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         Post-traumatic Stress Disorders Special Ed:     more detail

1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Information about PTSD and the effects of trauma Continuing ed. Treatment. Local and Regional. WomensMentalHealth. MPD, Dissociation. special Techniques all eating disorders including anorexia,
http://mentalhealth.about.com/library/weekly/aa062899.htm
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with Leonard Holmes, Ph.D.
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The Psychological Effects of Trauma
Leonard Holmes, Ph.D. http://mentalhealth.about.com Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a diagnosis which was first made following the Viet Nam war. Veterans who saw combat in Viet Nam were found to have a number of symptoms not clearly documented in any other diagnostic category. In fact, these symptoms had been observed in combat veterans in many previous wars. It seems that PTSD is constantly being rediscovered. War has always taken a toll. Accounts throughout history tell of nightmares and other emotional problems associated with the horrors of war. It seems that we repeatedly discover the effects of trauma on humans every time we go to war. Terms like "combat fatigue" and "shell shock" were used in the past to describe some of the effects of combat. These terms are misleading because they imply that the effects of combat are short term. In the DSM-IV the term "Acute Stress Disorder" is used for a similar syndrome lasting less than 30 days.

2. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - MEDLINE Plus
The National Library of Medicine has compiled these resources on the subject of posttraumatic stress Disorder (PTSD). Continuing ed. Treatment. Local and Regional. WomensMentalHealth. MPD, Dissociation. special Techniques Clinical Trials post-traumatic stress disorders (CenterWatch, Inc.)
http://mentalhealth.about.com/library/mlp/blptsd.htm
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MEDLINE plus Health Information
From the National Library of Medicine Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

3. Acute And Post-traumatic Stress Disorder After Spontaneous Abortion -
is usually considered a special time in a woman's life. Manual of Mental disorders, 4th ed. (DSMIV), acute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are
http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000315/1689.html

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Acute and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder After Spontaneous Abortion
STEPHEN V. BOWLES, MAJ, MS, USA
United States Army Soldier Support Institute, Fort Jackson, South Carolina
LARRY C. JAMES, LTC, MS, USA
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.
DIANE S. SOLURSH, PH.D.
Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
MICHAEL K. YANCEY, LTC, MC, USA
Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
TED D. EPPERLY, COL, MC, USA
Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, Georgia
RAYMOND A. FOLEN, PH.D., and
MARYANN MASONE, CPT, MC, USA
Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
P regnancy is usually considered a special time in a woman's life. Hopes for the future, a sense of fulfillment as a woman, early bonding to the unborn child, and the expectations of one's partner and family, are factors that contribute to a complex emotional response to pregnancy. The meaning attached to a pregnancy may assume extraordinary importance for a woman. Besides validating femininity, having a child may be seen as the only way to save a marriage, to please a parent, to make amends for previous "sins" (such as an earlier induced abortion) or even to "replace" a child who has died. A couple struggling with infertility may have an even greater emotional (as well as financial) investment in a pregnancy. Thus, a spontaneous abortion can be extremely stressful for the mother, father, family, physician and others in the social support system.

4. Books Received, June 1999 // National Center For Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Discusses the special and unique features of deathrelated PTSD, along with its Yule,William (ed.). post-traumatic stress disorders Concepts and Therapy
http://www.ncptsd.org/Books_Received_9906.html
Home Topics Facts Publications Facts CQ PILOTS RQ Research Treatment Assessment DMH Manual Reading PTSD Resource Center The Unending Trauma Clinician's Guide to PTSD Books Catalog Recent Acquisitions Documents Video Assessment About NCPTSD Most Popular Pages:
Books Received, June 1999
Please note that this list presents annotations rather than reviews. It is intended to notify readers of recent publications of potential interest, not to evaluate or recommend specific titles. The annotations are often quoted or adapted from prefatory material in the book itself, or from information provided by the publisher. Bratton, Mary From Surviving to Thriving: A Therapist's Guide to Stage II Recovery for Survivors of Childhood Abuse
Binghamton, New York: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press, 1999 282 pp., ISBN: 0-7890-0256-6 $24.95 paper
Courtois, Christine A. Recollections of Sexual Abuse: Treatment Principles and Guidelines New York: Norton, 1999 xix, 436 pp., ISBN: 0-393-70281-2 $45.00 hardcover
    This book seeks to provide practicing clinicians with information about the false memory debate and to provide principles and guidelines for working with issues of recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse.
Figley, Charles R. (ed.)

