21. LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER directs maintenance and operation activities affecting mission Control hardware,software and support facilities; coordinates space flight tracking and data http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-jsc.html

TOWING TRACTORS... LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER NASA's Johnson Space Center opened for business at its 1,620-acre site 25 miles southeast of Houston in February 1964. Houston was chosen as the site for the center after an investigation of many locations throughout the United States. The selection was announced in September 1961. Personnel began moving their offices from Langley Field in Virginia to Houston in October 1961 and construction began in April 1962. The responsibilities of the center include the design, development and testing of spacecraft and associated systems for manned flight; the selection and training of astronauts; planning and conducting manned missions; and extensive participation in the medical, engineering and scientific experiments that help man understand and improve his environment. The facilities were designed and built to house the wide variety of technical and scientific disciplines required for JSC's mission. The center's organization was divided into several directorates responsible for specific functions-spacecraft development, astronaut training or space flight planning, for example. The organization's flexibility allows frequent realignment of the directorates to keep pace with the changing directions of manned space flight. Some of the original directorates have reorganized, merged or split into separate groups; and new directorates have been created as needed.

22. STSPLUS Home Page others for use during a NASA space Shuttle mission. Observatory, or the Russian MIRspace Station Special Location and tracking Station displays show concentric http://www.dransom.com/stsplus.html

STSORBIT PLUS Space Shuttle and Satellite Tracking Software by David H. Ransom, Jr. STSORBIT PLUS, usually known as STSPLUS, will track the space shuttle or any satellite for which orbital data (TLEs) are available. A brief description of the program and several screen capture examples follow the links for downloading the program files. Comments, bug reports, and suggestions are invited. e-mail: David H. Ransom, Jr. STSPLUS Version 0123 (10 June 2001) This is a minor update which updates the internal ISS icons to reflect the addition of the Zvezda module. Greg Swift's STSUPDAT adds the capability of transparent orbital data updates via the Internet. A single keypress while the tracking map is displayed will update all the current satellite TLEs! Download the new release of STSPLUS here and use the special STSUPDAT download link (below) to download that program. NOTE: STSUPDAT requires Win95/98/NT/2000. WinNT/2000 users please read the STSPLUS Update Notes for additional information. Download Hi-Res Shuttle Launch Image (Courtesy NASA) To obtain the current STSPLUS Update Notes, read or download the following file:

23. Space Mission Acronym List And Hyperlink Guide (S Through T): NASA Space Instrum Shuttle SITE Stellar Interferometer tracking Experiment Stellar Interferometertracking Experiment A SIM space Interferometry mission. http://ranier.hq.nasa.gov/Sensors_page/MissionLinks/mlst.html

NASA Space Instrument and Sensing Technology Space Mission Acronym List and Hyperlink Guide (S through T) NOTICE: Because this page had grown so large (~168K), I have split it into 14 pages (including this page for acronyms beginning with S and T). Some direct, named links will no longer work. If you are looking for information about a particular mission, please select the appropriate file from the following alphabetical listing. If you cannot find information on the mission you are looking for, you may find some information in the Pages with Information on Many Missions list. SPACE MISSIONS S71-2 SESP 71-2 Launched October 17, 1971. See also ASTEX for possible links. from NSSDC SAC Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas See SAC-A SAC-B , and SAC-C SAC-A Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas - A The payload "SAC-A" was launched from a Hitchhiker Canister (5 cu. ft. "GAS" canister, equipped with an opening door) on STS-88 in December 1998. For more information on STS missions see the Shuttle listing. SAC-A Home Page Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas (SAC - A) (in Spanish) SAC-A SAC-B Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas - B The Orbital Sciences Corp.

