21. Turkmenistan History of Turkmenistan, http://www.heritagefilms.com/Turkmenistan.htm

History of Turkmenistan WELCOME MAPS Map of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan (1994 estimated population 3,995,000), 188,455 square miles (488,100 square km), central Asia, formerly a constituent republic of the USSR. It borders Afghanistan and Iran (South); Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan (East, North East); and the Caspian Sea (West). The Kara Kum desert occupies 90% of the country; the Kara Kum canal provides irrigation and hydroelectricity. The Turkmens (or Turkomans), a Sunni Muslim, Turkic-speaking people, comprise 60% of the population; other groups include Russians, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Tatars. Turkmen is the official language, and Russian is widely spoken. Turkmenistan was part of the kingdom of ancient Persia and was later (8th-19th century) ruled by the Arabs, the Seljuk Turks, Jenghiz Khan, Timur and the Timurids, and the Uzbeks. Under Russian rule from 1881, the area initially resisted the Bolsheviks but fell to the Red Army by 1920. In 1925 the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was formed from Turkmenian portions of Soviet Turkistan. In 1991 the republic's parliament declared Turkmenistan independent following a referendum; after the Soviet Union collapsed, the republic joined the Commonwealth Of Independent States. The former Communist party has retained its hold on power in Turkmenistan, although there has been some movement toward privatizing the economy. President Saparmurad Niyazov was reelected in 1992; he was the only candidate in the election.

22. Population Index - Volume 56 - Number 1 5610062 Kadyrov, Sh. Kh. The population of turkmenistan history andactuality (questions and results of studies). Narodonaselenie http://popindex.princeton.edu/browse/v56/n1/d.html

Volume 56 - Number 1 - Spring 1990 D. Trends in Population Growth and Size Studies on changes over time in population size and the bases of their estimation. Studies that are concerned primarily with the methodology of trends, estimations, and projections are classified under this heading and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models . Studies dealing with two or more of the topics listed in this division are coded under D.2. Current Rates and Estimates and cross-referenced where appropriate. D.1. Past Trends Studies of observed data on population growth in the past and its components. Includes studies that are primarily concerned with population trends up to and including World War II. Biraben, Jean-Noel; Blum, Alain. Population trends in France, 1500 to 1800: comparison with other countries in the Western world. In: Referate zum deutsch-franzosischen Arbeitstreffen auf dem Gebiet der Demographie vom 21. bis 24. September 1987 in Rouen. Materialien zur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, No. 62, 1989. 181-208 pp. Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Eng. with sum. in Fre. Preliminary results from a historical population survey conducted in 1980 in France in 200 villages and 49 towns are presented and compared with similar data for Norway, England, and Spain. The authors identify two major fertility periods in France: the first was from 1500 to 1580, when births increased from 700,000 to one million per year; the second was from 1580 to 1800, during which time the number of births remained stable at between 900,000 and one million per year.

23. Deserti E Oasi - Guida Di SuperEva Translate this page turkmenistan history Tour 28/02/2002 Tour fotografico fra i monumentistorici del Turkmenistan, le foto sono stupende. Da vedere. http://guide.supereva.it/deserti_e_namibia/deserti_turkmenistan/

Mappa Aggiungi ai preferiti Help sei qui superEva guide Viaggi Deserti e Oasi Deserti e Oasi La guida Luigi Cerca nella guida Home Newsletter Forum Chat ... La Guida risponde Archivio Botswana Cina Deserti Deserti e Oasi ... Tunisia Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Yemen Invia ad un amico Il tuo nome La sua mail Sponsored Links Informazioni su viaggi in Croazia su adriatica.net Per un viaggio ideale in Croazia vi offriamo una grande scelta di alloggi privati e di alberghi con fotografie e listini prezzi. Possibilita di prenotare online. Viaggi all'ultimo minuto Guide, consigli e segreti per pianificare al meglio i tuoi viaggi, mete da scoprire e da visitare assolutamente, connettiti. Turkmenistan (7 argomenti) Ordina: Per data Dalla A alla Z Turkmenistan Official Website [28/02/2002] Sito ufficiale del Turkmenistan, ad oggi, febbraio 2002, e' ancora in costruzione. Sara' sicuramente interessante avere informazioni ufficiali. vedi il link: http://www.turkmen.net/ Turkmenistan History Tour [28/02/2002] Tour fotografico fra i monumenti storici del Turkmenistan, le foto sono stupende. Da vedere. In lingua inglese vedi il link: http://www.icctm.org/Gallery/index.html

24. EMBASSY OF TURKMENISTAN, Washington DC USA Index The Turkmen Embassy in Washington, DC, USACategory Regional Asia turkmenistan......GENERAL INFORMATION. history CULTURE. GOVERNMENT POLITICS. CONTACT DIRECTORY.Welcome to the Embassy of turkmenistan 's World Wide Web information service. http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/