5. Pubs
Brief Treatments in Traumatology special Project of the Green Cross Figley, CR (ed.)(1985 its Wake The Study and Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders
http://mailer.fsu.edu/~cfigley/pubs.html
Recent Publications of
Charles R. Figley, Ph.D.
(version 1.8, 9December2002)
Books
  • Figley, C. R. (2002). Brief Treatments in Traumatology: Special Project of the Green Cross Foundation. West Port, Connecticut. Figley, C. R. (2002). Treating Compassion Fatigue . Philadelphia: Brunner-Rutledge. Figley, C. R. (1998). The Traumatology of Grieving . Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel. Figley, C. R., Bride, B., and Mazza, N. (Eds.) (1997). Death and Trauma Figley, C. R. (1997). Burnout in Families: The Systemic Costs of Caring . Boca Raton: CRC Press. Figley, C.R. (Ed.) (1995). Compassion Fatigue: Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorders from Treating the Traumatized . New York: Brunner/Mazel. ( Review Beyond Trauma: Cultural and Societal Dynamics . New York: Plenum Press. Figley, C.R. (1994). Helping Traumatized Families, Chinese (Cantonese) Edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Figley, C. R. (Ed.) (1989). Treating Stress in Families . New York: Brunner/Mazel. Figley, C. R. (1989). Helping Traumatized Families . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Figley, C. R. (Ed.) (1986).
  • 6. Northwest Suburban Special Ed. Org. V. IC, No. 1-99-1956WC
    depressive disorder secondary to a posttraumatic stress disorder with for by definition,such disorders are always any duties as a special education teacher.
    http://www.state.il.us/court/Opinions/IndCommn/2000/1stDistrict/February/HTML/19
    Northwest Suburban Special Ed. Org. v. IC, No. 1-99-1956WC
    1st District, February 29, 2000
    Industrial Commission Division NORTHWEST SUBURBAN SPECIAL EDUCATION ORGANIZATION, Appellant, v. THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION, et al. (James Taylor, Appellee.) Appeal from Circuit Court Cook County No. 98L50663 Honorable John A. Ward, Judge Presiding. JUSTICE RARICK delivered the opinion of the court: Claimant, James Taylor, sought benefits pursuant to the Workers' Compensation Act (Act) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 48, par. 138.1 et seq) for his condition of ill-being allegedly stemming from an incident that occurred on February 22, 1991, while in the employ of Northwest Suburban Special Education Organization, employer. The arbitrator determined claimant sustained accidental injuries arising out of and in the course of his employment and awarded claimant 212 3/7 weeks of temporary total disability benefits as well as wage differential benefits under section 8(d)(1) of the Act for the duration of his disability. On review, the Industrial Commission (Commission), with one dissent, affirmed the decision of the arbitrator, and the circuit court of Cook County confirmed the decision of the Commission. Employer appeals contending the decision awarding claimant benefits is against the manifest weight of the evidence and contrary to law.

    7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder And The Elderly - Old Age Psychiatrist Issue 27
    posttraumatic stress disorder among special forces Vietnam (ed GL Belenky) pp 21-29. Tatum, E. (1989) Community patterns of post traumatic stress disorders.
    http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/college/faculty/oaprofessional/oap27/nine.htm
    The Royal College of Psychiatrists Charity Registration Number 228636 References
    Further reading

