95 Kb. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/turkmenistan_sm97.gif

<°Àñ:1Äæª[1¼ßð¿úê³ Š*ZZéÈ"—L²£¿ÉâÌ°Ü3Ø¢7ÚМ¤Í7'™³Î8׬³Ï xXM($9‡­+~ ՚f(]g Rðú15¹Rò)‘2ó1ɑNÂâF9¼ ”w£±’@g <‹‹àOåüْ–’q5c«§å¼)Ž’ù³¿‚Á°•`¶†Ð«Óº¡ú´ÿ~ T+5 <Þž¨ãŽžJ´ÛJ3@Ÿi£!ÿd¤­ƒ¤ý»¯«¯°ûE¯/ó˜±q‰: q2D+1 ÉJ%’Z¡"“3¡s­¸² ³§h™Œ?4Ƒ‘6W <0ÁMµëšW95g£‹ÉB‚,’ˆG‚5ÿø¦QiøžÄª%Dbä°òŽ °µðTß?Fmבðõž6IàO$ÙÛK©Û%Is <»Žz¦`‰‘g +êТ6¤~ÍàhaŒæ°)è":—ø—Ìø$ö 'E:dšE­»JúÈÿ‘‹QA’B(ՈIʙ¿-*™ÖôÛ°L¦Ó~‚ ³­íŒì 㢪 ½›z¡M_ùõü(ºÐe_„ØÀF÷A“üoí Œ·˜‚ =çô <¯i%²b›Ç%?×XG ö¥ø!¦jH†‘wa1æ -™ºZ ‡A Úîz™,²ÔDÍIPT¨[ö—븢@›0º•93KÍ@ìùMl‚ Ùû <äìÍ(ß UÖª)±íÔG–Q¦‰T <À0'^=§Ÿêa+’* ÅÈ:Iq/ÿ xUïÜ9‰š ‡%‚0>=¢ªÙb]âI•‘Ð¢Ö «™x(‹U¹Ó² Ìò¥ø¦1Íhb™-óêg£9ÑM¥T´] ÎoѐÍS šPqÈÂÞ¤è!’ݐîâ DZUÒí¸kᬆµ^ÒHŒ«»’løM¤Àð¸.F <®Š—ÆÑ P«m¦ZÄE¤@Û¼ YØBïð›3ʂ5€ã²V½:$Çq«â”hĔïŒLJ¹ '̽)t*_s†dï®Ç_=Ù:Ï3 <æÒ²µ¿ôGÛR– àSjíXzD>h`YiÌTD“ä9IvîƒÉj I <9œu¡KIpӗ Ó0É3>DÁ(ó <ªUA½‚Ó[2Äo%o~S³;5dPÍìÒ+Ï w ¹ŒÙi‚—ΨsÌñÒȔZºkÁHGëå)ú(Ò¤Ž]ٕՀ#ÔIKó ‚Aؙ¿*]ö€©YŽì@ÄFŒÈ°ã ±r[òI t@XTJ¤Œ»YdSmζ"•äËOYF¯ BCšŽÄsQØðÆÏä <–0®äZ]òGÿ$ê%¼ééëDü²Œ¦× <æ!OESdóf

91. Asiaco - Asia Search Engine Includes art, news, business, travel, and general information. http://turkmenistan.asiaco.com

Home Add Site Change URL NewSites ... Search A S I A C O , T H E A S I A S E A R C H E N G I N E Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei ... Vietnam Asia Map Click the map to search for specific destination. Large Map Options Help Help ... Privacy Notices This site is powered by Asiaco Servers

92. Inner Asia Expedition - Turkmenistan June 1995 turkmenistan bike trip report http://www.gordian.com/users/nathan/Trek/turkmenistan.html