Welcome to the Embassy of Turkmenistan's World Wide Web information service This site offers comprehensive and up-to-date information about Turkmenistan For information or services not currently provided here, please contact: E-mail: turkmen@mindspring.com Phone: (202) 588 1500, Fax: (202) 588 0697 General Information Latest News Visa Regulations Contacts Directory ... Hakan Dakin Design 1999

25. Turkmenistan Extended history of turkmenistan, internet links, and human rights information.The summary for this Russian page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set.Category Regional Asia turkmenistan Government...... http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/

Turkmenistan English

26. World History Archives: The History Of Turkmenistan turkmenistan Select a Country Central Asia Afganistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan turkmenistan Uzbekistan About ICARP Search ICARP Institutes Bibliography Experts News Analysis Publications Biographies Quick Facts Glossary Add URL General http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/53/index-c.html

The history of Turkmenistan Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history of Central Asia in general The retrospective history of Turkmenistan The contemporary political history of Turkmenistan ... The media and telecommunications of Turkmenistan

27. Turkmenistan - Jewish History In Turkmenistan Jonah Gabriel Lissner chronicles the rich history of the ancient land of turkmenistan and examines Jewish influences in its culture. http://www.ubalt.edu/kulanu/jturk.html

28. EurasiaNet Culture - Turkmenbashi Forges A New, Old Nation In Turkmenistan (Belarus and Moldova have reintroduced Soviet historiography in schools.) In turkmenistan,the Institute of history of the Academy of Sciences has been renamed http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav021302.shtml

Eurasia Insight Analysis of current affairs Deals, Developments, and Trends Environment Hazards and Solutions Expert and Observer Interviews Culture News, Book Reviews, and Photo Essays Human Rights Monitoring and Actions Recaps Summaries of Expert Meetings Election Watch Results and Analysis Discussion Forums East of Magnum An Online Photo Exhibition EurasiaNet Partners Contributing Sites Grants and Employment Opportunities in Central Eurasia Search EurasiaNet Eurasia Policy Forum Drug Policy, HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisis in Central Asia Caspian Revenue Watch CULTURE TURKMENBASHI FORGES A NEW, OLD NATION IN TURKMENISTAN A EurasiaNet Commentary by Taras Kuzio: 2/13/02 Turkmenistan was one of the last countries to declare independence from the Soviet Union, waiting until October 27, 1991 to hold a referendum on the issue. Like most of the Central Asian states, Turkmenistan was forced to confront independence unexpectedly, with the sudden collapse of the Soviet Union. Turkmen independence did not have local political roots, and the country did not have a counter-elite, drawn from dissident groups, ready to assume leadership positions. Throughout the 1990s, things have stayed that way. Turkmenistan has led the way in pursuing a top-down nation-building policy in Central Asia.

29. History & Culture history of turkmenistan Tools from the StoneAge have been discoveredalong the Caspian Sea shore and near the modern port of Turkmenbashi http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/history.html

History of Turkmenistan Tools from the Stone-Age have been discovered along the Caspian Sea shore and near the modern port of Turkmenbashi, establishing the pre-historic presence of humans in the area that is today known as Turkmenistan. The remains of farming settlements in the Kopet-Dag Mountains date back 8,000 years. The ancient cultivators in this region used the mountain streams to irrigate their crops. They also survived by herding livestock and by hunting wild game. As early societies learned to make pottery and metal tools, they began to trade with other peoples of central Asia. This profitable trade however, also attracted foreign invaders. By the 6th century B.C., the powerful

30. MapZones.com History turkmenistan, history, Back to Top. Throughout its history, the expansive,barren area between the Caspian Sea and the Amu Darya river http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/turkmenistan/historyindex.php

31. MapZones.com Turkmenistan turkmenistan Map, history, Culture, People, Population, Climate, Economy, Animaland plants, Languages,capital, island, major city, province, Communications http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/turkmenistan/index.php

32. World Travel Guide - Turkmenistan - History And Government World Travel Guide turkmenistan - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/tkm/tkm580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Turkmenistan/HistoryandGovernment'; WORLD TRAVEL GUIDE .NET GUIDES World Travel Guide World City Guide World Airport Guide World Cruise Guide ... World Weather TOOLS Holiday Brochures Mini Guide Online Bookstore World Clock ... Reservations APPENDICES How to Use This Guide Health Disabled Travellers Buddhism ... Travel Warnings LANGUAGES Deutsch Dutch Español Français ... Turkmenistan History and Government History: The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum Desert, while Alexander the Great conquered the region during his epic campaign of the fourth century BC. The influence of Islam dates from the seventh century AD, when the region was under Arab control. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the tenth century from the northeast. Around 300 years later, Genghis Khan arrived from the same direction and incorporated Turkmenistan into his expanding empire. From the 15th century, the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925. glasnost In 1993, the

33. Welcome To Turkmenistan. History. http://valera.8m.com/page1.html

THIS WEB PAGE USES FRAMES, BUT YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THEM.