    Contacts

    Links
    ... Search
    Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Elderly
    Dr Walter Busuttil
    Co-Director Trauma Service
    Priory Ticehurst House
    Hon. Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry, Kent Institute of Medicine and Health Studies
    Little empirical work has been performed evaluating the demographics, clinical presentation, assessment, diagnosis and management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the elderly (Cook et al, 2001). With an ageing population that will continue to live longer, greater clinical knowledge and more research into all aspects of Post Traumatic Stress Syndromes in the ageing population is desirable and overdue. The Aging Process and Coping with Trauma
    Trauma theorists have commented upon the shifting of coping strategies following traumatisation. Traumatisation shifts coping-style from a pre-traumatisation balance of problem-solving-focussed coping and emotion focussed coping to a more emotion focussed stance. Similarly psychological traumatisation is said to shift locus of control from internality to externality (Lazarus, 1966; Rotter, 1966; Novaco et al, 1983). In the elderly these are important theoretical concepts. This is because a significant proportion of the population who are traumatised during their younger years manage to cope and function by maintaining a rigid problem-solving-focussed stance in their coping style and maintain an internal locus of control.

    8. Professional Page
    anxiety disorder, obsessivecompulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder), as Mood disorders (Web Site to other links). US DOE Office of special ed.
    http://webhost.bridgew.edu/rmacmillan/linksp~4.htm
    Special Education Scroll down for the following sites: general interest Special Education Educational Associations, Government Agencies, state and local school sites in Massachusetts Pennsylvania and California, sites specific to School Administration Inclusion, Early Childhood Education Learning Disabilities Attention Deficit (with Hyperactivity) Disorder Emotional and Behavioral Disorders (you may wish to go to E/BD " issues and definitions and Eating Disorders. General Special Education Resources on the Internet The Big Page of Special Education Links Case Manager Resource Guide (online directory of healthcare information) Disability Now (comprehensive site for UK resources) EducationWorld Marc's Special Education Northwest Regional Education Laboratory (comprehensive site, k-12 and special education) Planet K-12 Unicorn Children's Foundation Special Needs Education (Canada) Special Olympics Massachusetts Special Olympics TeacherZone Special Needs Opportunity Windows (professional development) Heritage OnLine K-12 Special Education Resources (site not available) An Inclusive Special Education Resource (site not available) Associations American Psychological Association Center for Adolescent Studies Council for Exceptional Children National Association for the Education of Young Children ... National Coalition for Parent Involvement in Education in Washington (site not available)

    9. Dir 98 Web
    Psychologist, 1980; special ed Supervisor, 1979 teens, geriatr special PopulationsTreated disorders, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress, impulse control
    http://www.pavisnet.com/mh/pennell.html
    Pennell, III, William H.
    1755 Oregon Pike
    Lancaster, PA 17601
    Fax -
    Type of Professional: Psychologist
    Male Birth Date: December 26, 1940
    Other Locations Lititz
    Highest Academic Degree: M.Ed.(1973) Special Education, Millersville University
    : Psychologist, 1980; Special Ed Supervisor, 1979; National Cert School Psychologist, 1989
    Hourly Session Fee $ 35 Hour = minutes
    county MH/MR
    Participating Provider of
    PA Blue Shield, PA CASSP Training Institute Primary Orientations Contextual Orientations Cognitive-Behavioral, Humanistic, Rational-Emotive, 12 Step, Social Learning Primary Therapies Provided behavioral, contextual, meditation Therapies Provided individual, family, group, stress management Tests Provided Expert Witness disability, right to education, 504 Ages Treated adults, children, teens, geriatr Special Populations Treated ADHD/learning disability, adult child of alcoholic, developmentally delayed Key Problems Treated attention-deficit hyperactivity, learning disabilities, parent-child problems All Problems Treated Talks Provided ADD Look-Alikes Focus on ADHD Professional Memberships COMMENT: I offer advocacy, diagnosis, case management and short term therapies for individuals w/learning and adjustment differences. I specialize in complete echological differential diagnosis of children who present with symptoms of impulsiveness, hyperactivity and/or inattentiveness.