24. Columbia Tracking Data Removed From NASA Site That information such as the space plane's inclination and low altitudes throughoutthe mission once made the place of Columbia tracking information, a http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/sts107_mcdowell_030224.html

SEARCH: advertisement Columbia Tracking Data Removed from NASA Site By Leonard David Senior Space Writer posted: 11:50 am ET 24 February 2003 Jonathan McDowell of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics maintains a handy review of new space launchings via the well-written Jonathan's Space Report. But he has taken a shot at, what he terms, NASA's "fit of apparent bureaucratic insanity". Turns out that the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Orbital Information Group (OIG) has removed orbital data called "elements" for Columbia's STS-107 mission. Columbia and its seven-person crew were lost over the skies of Texas on Saturday, Feb 1, as the spacecraft was re-entering Earth's atmosphere to wrap up a 16-day science mission. More Stories Complete Coverage of the Columbia Disaster Investigation Space Debris Experts Debate Possibility of Columbia Impact NASA: E-Mail Shuttle Warning Typical Anatomy of a Shuttle Mission: Politics Shaped STS-107 From the Beginning ... Columbia FAQ: Hard Questions, Simple Answers and the Latest News Related Links NASA's Human Spaceflight Web Site Looking Back at the 1986 Challenger Disaster NASA's STS-107 Space Research Web Site More space news from FLORIDA TODAY That information such as the space plane's inclination and high and low altitudes throughout the mission once made available to the public, has been secured for the duration of the investigation and review period into the Columbia disaster.

25. The Event Inventor-Space Mission Projects More information about the Cassini mission is available at The International SpaceStation is one of the brighter Home Page or NASA's Satellite tracking page . http://www.kyes-world.com/spacecraft.htm

Coming Soon to a Planet Near You !!! From this site, we hope to help make the big discoveries and little revelations gleaned from these explorers come together to produce an enjoyable experience in learning. So, come explore outer space with us through simple, direct observations of our family of planets and through cyber-space with the internet. SCIENCE @ NASA - latest science stories - updated daily. Our Nearest, Dearest Star - The Sun !!! SOHO - Exploring the Sun. HESSI - High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager IMAGE - Imager for Magnetopause-to-Auroral Global Exploration Ulysses - Mission to the Sun Sun/Earth Connection More Sun Fun and links HERE. Missions to Planet Earth Earth Observatory - new satellite imagery and scientific information about our home planet. Ocean Surface Topography from Space - TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 Missions More links to Earthly space science HERE International Space Station News Don't miss this! On October 2nd, NASA TV plans to broadcast the first live video from a space shuttle's fuel tank as it soars into Earth orbit on the belly of Atlantis and falls back again. FULL STORY at NASA Science Watch NASA TV on the web at http://www.nasa.gov/ntv/ntvweb.html

26. Space Tracking Technology Focuses On Deep Space of nearearth objects (NEOs) by 300%. Basic research in detectionand tracking of NEOs benefits the Air Force space mission by http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/0006/OSR9901.html

Space Tracking Technology Focuses on Deep Space A new, state-of-the-art space tracking technology will give the Air Force better situational awareness of the space environment by providing better detection and tracking of objects in deep space. AFRL's Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Mathematics and Space Sciences Directorate, Arlington VA This new technology, developed by an Air Force Office of Scientific Research supported research team, led by Dr. Grant Stokes at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, improves the worldwide capability for detection of near-earth objects (NEOs) by 300%. Basic research in detection and tracking of NEOs benefits the Air Force space mission by: providing a test-bed to develop enhanced technology for the detection of smaller, fainter, and more slowly moving space objects; and contributing to multi-agency initiatives intended to identify, catalog, and predict the orbits of space objects that may pose a threat to the earth, or other high-value space assets, such as the International Space Station. The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) project uses a 1m aperture telescope located near Socorro, NM, to detect and track potential NEO candidates. The GTS-2 telescope (shown in Figure 1) is a 1m folded prime focus Cassegrain design identical to that of the Ground-based Electro-Optic Deep Space Surveillance telescope used by the Air Force for space surveillance. This telescope uses highly sensitive electronic devices called charge-coupled devices (CCDs) to photograph the sky, while computer algorithms process the images and quickly detect any changes from one observation to the next. Asteroid observations are forwarded to astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Minor Planet Center in Massachusetts, who then calculate the object's orbit and provide discovery acknowledgments. The LINEAR system incorporates innovative technologies including:

27. Space Infrared Technologies Center Of Excellence The first mission area, spacebased surveillance of space, includes the surveillancefrom space of resident space objects, detection and tracking of objects http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/0009/VS0007.html

Space Infrared Technologies Center of Excellence The Space Infrared Technologies Center of Excellence gives the warfighter sharper, clearer, more sensitive eyes for space surveillance, protection and control. AFRL's Space Vehicles Directorate, Space Technology Division, Infrared Technologies Center of Excellence Branch, Kirtland AFB NM and Hanscom AFB MA The Space Vehicles Directorate combined three of its most important mission technologies into one Infrared (IR) Technologies Center of Excellence (CoE). Consisting of a cluster of related technologies recognized as having both technical excellence and importance to the directorate's mission, this CoE was created to nurture and mature these critical technologies, including backgrounds for space-based IR sensors, strategic IR focal plane detector arrays, and space-based cryogenic coolers. The vision of this CoE is to enable effective and affordable space-based surveillance of space that directly supports one of the directorate's three principal thrusts of space surveillance, protection, and space control. While the focus of the CoE involves the space-based surveillance of space, technologies developed in the CoE have application in other areas of surveillance. One example is space-based cryogenic cooling technologies, which were developed for space-based surveillance, but could also have "spin-off" application in ground-based space surveillance, in particular for FPAs for hyper-spectral imaging. Similarly, FPAs for detectors developed in the CoE are also used in ground and space applications, but the space based-space surveillance requires the highest degree of technology development. Background models developed to support space-based surveillance also support the design of systems for detection and tracking of missiles from aircraft.

28. John F. Kennedy Space Center - Expendable Launch Vehicle And Payload Processing passed over NASA’s Canberra tracking station in mission, Ice, Cloud and Land ElevationSatellite / Cosmic rolled out of the Astrotech space Operations Payload http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/paylstat/2002/dec/12-05p.htm

KSC Home Site Search Multimedia FAQ/Contact Us ... NASA Centers December 5, 2002 Status Reports Note This expendable launch vehicle and payload processing status will be issued weekly. It will provide the status of upcoming NASA missions scheduled for launch aboard expendable launch vehicles. For additional information on NASA ELV launches, visit: http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/elvnew/elv.htm TDRS-J Mission Tracking and Data Relay Satellite-J Launch Vehicle Lockheed Martin Atlas IIA (AC-144) Launch Pad Launch Complex 36-A, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Date December 4, 2002 Launch Time: 9:42 p.m. EST Status (processing notes) N ASA’s TDRS-J Tracking and Data Relay Satellite was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral at 9:42 p.m. aboard a Lockheed Martin Atlas IIA rocket. The on-time liftoff occurred from Pad A at Launch Complex 36. The burns of the Atlas and Centaur stages were nominal. Spacecraft separation occurred at 10:12 p.m. Contact with TDRS-J was made at 10:41 p.m. when the satellite passed over NASA’s Canberra tracking station in Australia.

29. Space Shuttle Mission Chronology STS-70 Midcourse space Experiment (MSX) required no onboard hardware; military MSXsatellite used Shuttle during mission as tracking and calibration target. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/chron/sts-70.htm

KSC Home Page Site Search FAQ's Site Survey ... Headlines Mission Patch STS-70 Discovery TDRS-G Pad B 70th Shuttle mission 21st flight OV-103 9th rollback First use new Mission Control Center, JSC Last TDRS deployed from Shuttle Extended mission 24th KSC landing Quickest turnaround landing (STS-71) to launch (STS-70) Shuttle Information Orbiter Vehicles Shuttle Countdown Online Shuttle Launch Assessment Integrated Launch Assessment ... Table of Contents Crew Members Crew Photo Terence T. Henricks (3), Commander Kevin R. Kregel (1), Pilot Nancy Jane Currie (2), Mission Specialist Donald A. Thomas (2), Mission Specialist Mary Ellen Weber (1), Mission Specialist

