21. The Arts OF Africa, Oceania, And The Native Americas (Cortez, 1999) cover all the arts of all the peoples of africa Gaze and Outsider Constructions ofIndigenous Identities of NonCentralized Sedentary Cultivators senufo of West http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/psiweb/general/Arts_Afr_Oce.html

About Contents Search Comments ... Internet Resources THE ARTS OF AFRICA, OCEANIA, AND THE AND THE NATIVE AMERICAS Art History 060 Dr. Constance Cortez Santa Clara University Department of Art Santa Clara, California Email: ccortez@scu.edu COURSE OBJECTIVES: This is not a survey course. It will not cover all the arts of all the peoples of Africa, Oceania, and the Native Americas. Rather, certain aspects of selected cultural traditions will he examined in order to establish a foundation for advanced upper division study of visual culture in these three areas of the world. In addition to learning about a number of specific cultural groups at particular historical moments, our goal is to understand more fully how art historical and anthropological methodologies, theories, and practices structure our encounters with the cultural materials of Africans, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans. Art as Technology: The Arts of Africa, Oceania, Native America, SouthernCalifornia (edited by Zena Pearlstone, Beverly Hills: Hillcrest Press, 1989) is available at the student bookstore. All other assigned readings are on reserve at the library. Additionally, there are a number of articles and books that have been placed on reserve in the library for supplementary reading. EVALUATIONS: Student performance will he evaluated on the following Class Participation Paper Topic (date) Exam 1 (date) Exam2(date) Research Paper (date) Exam 3 (date) CLASS PARTICIPATION: You are expected to attend all class sessions and to turn in assignments on the assigned date. 2 points will be deducted for each day after more than 2 absences. This grade is also based on "active listening," that is, listening to what others have to say and offering your own comments and opinions during classroom and group discussions.

22. Secretary Of State Colin L northeastern quadrant is home to Voltaic speaking peoples. who settled to the eastof the senufo. Whereas indigenous religions and Christianity are practiced http://www.house.gov/international_relations/108/toun0212.htm

Committee on International Relations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515-0128 Jeanne Maddox Toungara Associate Professor of History Howard University February 12, 2003 Prospects for Peace in Ivory Coast House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Africa Geographical and cultural divisions remain despite the continuing migration of Ivoirians and foreigners from the subregion within the country, moving from east to west and north to south in search of fertile cash crop zones (largely for coffee and cocoa), commercial activities, urbanization, and education. Such population movement has been a source of productivity and growth, cultural diversity and international tourist attraction, as well as socio-political advances and setbacks. As part of this document, an article published in the Journal of Democracy, (2001(July), Vol. 12, no. 3, pp.63-72) in which I explain the persistence of the ethnic factor in national politics is attached. First, the U.S. should support the spirit of the Linas-Marcoussis Agreement signed by nine participating political parties and rebel groups on January 24, 2003. The discussions leading to the Agreement were witnessed by representatives of several African states, international financial institutions ( (World Bank, IMF) and global and regional organizations (UN, EU, AU, ECOWAS) The roundtable was held after the failure of the current regime led by President Gbagbo to respond to interventions by African heads of state and ECOWAS mediation. President Jacques Chirac and his government should be praised for accepting to intervene, both militarily to save lives and diplomatically by facilitating discussions that will, hopefully, lead to a peaceful settlement of hostilities and the appointment of a functional government of reconciliation.

23. SIL Bibliography: Notes On Anthropology Community development through indigenous leadership. . god concept among the EasternSudanic peoples of southern A comparison with the Central senufo pantheon. . http://www.ethnologue.com/show_serial.asp?name=Notes on Anthropology

24. Chapter Three An Introduction To Colono Ware African Americans, Europeans, and indigenous peoples occurred. and South America,people of indigenous, Spanish, and menopause may make the senufo medicine pot http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/9412/ch3.html

Chapter Three: An Introduction to Colono Ware Colono Ware is concentrated in certain areas of the Southeast. Much of the Colono Ware in the United States comes from Florida, from Spanish-Native American settlements, and from South Carolina, from plantation contexts. Colono Ware from Virginia and Maryland occurs less often, and Colono Ware is rarely found in Georgia (Ferguson 1992b:36-37). Scholars theorize that the lack of Colono Ware in Georgia is due to the different origins of slaves brought there, possibly from African locations where there was little history of pottery making (William H. Adams, 1995, pers. comm.), or the fact that slavery began later in Georgia. In Virginia, European forms of Colono Ware such as plates, pipkins, teapots, and chamber pots are common (Ferguson 1992b:44-48). Much of the Virginia Colono Ware was burnished, apparently to give it a smooth, thin appearance. Attached handles and notching, scalloping, and fluting on vessel rims are all reminiscent of the decorative techniques found on imported European ceramics (Ferguson 1992b:52). Evidence for plantation manufacture of Colono Ware in Virginia is rare, suggesting that much of it was manufactured by Native Americans and traded. However, Ferguson (1992b:49-50) cautions that African Americans were present in many Native American communities, and their influence on pottery should not be discounted. Other Colono Wares, sometimes called