    10. Special Kids Today – Walking On Eggshells Teens With Borderline Personality Dis
    Diane Roberts Stoler, ed.D., a health psychologist and author of Coping With MildTraumatic posttraumatic stress disorder; Mood disorders; Panic/anxiety
    http://specialkidstoday.com/resources/articles/bpd.htm
    Search the Network:
    news
    resources community diaries ... shop
    Walking on Eggshells Teens With Borderline Personality Disorder By Gwen Morrison Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is one of the most controversial diagnoses in psychology today. According to BPD Central , one of the oldest and largest resources online, a personality disorder is described as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectation of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, is stable over time and leads to distress or impairment in interpersonal relationships.” When a person suffers from borderline personality disorder, it causes distress for both the individual who has the disorder and all of the people who interact with him. Signs and Symptoms
    The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI)
    based in Arlington, Va., says that BPD is characterized by impulsivity and instability in mood, self-image and personal relationships. Individuals who have BPD have several of the following symptoms:
    • Marked mood swings with periods of intense depression, irritability and/or anxiety lasting a few hours to a few days.

    11. ISTSS History References
    Irrational reactions to posttraumatic stress disorder and Viet Nam special conventionissue. CR Figley (ed.), stress disorders among Vietnam veterans Theory
    http://www.istss.org/What/historyrefs.htm
    References Countertransference in the Treatment of PTSD . New York: Guilford. Armstrong, L. (1994.) Rocking the cradle of sexual politics. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. Askevold, F. (1976). The war sailor syndrome. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics The crime victim's book . New York: Brunner/Mazel. Issues in law enforcement: essays and case studies. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company. Bastiaans, J. (1974). The KZ-syndrome: A thirty-year study of the effects on victims of Nazi concentration camps. Revue de Medecine et Chirurgie 78, 573-580. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. The trauma of war: Stress and recovery in Viet Nam veterans (pp.69-98). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 915-924). New York: Plenum Press.

    12. Kelley Cousins, M.S., M.Ed., L.P.C., Meier Clinics Therapist
    Depression, Anxiety, Eating disorders, Marital Conflicts, posttraumatic stress,Co-Dependency special Interests Kelley Cousins works with adults and
    http://www.meiernewlifeclinics.com/clinics/alabama/birmingham/bios/cousins.htm
    Toll Free Hotline:
    Birmingham - Outpatient and Day Program
    Meet Your Therapists
    Kelley Cousins, M.S., M.Ed., L.P.C.
    Depression, Anxiety, Eating Disorders, Marital Conflicts, Post-Traumatic Stress, Co-Dependency, Emotional/Physical/Sexual Abuse
    Birmingham - Outpatient and Day Program Meier Clinics Therapist Referral: (205) 879-9964
    Education: Kelley Cousins completed her Masters of Education in Agency Counseling from the University of Montevallo. Specialty Training and Experience: Prior to entering the field of counseling, Kelley obtained a M.S. in Speech-Language Pathology from the University of Montevallo and worked in the public school system for four years. For several years, she was involved in establishing and leading a successful ministry to single adults. Kelley Cousins has served as a Licensed Professional Counselor and Clinic Director of New Life Clinics (NLC) in Birmingham.
    Groups: Kelley Cousins facilitates groups in the Day Program.

    13. A Narrative Constructivist Perspective Of Treatment Of Post-Traumatic Stress Dis
    TREATMENT OF posttraumatic stress disorders WITH ERICKSONIAN with Posttraumaticstress Disorder, is Ericksonian monographs; special treatment populations.
    http://www.aaets.org/arts/art32.htm
    A NARRATIVE CONSTRUCTIVIST PERSPECTIVE OF TREATMENT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS WITH ERICKSONIAN HYPNOSIS AND EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING Rosemarie Amendolia, Ph.D. Abstract In a trauma survivor, physiological responses are exacerbated when the affect-laden memories stored in associative networks are triggered by environmental sensory inputs or cues and activate the autonomic nervous system. Recovery from trauma involves not only amelioration of physiological and dissociative symptoms, but also the cognitive rebuilding of a viable assumptive world view which integrates the realms of vulnerability, meaning and self-esteem. This world view is contextualized in cultural idioms and values. From an Ericksonian perspective, persons are usually attempting to problem-solve, even in a dissociative date. A symptom such as an intrusive recollection or recurrent dream of a traumatic event is therefore construed as a request for help in problem-solving. Hypnosis is a structured dissociation which facilitates cognitive flexibility; that is, the broadening of choices of the client' s belief system, rather than direct work on changing affect or behaviors. The goal of Ericksonian hypnosis is to recontextualize the traumatic memory, the affect of fear, and the physiological hyperarousal cued by the traumatic memory. This occurs within a broader context of pride, mastery and courage, and within a context inclusive of other memories and affects, which are positive for the client.