30. Tracking Satellite Home Page STS107 Crew Poster. STS-107 mission Poster. Odigo Messaging SMS ICQ Messaging. ISSFanClub News The Gate for your space Information Real Time Satellite tracking. http://www.spaceonline.tv/index2.htm

Visit our Portal ISS Exp. Crew 5 sent the best regards for Members of ISS FanClub Download your new Wallpaper ISS 6th Crew Nov. 24, 2002 - 00:50 UTC 1st Crew Info 1st Crew Photos 2nd Crew Info 2nd Crew Photos ... 6th Crew Photos Soyuz TM-34 Returned back home Nov. 10, 2002 - 00:04 UTC HAM Radio contact by Frank De Winne Odissea Mission Timeline Launch: Oct. 30, 2002 - 03:11 UTC Docking: Nov. 1, 2002 - 05:00 UTC Undocking: Nov. 9, 2002 - 20:44 UTC Landing: Nov. 10, 2002 - 00:04 UTC Taxi Crew # 1 (Musabayev-Baturin-Tito) Taxi Crew # 2 (Afanasiev-Haignere-Kozeev) Taxi Crew # 3 (Gidzenko-Vittori-Shuttleworth) Taxi Crew # 4 (Zalyotin-De Winne-Lonchakov) ISS - PCSat - Starshine IGate Europe ACTIVE Phase-3D Santa Claus brought AO-40 Back Latest News and Launch Photo Gallery ICQ Software for Palm v. 2.1beta Keplers for Palm Devices ? Columbia STS-107 DISASTER Columbia breaks up over North Texas Debris reported on ground in Texas Launch Images Landing Images Mission Information Launch Jan. 16, 2003 - 15:39 UTC

31. I S A S / Space Technology space Technology Satellite/spacecraft Technologies Satellite missionOperation, tracking and Orbit Determination. Satellite mission http://www.isas.ac.jp/e/enterp/tech/ss/05.html

Space Technology Satellite/Spacecraft Technologies Satellite Mission Operation, Tracking and Orbit Determination Satellite Mission Operation, Tracking and Orbit Determination Real-time operations of ISAS spacecraft can be directed from the Sagamihara Control Center (SCC) on the ISAS Sagamihara Campus. Tracking (i.e., range and range rate) data and telemetry data are transmitted from the remote tracking stations (UDSC and KSC). The Usuda Deep Space Center (UDSC) 64 m station is dedicated to tracking deep space probes. The Kagoshima Space Center (KSC) 20 m and 34 m stations are used for low earth orbit satellite tracking, etc. The data obtained are archived at Sagamihara. Orbit determinations for ISAS deep space probes are performed on a weekly basis, and antenna pointing/ frequency predicts are transmitted to UDSC for tracking operations. Commands are generated at SCC and transmitted to spacecraft through the remote tracking stations. Space Technology Satellite/Spacecraft Technologies Satellite Mission Operation, Tracking and Orbit Determination

32. Space Interferometry Mission: Mission Operations This will be achieved using ranging and doppler data obtained by 34m Deep SpaceNetwork (DNS) ground stations during 1011 two-hour tracking passes per week http://sim.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/