25. Template In this indigenous rural culture the woman is the ethnic groups included are theBaule, Dan, and senufo. volume in the Heritage Library of African peoples. http://urbanafreelibrary.org/cdblhimo.htm

The Urbana Free Library Children's Department Black History Month Books African American Picture Books Back to Books! Books! Books! African American Picture Books The Urbana Free Library Children's Department This list includes children's fiction by and about African-Americans. Ackerman, Karen. By the dawn's early light. Barber, Barbara E. Saturday at The New You. Allie's basketball dream. Barrett, Mary Brigid. Sing to the stars. Belton, Sandra. Best, Cari. Red light, green light, mama and me. Bogart, Jo Ellen. Daniel's dog. Brown, Margaret Wise. Baby animals. Bunting, Eve. Flower garden. Caines, Jeannette Franklin. Just us women. Carlstrom, Nancy White. Wild, wild, sunflower child Anna. Carr, Jan. Dark day, light night. Chocolate, Deborah M. Newton. On the day I was born. Clifton, Lucille. Everett Anderson's goodbye. Coleman, Evelyn. White socks only. Cooke, Trish. Mr. Pam Pam and the Hullabazoo. Crews, Donald. Bigmama's. Shortcut. Dragonwagon, Crescent. Half a moon and one whole star. Home place.

26. BURKINA FASO trade, raiding weaker neighboring peoples and shipping Mossi about 24%, Gurunsi,senufo, Lobi, Bobo Religions indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian http://vacations.lycos.com/packages/show_country.asp?countryid=BF

27. The Online Artist - Original Art, Original Artist / Ethnic Art Brief description of the senufo aesthetic tradition paintings of native american andindiginous peoples. indigenous American Indian art, with some information http://www.theonlineartist.com/ethnic.htm

Ethnic and Tribal Art Aboriginals: Art of the First Person - Gallery of tribal art from West and Central Africa, Australia, and the Americas. Art-Pacific - Folk and tribal art of New Guinea, Indonesia and the Pacific Rim, with articles, art gallery, travel, books, and links. Ethnographic.com - Mostly a series of collections of links to web sites with ethnographic content. The categories include ethnographic art dealers, museums, music, and books. Folk Art International - Dealer in tribal arts and antiquities, with many images and some cultural background on objects. Gonebeyond - Dealer in worldwide tribal arts, with many images and some cultural information. Tribal Art - Specialized site dedicated to identification of tribal art of unknown origin. Tribal Art Directory - Searchable directory of dealers, galleries, museums, with a calendar of upcoming events. Tribal Arts Online - On-line version of the magazine, "The World of Tribal Arts". Exhibitions, book reviews, editorials and a discussion board.

28. Adherents.com: By Location Chart of statistics on religion in Delaware.Category Regional North America Society and Culture Religion...... src Weeks, R. (ed.), Muslim peoples A World . primalindigenous, Cote d'Ivoire,-, 30.50%, -, -, 1998, *LINK senufo, Cote d'Ivoire, -, -, -, -, 1995, Haskins, J.From Afar http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_81.html

Adherents.com - Religion by Location Over 42,000 religious geography and religion statistics citations (membership statistics for over 4,000 different religions, denominations, tribes, etc.) for every country in the world. To Index back to Cote d'Ivoire, Catholic Cote d'Ivoire, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Christianity Cote d'Ivoire *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: INTERNATIONAL INTERCESSORS, November, 1984); (viewed Aug. 1998; now restricted Total population: 8.2 million (1980 est.). Animists, traditional beliefs - 63%; Islam (mostly Sunnis) - 25%; Christians (both Protestant and Catholic) - 12%. Christianity Cote d'Ivoire *LINK* Library of Congress Country Studies Est. 10.6 million [total pop.] (1987). In 1980s one-fourth of population Muslim, oneeighth Christian (mostly Roman Catholic), and remainder local religions or, in smaller numbers, syncretic religions. Christianity Cote d'Ivoire *LINK* CIA World Factbook web site (viewed Aug. 1998) indigenous 25%, Muslim 60%, Christian 12%; Total population: 14,986,218.