    14. Trauma Information Pages, Articles: Goodwin (1987)
    Jim Goodwin describes the etiology of combatrelated PTSD in a 1987 chapter published in Williams (ed.) post-traumatic stress disorders a handbook for clinicians. of Combat-Related post-traumatic stress disorders designated as Post Traumatic stress disorders in the American
    http://www.trauma-pages.com/goodwin.htm
    The Etiology of Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders
    by Jim Goodwin, Psy.D. (1987)
    IN: Tom Williams (Ed.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: a handbook for clinicians, pp. 1-18.
    Published in Cincinatti, Ohio by DISABLED AMERICAN VETERANS
    National Headquarters P O Box 14301 Cincinnati, OH 45214
    INTRODUCTION
    Most Vietnam veterans have adjusted well to life back in the United States, following their wartime experiences. That's a tribute to these veterans who faced a difficult homecoming to say the least. However, a very large number of veterans haven't made it all the way home from the war in Southeast Asia. By conservative estimates, at least half a million Vietnam veterans still lead lives plagued by serious, war-related readjustment problems. Such problems crop up in a number of ways, varying from veteran to veteran. Flashbacks to combat... feelings of alienation or anger... depression, loneliness and an inability to get close to others... sometimes drug or alcohol problems... perhaps even suicidal feelings. The litany goes on. In its efforts to help these veterans, the 700,000-member Disabled American Veterans (DAV) funded the FORGOTTEN WARRIOR PROJECT research on Vietnam veterans by John P. Wilson, Ph.D. at Cleveland State University. That research resulted in formation of the DAV Vietnam Veterans Outreach Program to provide counseling to these veterans in 1978. With 70 outreach offices across the United States, this DAV program served as a model for the Veterans Administration (VA) Operation Outreach program for Vietnam era veterans, which was established approximately a year later.

    15. Reading List
    populations Application to Personality disorders and Post special issue of Advancesin Behaviour Research 1992) Counselling for posttraumatic stress Disorder.
    http://www.apns.ca/Post-Trauma/reading list.html

    Nature of Services Provided
    Committee's Terms of Reference APNS-EMO Memorandum of Understanding 2001 Annual Report ... Return to APNS Home
    Reading List and On-line Resources Allen, J. G. (1995). Coping with Trauma: A guide to self-understanding. Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Press. Barrett, Deirdre, (Ed.) (1996) Trauma and Dreams. The Courage to Heal: A guide for women survivors of child sexual abuse Managing Traumatic Stress Through Art. Lutherville, MD. The Sidran Press. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27, 201-214. Cambridge Univ. Press. Death and Trauma: The traumatology of grieving Figley, C.R. (Ed.) (1995). Compassion Fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. N.Y.: Brunner/Mazel. Foy, David W. (Ed.) (1993). Treating PTSD: Cognitive-behavioral strategies. Guilford Press. Overcoming Traumatic Stress: A self-help guide using cognitive behavioral techniques. London, Robinson. Herman, Judith L. (1992).