SIM will be an optical interferometer operating in an Earth-trailing solar orbit. The SIM spacecraft will be launched into orbit from the Eastern Test Range at the Cape Canaveral Air Station in 2009. In this orbit the spacecraft will slowly drift away from the Earth at a rate of approximately 0.1 AU per year, reaching a maximum communication distance of about 95 million kilometers after 5.5 years. In this orbit the spacecraft will receive continuous solar illumination, avoiding the occultations which would occur in an Earth orbit. Following orbit insertion, the solar array and high gain antenna will be deployed. Spacecraft systems will be checked out and tracking data collected to precisely determine the actual orbit achieved. After a period of several days to allow dispersion of any contaminants, the two siderostat wings will be unfolded. Check-out and calibration of the interferometer will then commence and continue for six months. From the end of this calibration period through the year 2011, the SIM interferometer will perform nearly continuous science observations over the entire celestial sphere. Pointing of the spacecraft will be performed using reaction wheels, with small reaction control system thrusters used to desaturate the reaction wheels. Pointing will be performed such that the nominal viewing axis never be within 45 degrees of the Sun to protect the viewing optics from heating. The spacecraft's velocity will need to be determined to an accuracy of 20 mm/sec or better in order to correct for stellar aberration. This will be achieved using ranging and doppler data obtained by 34m Deep Space Network (DNS) ground stations during 10-11 two-hour tracking passes per week, with the passes cycling between each of the three Deep Space Network locations (Goldstone, Madrid, and Canberra). Data will be recorded onboard and downlinked during these 20-22 hours of tracking per week.

33. JPL Features - Space Observatory Phones Home With South African Center after the space Infrared Telescope Facility launches in January 2003, mission plannersanticipate a fourhour communication gap when their tracking system won http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/stars_galaxies/features/sirtf_southafrica.html

NEWS RELEASES (2001) NEWS NOTES PRESS KITS ... EMPLOYEE NEWSPAPER Spotlight: Space Observatory Phones Home with South African Center X-band antenna that will track space observatory in launch phase over South African skies Browse image High resolution JPEG (545 KB) Space observatory home page Immediately after the Space Infrared Telescope Facility launches in January 2003, mission planners anticipate a four-hour communication gap when their tracking system won't be able to "talk to" the observatory. This could be a nerve-wracking time for those who've worked so hard on the mission, an infrared telescope that will study the early universe, old galaxies and forming stars, and detect dust disks around stars where planets may be forming. The solution to their problem lies within the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Satellite Applications Center, a satellite tracking facility in South Africa formerly used by NASA. Located in Hartebeesthoek, 60 kilometers (37 miles) north of Johannesburg, the Satellite Applications Center will track the Space Infrared Telescope Facility for up to 4 hours, or until the Deep Space Network's tracking station near Madrid, Spain, acquires a signal. "No one wants to sit on pins and needles for four hours," said Pat Beyer, telecommunications and mission systems manager for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility at JPL. "So we contracted with Hartebeesthoek, which has a smaller antenna that can't track in deep space as well, to fill in the gap."

34. MARS Viking Mission - DSN - Exploring The Planets When first received at one of the Deep space Network's tracking stations,spacecraft data appears to be a meaningless stream of numbers. http://www.nasm.si.edu/ceps/etp/mars/viking_DSN.html

198k GIF Goldstone Tracking Station, California Photo courtesy NASA/JPL T hree tracking stations are located on Earth to transmit messages to spacecraft and receive data concerning the status of the instruments and their results. These stations form the Deep Space Network (DSN) , and are located in Goldstone, California (pictured here); Madrid, Spain; and Canberra, Australia. Each station has a 70-meter (230-foot) diameter antenna, and two 26-meter (85-foot) antennas. S ignals from the Viking Orbiters and Landers were received by the large antennnas of the Deep Space Network. Since the spacecraft transmissions were received as pulses of electrical energy, much work remained to be done to turn these signals into meaningful information. W hen first received at one of the Deep Space Network's tracking stations, spacecraft data appears to be a meaningless stream of numbers. However, computers at the tracking stations and at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California are programmed to recognize certain sequences of numbers and convert the signals into useable data.