29. Adherents.com: By Location src Weeks, R. (ed.), Muslim peoples A World primalindigenous, Niger, -, 20.00%,-, -, 1992, Goring, Rosemary (ed senufo, Niger, -, -, -, -, 1995, Haskins, J. FromAfar to http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_244.html

Adherents.com - Religion by Location Over 42,000 religious geography and religion statistics citations (membership statistics for over 4,000 different religions, denominations, tribes, etc.) for every country in the world. To Index back to Nicaragua, Baptist World Alliance Nicaragua, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Catholic Nicaragua Nicaragua (series: Enchantment of Central America). Chicago: Childrens Press (1971), pg. 90. "Official Religion - None, but more than 90% of people are Roman Catholic... Population History... 1965: 1,660,000 " Catholic Nicaragua Nicaragua (series: Enchantment of Central America). Chicago: Childrens Press (1971), pg. 63. "...though there is no official religion, today about 96% of the population is Catholic. " Catholic Nicaragua Goring, Rosemary (ed). (Larousse: 1994) pg. 581-584. Table: "Population Distribution of Major Beliefs "; "Figures have been compiled from the most accurate recent available information and are in most cases correct to the nearest 1% " Catholic Nicaragua units 1998 Catholic Almanac: Our Sunday Visitor : USA (1997), pg. 333-367.

30. International Dalit Solidarity Network these areas are the Wolof, Tukulor, senufo, Minianka, Dogon They are among the pygmypeoples of africa but recognised by many as the indigenous inhabitants of http://uk.geocities.com/internationaldalitsolidarity/africa/cerdpaper.html

The International Dalit Solidarity Network "Working globally against discrimination by work and descent" Discrimination based on descent in Africa 1. Introduction This paper is based upon research of existing materials of an ethnological and anthropological nature, as well as items from the media, papers written by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), websites and submissions to local, national and international commissions. I have restricted the material to cover those forms of discrimination which exist in Africa which rely entirely on the application of the descent limb of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). Without this aspect of the ICERD, the cases discussed below have no recourse to international human rights mechanisms to tackle the discrimination they suffer. The first types of descent based discrimination I deal with are the caste systems that exist in areas of the Sahel , particularly West Africa , but also Somalia and the surrounding areas. These are systems of exclusion based on “occupational specialization of endogamous groups, in which membership is based on ascription, and between which social distance is regulated by the concept of pollution” . This definition can be applied to many of the casted peoples, usually occupational specialists in blacksmithing, potting, barding, leatherworking, weaving and other craft professions, who form a small proportion of some communities across the

31. Burkina Faso race Mossi (about 24%), Gurunsi, senufo, Lobi, Bobo Christian (mainly Roman Catholic)10%, indigenous beliefs 40%. the Bobo, Lobi, and Gurunsi peoples, with the http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107369.html

Celebs, Models ,Movie Stars... Magazines From Around the World! Ladies..Never pay retail again! Facial care packs and Cosmetics at lowest prices ! All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network World Countries Burkina Faso Infoplease Atlas: Burkina Faso National name: Burkina Faso President: Prime Minister: Paramanga Ernest Yonli (2000) Area: 105,869 sq mi (274,200 sq km) Population (2003 est.): 13,228,460 (growth rate: 2.6%); birth rate: 44.8/1000; infant mortality rate: 99.8/1000; density per sq mi: 125 Capital and largest city (1994 est.): Ouagadougou, 500,000 Monetary unit: CFA Franc Languages: French (official), tribal languages Ethnicity/race: Mossi (about 24%), Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10%, indigenous beliefs 40% Literacy rate: Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2001 est.): $12.8 billion; per capita $1,040.

32. AfricaUpdate Vol. II, Issue 2 (Spring 1995) Languages such as Mossi, Mande, Fulani, senufo, Dyula, Hausa and Serer, are some ofthe indigenous languages of encounter between France and the peoples of the http://www.ccsu.edu/Afstudy/upd2-2.html