Turkmenistan June 8 Krasnovodsk, Turkmenistan Aeroflot from Russia. Customs is a joke, no bags checked. Baggage handlers ride our bikes down the tarmac. Pilot doesn't know what to to with Air Canada pin. First look at Kara Kum desert moonscape from air. Niyasov portrait on airport. Customs guards stunned at sight of our bikes. "What you propose is impossible" fax from consulate. Hounded in store to change money. Hotel 6000 Manat 2 nights. Shit splattered on walls of toilet. Restaurant sickly pink. Eat with big russian guys. Brandt says "Jimminy Christmas" with a straight face. June 9 Shopping for food. stores "Swift's Beef and Variety Meatmarket," rows of identical vegetables, potatos. "dollars, yes?" Change money at bank, official rate 195/dollar. Follow guy into lade from bank and change at 235/dollar. Plums, cherries, onions, peppers, potatos. Pot stuffers on Caspian coast picnic. Cleanest toilets yet on shore complex. Alex calls Ethan for 5 minutes @ $20. Turkmenbashi, port of entry into Turkmenistan. This new pavillion was not yet open, and the guards wanted us to leave. Our standard response was, "we don't understand," and eventually they left us alone. You'd be amazed how often this works. June 10 143 km. time 7:25

93. Photo Album - Making Bread Gulya Orazahatov demonstrates how to make traditional Turkmen churek. http://www.chaihana.com/album5.html

home training the landscape bairamali ... ancient merv Making Traditional Turkmen Bread Gulya Orazahotov a retired math teacher from Bairamali, graciously agreed to show me how to make Turkmen churek - the traditional Turkmen bread. Bread holds an important place in Turkmen culture. When our training group first arrived in the country, we were greeted with bread and salt. The Turkmen say that bread and salt is all you need to live. (I would add green tea to that short list.) Fueling the tamdyr Here, Gulya is adding sawdust and kindling to the tamdyr, a traditional clay and brick oven. The tamdyr, as you can see, is about waist high and shaped like a huge anthill. The walls are about a foot thick. Gulya's tamdyr was about 10 yards outside of her house. After Gulya pours in the kindling, she sets it on fire and lets it burn for about 40 minutes or so until the soot that clings to the inside walls of the tamdyr is white rather than black. While the fuel is burning, she covers the top of it with a piece of sheet metal. Preparing the churek The bread is made with flour, water, salt, and a little bit of sour milk. The sour milk is a kind of yeast substitute. Carol and I tried to get Gulya to give us the exact recipe, but when we asked her for exact measurements, she wasn't really sure - she just measured by handfuls and pinches.

94. E-Sözlük Prepared by Nazar M¤mmedow with materials from the Peace Corps turkmenistan. http://kemine.tripod.com/edict/

Salam, bu sahypadan häzir ugraýas. Awtomatiki ýagdaýda. Eger gitmese özüòiz basyò Gitjek

95. Ayan: The Ultimate Travel Agent For Turkmenistan And Central Asia 7day ride in the Kopetdag mountains on Akhal Teke Horses. Includes sample route and travel information. http://www.ayan-travel.com/tm_syl_hr.html

Services Tour Styles Attractions Horseback Tours The Akhal Teke -Born to challenge the wind of the desert! Divine horses, equine aristocrats, fabled steeds, effulgent diamonds - such flowery epithets have been lavished upon that unique equine breed - the Akhal-Teke. Prized by Alexander the Great, Darius the Great, Genghis Khan, Roman emperors, Marco Polo, and many others, the Akhal-Tekes have served people for over 3,000 years. Absolutely everything about this horse is unique, outlandish and stunning. It is the most ancient breed on earth. It is one of the most beautiful, elegant and proud horses in the world. Its endurance and resistance to heat are second to none. Sample itineraries Sekizyap - Horse Trek (The Akhal-Teke Society of Great Britain)

96. China – Ein Land Der Gegensätze Berichte mit Fotos einer Reise von Istanbul nach Hongkong entlang der Seidenstrasse. 20'000 km durch die T¼rkei, Iran, turkmenistan, Usbekistan, Kirgisien, Kasachstan und China im September/Oktober 2000. http://www.studyrussian.com/seidenstrasse/