35. Instructor, MAS 512, Space Mission And Launch Operations a required course for space Specialization of introduces students to launch, missionoperations, and meteorology, communications and tracking, navigation and http://www.nationjob.com/showjob.cgi/emri11.html

Job Profile Home Find Jobs Job Seekers: Resources Post Jobs ... Employers: Resources Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Instructor, MAS 512, Space Mission and Launch Operations Job Location: Cheyenne Center, FE Warren AFB, Wyoming Job Summary: To teach a required course for Space Specialization of the Masters of Aeronautical Science degree program. This course introduces students to launch, mission operations, and facilities for manned and unmanned missions in the U.S. and foreign sites. Satellite and spacecraft launch facility system discussion covers safety, meteorology, communications and tracking, navigation and control systems and reliability. Qualifications: Terminal degree, usually earned doctorate in the discipline. (Terminal) Doctorate degree in a closely related discipline plus experience in course content. (Terminal) Related doctorate and master's degree in discipline with extensive experience. (Terminal) Master's in discipline with extensive professional experience in course emphasis. (Non-Terminal) Compensation/Benefits: Contract employee, salary based on experience and number of students.

36. Bracing For An Interplanetary Traffic Jam At the same time Stardust and Deep space 1 will comets and a third comet mission named CONTOUR antenna that will increase available spacecrafttracking time by http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast06jun_1.htm

The Deep Space Network NASA's traffic control system for interplanetary spacecraft is bracing for a flurry of activity in deep space. Listen to this story (requires any MP3 Player June 6, 2001 On April 28, 2001, a weak radio signal reached Earth from beyond the orbit of Pluto. It was NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft, struggling to communicate with ground controllers, its message riding on a radio signal that registered just a billionth of a trillionth of a watt. How do you listen to a transmission that couldn't make a lightbulb glow in a billion years? It's all in a day's work for NASA's extraordinary Deep Space Network (DSN). Right : A 70-meter antenna at the Deep Space Network Goldstone complex in California. The DSN is a global system for communicating with interplanetary spacecraft. The largest and most sensitive scientific telecommunications system in the world, it also performs radio and radar astronomy observations for the exploration of the solar system and the universe. "Communicating with missions in deep space is difficult," said Joseph Statman, Manager of the Deep Space Mission System Engineering Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). "It requires extremely large antennas, huge transmitters and very sensitive receivers."

37. Mars Express: The Mission - Communications With Earth support during launch and the early operations phase of the European space Agency'sMars Express mission. provide support for navigation tracking up through http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/express/mission/comm_summary.html

@import URL("../expressMain.css"); MISSION Communications with Earth Summary Mission Team Launch Vehicle Spacecraft ... Communications More on Mars Express at the ESA website NASA's Deep Space Network , operated and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, will: augment a new European Space Agency tracking station located outside Perth, Australia near a locale known as New Norcia. This European-sponsored tracking station will provide all of the coverage of the martian southern hemisphere, while the Deep Space Network stations at Goldstone, California and Madrid, Spain will complete coverage in the northern hemisphere of Mars. provide support during launch and the early operations phase of the European Space Agency's Mars Express mission. provide support for navigation tracking up through Mars orbit insertion. provide support for the Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) on Mars Express, which uses a ground station as an instrument for collecting information on the transmission of radio signals to receiving stations on Earth from the spacecraft as it passes through the thin martian atmosphere

38. Ocean Surface Topography From Space-Missions NASA logo, Ocean Surface Topography from space, mission Planning and Sequence Team;Flight Control Team; Navigation, tracking the spacecraft; Uses of tracking Data; http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/whos-who.html