AfricaUpdate Volume II, issue 2 (Spring, 1995) AfricaUpdate is the quarterly newsletter of the Central Connecticut State University African Studies Program. An on-line version of past issues is available in the AfricaUpdate Archives Table of contents Editorial: Francophone West Africa by Gloria Emeagwali, Chief Editor Map of pre-modern African kingdoms (98Kb), from M. Kwamena-Poh, et al, African History in Maps , from Software Toolworks, World Atlas Programme Officer for Academic Freedom, CODESRIA, C O D E S R I A Academic Freedom Programme Femi Ojo-Ade, Professor of French, St. Mary's College of Maryland, Francophone African Women Writers: African Feminism and Womanhood Maimouna Diallo-Seydi, Ibrahima Ouedraogo, Cinema-Africa: After Cinema Fest Comes the Hangover Jeanne Doiron, student at C.C.S.U., Ousmane Sembene's Camp de Thiaroye Haines Brown, History Dept., C.C.S.U., Africa and the Net Vanessa Tralongo, Student C.C.S.U., Med Hondo's Sarraounia Rachel E. Hyland, African Studies Notebook. A review of Paulus Gerdes, editor, Explorations in Ethnomathematics and Ethnoscience in Mozambique (Maputo: Instituto Superior Pedagogico, Mozambique, 1994. Pp. 77) A subscription form for the mailed edition of AfricaUpdate Editorial: Francophone West Africa by Prof. Gloria T. Emeagwali

33. Cote D'Ivoire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 major groups are the Baoule, Beti, senufo, Malinke, Anyi 1893, strong resistance bythe indigenous people delayed from the predominantly Christian peoples of S http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/CotedIvo.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia See also: Cote d'Ivoire Factbook PREVIOUS NEXT CONTENTS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. (k t d KEY ) or Ivory Coast

34. LTC Library Acquisitions - Oct-Dec 1999 - Articles, Africa And The Middle East au Sahara. (Special issue of Nomadic peoples, 21/2 the West African savannah theSenufo in northern and the discontinuity of small indigenous enterprises in http://www.wisc.edu/ltc/afar9904.html

RECENT LIBRARY ACQUISITIONS OCTOBER, NOVEMBER, DECEMBER 1999 ARTICLES - AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Region Bisson, P., and P. Dugue. "Contribution de la recherche agricole au developpement regional : le cas des zones de savanes d'Afrique centrale." (In: Les cahiers de la recherche developpement, 45, 1999, p. 85-105) Steenbock Library Periodical "CPR forum : history, resource access, and community-based management in southern and eastern Africa." (Special section of: The common property resource digest, 50, 1999, p. 1-9) Steenbock Library Documents Collection: RBM6 AC3 C737 v.50 Maxwell, D. "The political economy of urban food security in Sub-Saharan Africa." (In: World development, 27:11, 1999, p. 1939-1954) Memorial Library: AP W926 D511 Murombedzi, James. "Land expropriation, communal tenure and common property resource management in southern Africa." (In: The common property resource digest, 50, 1999, p. 1-3) Steenbock Library Documents Collection: RBM6 AC3 C737 v.50 "Savoirs et pouvoirs au Sahara." (Special issue of:

35. Untitled Document in 1893, strong resistance by the indigenous people delayed support from the predominantlyChristian peoples of S are the Baoule, Beti, senufo, Malinke, Anyi http://www.diplomacy.org/coted.html

(1995 est. pop. 14,791,000), 124,503 sq mi (322,463 sq km), W Africa, on the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Liberia and Guinea on the west, by Mali and Burkina Faso on the north, and by Ghana on the east. The official capital is Yamoussoukro ; the largest city, commercial center, and former capital is Abidjan . History before Independence comprised many small states. The Portuguese established trading settlements along the coast in the 16th cent., and other Europeans later joined the burgeoning trade in slaves and ivory. In 1842 a French military mission imposed a protectorate over the coastal zone. After 1870, France undertook a systematic conquest; although a protectorate over the entire country was proclaimed in 1893, strong resistance by the indigenous people delayed French occupation of the interior. and several thousand of its troops fought with the French during World War I, but effective French control over the area was not established until after the war. the Free French forces in the Gold Coast (now Ghana). As the desire for

36. EW&AF Articles of the world, and especially the unreached peoples, develop worship done at Fulleron the senufo of Ivory studies of the development of indigenous hymnody ever http://disciplethenations.org/EW&AFArticles.html