Istanbul bis Hongkong durch Iran, Turkmenistan, Usbekistan, Kirigisien, Kasachstan 14.Juli bis 17.September 2000 Berichte und Bilder von unserer Reise entlang der Seidenstrasse Abflug in die Tuerkei und Istanbul Ankara und die Fahrt durch Anatolien Nordwest Iran: Tabriz-Sanandaj-Hamadan-Isfahan Isfahan, paradiesische Stadt der Moscheen, Palaeste, Gaerten und Teppiche ... China - ein Land der Gegensaetze

97. Turkmenistan Animated flag image, free for personal use. http://www.atlasgeo.net/flags/anglais/html/Eturkmenistan.htm

98. Interslavica Republik Turkmenistan Links und Informationen. http://www.osteuropa.ch/zentralasien/centralasia_turkmenistan.htm

Zentralasien Turkmenistan / Türkmenistan Länderdaten Spiegel Almanach Eurasianet.org Länderseite von fifoost.org (mit großer Karte) Von der Turkmenischen Botschaft in Washington D.C. ... Halkara Türkmen Türk Uniwersiteti (Beispiel für .tm-Website und für die Grafik der turkmenischen Sprache) Turkmenische Sprache Turkmen International Homepage Organisationen, NGO The Peace Corps Friends of Turkmenistan Website Menu Update 25.5.02

99. Global Geografia - Asia, Turkmenistan Scheda con informazioni generali. http://www.globalgeografia.com/asia/turkmenistan.htm

» SPONSOR ASIA STATI E DIPENDENZE » TURKMENISTAN Repubblica del Turkmenistan Türkmenistan Superficie: 488.341 Km² Abitanti: 4.603.000 (stime 2001) Densità: 9,5 ab/Km² Forma di governo: Repubblica presidenziale Capitale: Ashabad (518.000 ab.) Altre città: Cardzev 70.000 ab., Dashovuz 42.000 ab. Gruppi etnici: Turkmeni 68%, Russi 13%, Uzbeki 9% Paesi confinanti: Kazakistan ed Uzbekistan a NORD, Afghanistan e Iran a SUD Monti principali: Gora Reza 2942 m Fiumi principali: Amudarja 2540 Km (totale, compresi tratti tagiko, afghano e uzbeco) Laghi principali: Mar Caspio 371.000 Km² (comprese parti russa, azera, iraniana e kazaka), Bacino di Sarykarnys 800 Km² (compresa parte uzbeca) Isole principali: Ostrov Ogurchinskiy Clima: Continentale - arido Lingua: Turkmeno (ufficiale), Uzbeco, Russo Religione: Musulmana 85%, Ortodossa orientale 10% Moneta: Manat turkmeno GLOBALGEOGRAFIA.com

100. Index Describes the activities of the Embassy and the services it offers, with additional background information about Britain and turkmenistan. http://www.britishembassytm.org.uk

British Embassy Ashgabat Front Page Embassy News About the Embassy About Britain ... About Turkmenistan BRITAIN IN TURKMENISTAN NEWS CONTACT FAQ QUICK SEARCH I-UK Web Portal Launched - Latest Travel Advice for Turkmenistan - No10 Web Site - BBC News Contact Information The British Embassy Four Points Ak Altin Hotel 301-308 Office Building Ashgabat Turkmenistan Telephone: (993 12) 36 34 62/63/64/66/98 Fax: (993 12) 36 34 65 General Email: beasb@online.tm Commercial Email: beasbtrade@online.tm beasbppa@online.tm Opening hours Monday to Thursday 09.00 to 17.00 Friday 09.00 to 16.00 LATEST NEWS New postgraduate scholarship programme announced Prime Minister's Speeches and Statements on Iraq I-UK Web Portal launched British Government's Dossier on Ira ... Web Site - 10 Downing Street HELP OPTIONS Frequently Asked Questions Links to Britain This page was last updated on 09/04/2003 Please read our ©The British Embassy Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

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