OVERVIEW SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY MISSIONS ... MISSIONS - Who's Who This section provides an overview of what it takes to keep a satellite functioning and the people who make it work. Keeping a spacecraft in flight for years at a time and gathering good science data is definitely not as simple as it may seem. Then, again, it is a more fascinating story than you probably could have imagined! Overview Introduction to Mission Operations What is meant by Mission Operations People and hardware working together People Mission Planning and Sequence Team Flight Control Team Navigation and Precision Orbit Determination Team Satellite Performance Analysis Team ... Management Team PROFILE: Keeping an Eye on Mission Safety: Mission Operations Assurance Manager Sara Hyman Navigation Tracking the Spacecraft Uses of Tracking Data Maintaining the Orbit Attitude Control Data Production Science Observations Science Goals and Their Demands on Accuracy The Ground System The Most Important Outcome Communication The Vital Link How Communication is Done Telemetry Overview ... Gallery Web Curator: Margaret Srinivasan Web Developer: Kristy Kawasaki Last Updated:

39. Ocean Surface Topography From Space-Missions to communicate through the ground antennas of the Deep space Network (DSN), NASA'sprimary tracking and communications (Note during the mission, the omni http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/who-communication.html

OVERVIEW SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY MISSIONS ... Who's Who Communication: How Communication is Done The basic method of communicating with spacecraft - in fact, the only viable method - is by radio transmission, generally called "telecommunications." Information of various kinds is digitized onboard the spacecraft and then transmitted to the ground over one of several microwave frequency bands. On the ground it is received by one of NASA's large tracking and communication antennas, from which it is relayed to a data processing organization at one of the NASA centers. This process of spacecraft-to-ground communication is called "downlink." Information, such as command sequences, must also be sent from the ground to the spacecraft, and this process is called "uplink." The signals in both directions are referred to as "telemetry." In the case of TOPEX/Poseidon, the communication link is a bit more complicated. Instead of direct communication between the ground and the satellite, the TOPEX/Poseidon mission utilizes NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System, or TDRSS. This is a constellation of six satellites that were launched in the late 1980s and early '90s into geostationary orbits 35,880 kilometers (22,300 miles) above the Earth. (By "geostationary" we mean that the satellites' orbits are synchronized with the Earth's rotation, so that they appear to "hang" over the same spot on Earth all the time.) One or more of the TDRSS satellites are in view of the TOPEX/Poseidon spacecraft at almost all times. The spacecraft communicates with the TDRSS satellites using its movable high-gain dish antenna.

40. Course Catalog: Academic Year 2002-2003 mission Opr Credits 3.00 LAUNCH AND space mission OPERATIONS. Overviews typicalmission operations, from prelaunch through launch, tracking, orbit modification http://www.fit.edu/catalog/2002-2003/descriptions/cat2003spc.htm

Course Catalog: Academic Year 2002-2003 Space Systems SPC 5001 - Intro to Space Systems Credits: INTRODUCTION TO SPACE SYSTEMS. Includes systems engineering, space flight history, space environment, astrodynamics, rocket propulsion, launch vehicle selection, space telecommunications, remote sensing, spacecraft configuration, structures, materials, power and thermal systems, launch and space mission operations, spacecraft navigation, guidance, control and military space applications. College: Sch of Extended Grad Studies Department: SEGS Restrictions: May not be enrolled in one of the following Level(s): Undergraduate SPC 5002 - Intro to Space Environment Credits: INTRODUCTION TO SPACE ENVIRONMENT. Introduces properties of the space environment, particularly those important to space system design and operations. Includes microgravity, high vacuum, excited molecular species, space debris, the heliosphere, solar and cosmic radiation, solar-planetary interactions, planetary magnetospheres, trapped radiation and planetary ionospheres and thermal plasmas. College: Sch of Extended Grad Studies Department: SEGS Restrictions: May not be enrolled in one of the following Level(s): Undergraduate SPC 5004 - Space Propulsion Systems Credits: SPACE PROPULSION SYSTEMS. Topics include principles of rocket propulsion, liquid and solid chemical rockets, throttling and thrust vectoring, electric and electromagnetic propulsion, solar sailing, space tethers and nuclear radioisotope, fission reactor and fusion propulsion systems.

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