HOME GCWAC RESOURCES INDEX CONTENTS Benefits of Indigenous Doxology Catalyzing Creativity: Nurturing a Dying Music through Apprenticeship Using Music and the Arts to Communicate to Unreached People Groups ... CONTENTS IS THE ROLE OF RECONCILIATION PART OF OUR ROLES AS GREAT COMMISSION MUSICIANS AND ARTISTS? - (both locally and abroad?) (Editor's Note) - The scenario in the following excerpts has been played out in many nations around the world. Unintentionally, western missions has done much over the years to undermine the dignity and sense of worth of peoples of various cultures by labeling and denouncing their musical and artistic expressions, often across the board, as pagan and demonic. In coming editions we will be talking more about aspects of contextualization - which in many ways is another way of referring to the practice of seeing various God-given aspects of culture that Satan has used over the years for his own worship and glory 'reclaimed' for the glory and whole-hearted worship of our one True God. Of course one of the major issues that believers involved in contextualization need to prayerfully consider is the danger of syncretism, but often we have erred on the side of 'throwing out the baby with the bathwater' rather than recognizing that God delights in the various 'colors' and artistic expressions of worship of His people of various cultures as they are reclaimed for His glory.

37. Worldsurface.com - Sustainable Tourism For Backpackers And Independent Traveller The agricultural Soninke (Sarakole) peoples are descended from are the Bwa (Bobo),the senufo, and the There are several widely spoken indigenous languages and http://www.worldsurface.com/browse/static.asp?staticpageid=152

38. "'Universal' Music And The Case Of Death" By Philip Tagg and intersubjectively contradictory about the senufo and Cambodian highly familiarto any indigenous inhabitant of Big Sounds from Small peoples (London, 1984 http://www.theblackbook.net/acad/tagg/articles/deathmus.html

by Philip Tagg In memory of Dr E. D. Tagg , mathematician and humanist (1913-1988) (MTV Jingle, 1988) History of this text and its publication PDF version Introduction In order to polarise the question of how the universal phenomenon of death might or might not be connected to the universal phenomenon of music, I conducted a small experiment during a symposium on cross-cultural communication. Dissoumba Responses desert, heroic, ceremony. Allegro (132 bpm.), extrovert, solo and responsorial, singing, intricate polyrhythm. Responses : celebration, feasting, war, fighting, ritual, alcohol, groups, hunting, abandon, Africa, happy, wild dance, jungle. Burial Music (Senufo). Allegro (152 bpm), lively drumming and harps in birhythmic 12/8 metre. Responses : war, wedding, sadness, jungle, desert, India, people, ceremony, birth, dancing. Funeral Music (Sim Reap Orchestra, Cambodia). Moderato (108 bpm), monorhythm, xylophone accompaniment, strong drum beats marking ends of period, double-reeded melodic instrument with sharp timbre and large pitch range. Responses : Chinese, happiness, game, complaint, Turkey, wailing, suffering, love, tenderness, harvest, emptiness.

39. Race And Ethnicity Analysis - BloodBook.com, Blood Information For Life Burkina Faso, Mossi (about 24%), Gurunsi, senufo, Lobi, Bobo origin 27%, other European20%, indigenous Indian and Europe/Americas/Oceaniaborn 20%, africa-born 7 http://www.bloodbook.com/race-eth.html

RACE and ETHNICITY ANALYSIS BLOODBOOK.COM THIS PAGE PRESENTS PERCENTAGE DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES SEPARATED BY COUNTRY. TO HOME PAGE CLOSE WINDOW Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Blood Types African American Black Blood Donor Emergency COUNTRY RACIAL and/or ETHNIC ANALYSIS of PEOPLE GROUPS Afghanistan Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian (see Barbuda) Argentina European 97% (mostly of Spanish and Italian descent), 3% other (mostly Indian or Mestizo) Armenia Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989) Note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia

40. Print Version--Lecture VIII. Social And Politial Tale did not destroy the indigenous peoples entriely, nor a Wilderness Spirit Baule group,senufo peoples, Ivory Coast associated with the Akan peoples, are located http://califia.hispeed.com/Folklore/plecture8.htm

Lecture VIII. The Socio-Economic Interpretation of Folktales Here we will begin investigating other methods for analyzing folk materialthe socio-economic approaches. While all tales do not lend themselves to these techniques, a surprising number do! Harris makes some interesting assertions in his book about Cows and Witches. He argues that many times the myths made by cultures are oblique self-explanations. These myths-as-culture-models, he argues, serve to give an imaginative justification to habits and mores that have arisen out of environmental and economic forces. If we follow his reasoning in the analysis of other folk material that we have encountered, we might have to see the Trojan War as a trade disagreement, and Paul Bunyan as a statement about resource management. Such thinking leads naturally into other observations about folk material and the societies that create it. You are now reading Jack Zipes, who is one of the leading theorists about the social and economic meaning of folk talesand we will explore his ideas in the next two lessons. Assignment From your work for your final project, bring in one story

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