34. Welcome To Turkmenistan turkmenistan has the ancient and rich history with its events, which remained manytraces in the form of splendid architectural monuments, forts and medrese http://valera.8m.com/

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com This building is the property of Nisa-Service Co. You can send your comments on the design of this website to me by e-mail. Nisa-Service is a reliable partner and always guarantes high class service E-mail to Valeriy Links Beverley Burris Chaihana Art-Archive We invite You for a travel along the traces of the in Turkmenistan ENTER YOUR MESSAGE AND DETAILS AND PRESS SEND (no more than 450 letters) You can ICQ-Page to me from here with no additional software. Your message will be instantly delivered. If I am online, the message will pop up on my screen, if I am offline it will be stored and forwarded to me as soon as I connect to the internet. I AM NOW !!! Sign my Guest Book Your message will decorate my page. Please keep the message. Be registered in my Guest Book. Read my Guest Book - Greeting - Hello everyone who has visited this page. My name is Valeriy and I have created this page for you that who wishes to visit Turkmenistan had the small information about this country.

35. Turkmenistan Origins And Early History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climat turkmenistan Origins and Early history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate,Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_origins_and_ea

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Turkmenistan Origins and Early History http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_origins_and_early_history.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

36. Turkmenistan Links SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Constitution of turkmenistan. history. turkmenistan PicturesGallery history Tour. World history Archives history of turkmenistan. http://www.nationbynation.com/Turkmenistan/Links.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. GEOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. GEOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT ... World History Archives: History of Turkmenistan

37. Turkmenistan the Caspian Sea. Government. Oneparty republic. history. Turkmenistanwas once part of the ancient Persian Empire. The Turkmen people http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108058.html

Celebs, Models ,Movie Stars... Magazines From Around the World! Ladies..Never pay retail again! Facial care packs and Cosmetics at lowest prices ! All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network World Countries Turkmenistan Infoplease Atlas: Turkmenistan Turkmenistan President-for-Life: Saparmurad A. Niyazov (1990) Area: 188,455 sq mi (488,100 sq km) Population (2003 est.): 4,775,544 (growth rate: 1.9%); birth rate: 28.0/1000; infant mortality rate: 73.2/1000; density per sq mi: 25 Capital and largest city (1994 est.): Ashgabat, 518,000 Other large cities: Chardzhou, 166,400; Tashauz, 117,000 Monetary unit: Manat Languages: Turkmen, 72%; Russian, 12%; Uzbek, 9% Ethnicity/race (1995): Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazak 2%, other 5.1% Religions: Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2% Literacy rate: Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2001 est.): $21.5 billion; per capita $4,700.

38. New Independent States - Turkmenistan / History And Resources Area Studies / New Independent States. turkmenistan / history andResources. history. Basic Facts. history Resources. Though never http://wrc.lingnet.org/turkmhis.htm

Area Studies / New Independent States Turkmenistan / History and Resources History Basic Facts Though never a goal in itself, the sun-scorched, barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed in ancient times from one empire to another as armies decamped on the way to richer territories. Alexander the Great established a city on his way to India, the Romans set up near present-day Ashghabat and, in the 11th century the Seljuq Turks used Alexander's old city, Merv, as a base from which to expand their empire into Afghanistan. Two centuries later, the heart of the Seljuq empire was torn out as Genghis Khan stormed down from the steppes into Trans-Caspia (the region east of the Caspian Sea) on his way to terrorize Europe. While the empire-builders tussled, nomadic horsebreeding tribes of Turkmen drifted in through the cracks, possibly from the Altay mountains, and grazed from oasis to oasis along the fringes of the Karakum desert and in Persia, Syria and Anatolia. With the decline in the 16th century of the Timurid empire, the region became a backwater dotted with feudal Turkmen islands. From their oasis strongholds, the Turkmen preyed on straggling caravans, pillaging and stealing slaves or skirmishing with other tribes. It was only when they started kidnapping Russians from the strengthening tsarist empire that the Turkmen fell into trouble. Military forces were sent to Trans-Caspia to rout the by now wildly uncontrollable tribes: In 1881 the Russians marched on the fortress of Geok-Tepe and massacred an estimated 7000 Turkmen. A further 8000 were cut down as they fled across the desert. Not surprisingly, the Russians met little more resistance and by 1894 had secured all Trans-Caspia for the tsar.

39. Bigchalk HomeworkCentral Turkmenistan (History By Nation) Looking for the best facts and sites on turkmenistan? This HomeworkCentral sectionfocuses on 'history by Nation' and 'World history' and 'HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/His

40. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: History (Turkmenistan) Linking Policy. HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND Regional Studies Countriesof the World Asia turkmenistan history. GENERAL Origins http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Reg

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