    16. Stress, Trauma And Post Traumatic Stress Disorders In Children :::: Welcome To C
    PTSD and other neuropsychiatric disorders in over and posted in a special sectionof posttraumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) A neuropsychiatric disorder that
    http://www.childtrauma.org/ctamaterials/ptsd_interdisc.asp
    ChildTrauma Academy Interdisciplinary Education Series Volume 2, Number 5 September, 1999 Stress, Trauma and Post-traumatic Stress Disorders in Children An Introduction Bruce D. Perry, MD, Ph.D. Pre-final Draft This booklet is one in a series developed by the ChildTrauma Academy to assist caregivers and various professionals working with maltreated or traumatized children. Interdisciplinary Education Series Edited by B. D. Perry Adapted from: "Maltreated Children: Experience, Brain Development and the Next Generation" by Bruce D. Perry Introduction "Mama was in the bedroom. They was all fighting. Mama kicked at Thomas. He grabbed up a knife. And then cut Mama. There was blood all over the floor. I should have kilt him dead. Then we went outside and there was police. My sister got to push the siren. Mama is in heaven ." Six year old child describing the murder of her mother as she colored a picture of her family - with her mother as an angel in heaven Each year in United States more than five million children experience some extreme traumatic event. These include natural disasters (e.g., tornadoes, floods, hurricanes), motor vehicle accidents, life threatening illness and associated painful medical procedures (e.g., severe burns, cancer), physical abuse, sexual assault, witnessing domestic or community violence, kidnapping and sudden death of a parent. More than 40 % of these children will develop some form of chronic neuropsychiatric problem that can significantly impair their emotional, academic and social functioning. The majority of these neuropsychiatric problems are classified as Anxiety Disorders, with the most common being Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

    17. Mental Disorders
    Links and resources regarding mental health and behavioural disorders organized by the Karolinska Institute.Category Health Medicine Medical specialties Behavioral Medicine...... On posttraumatic stress Disorder - APA Online (US); Combat disorders War Psychiatry AboutGulfLink Office of the special Assistant for Gulf War Illness; Gulf
    http://www.mic.ki.se/Diseases/f3.html
    search help staff
    Mental Disorders
    Patients and laypersons looking for guidance among the target sources of this collection of links are strongly advised to review the information retrieved with their professional health care provider. Alphabetical List of Diseases

    Search PubMed at NCBI/NLM

    18. Pathological Conditions, Signs And Symptoms(Non MeSH)
    head; Hormone Replacement Therapy, special edition NY Near Drowning - Merck Manual/HomeEd. See also under stress disorders, post-traumatic links. Fatigue A
    http://www.mic.ki.se/Diseases/c23.html
    search help staff
    Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms (Non MeSH)
    Patients and laypersons looking for guidance among the target sources of this collection of links are strongly advised to review the information retrieved with their professional health care provider. Alphabetical List of Diseases

    Search PubMed at NCBI/NLM

    19. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Identification And Diagnosis
    of trauma are a special area for STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL disorders, Fourth Edition Scrignar,CB, MD, posttraumatic stress DISORDER Diagnosis, Treatment
    http://www.healing-arts.org/tir/n-r-rothschild.htm
    This article is brought to you by: The Healing Center On-Line , with kind permission by the author.
    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:
    Identification and Diagnosis
    Invited article for Soziale Arbeit Schweiz
    (The Swiss Journal of Social Work), February 1998. By Babette Rothschild, MSW, LCSW Member:
    International and European Societies for Traumatic Stress Studies
    National Association of Social Workers (USA) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) disrupts the functioning of those afflicted by it, interfering with the ability to meet their daily needs and perform the most basic tasks. Trauma continues to intrude on the lives of people with PTSD as they relive the life-threatening experiences they have suffered with visual, auditory and/or somatic reality, reacting in mind and body as though such events were still occurring. Not everyone experiencing traumatic events develops PTSD; it is a complex psychobiological condition that can emerge in the wake of life-threatening experiences when normal psychological and somatic stress responses to a traumatic event are not resolved and released. In this paper it is proposed that Autonomic Nervous System hyperarousal is at the core of PTSD and the driving force behind phenomena such as dissociation, freezing and flashbacks. Acute traumatic reactions are differentiated from PTSD and strategies for intervention are suggested. INTRODUCTION Events that are threatening to life or bodily integrity will produce traumatic stress in its victim. This is a normal, adaptive response of the mind and body to protect the individual by preparing him to respond to the the threat by fighting or fleeing. If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipated allowing the victim to return to a normal level of functioning. PTSD develops: when fight or flight is not possible; the threat persists over a long period of time; and/or the threat is so extreme that the instinctive response of the victim is to freeze.

    20. Review - Treating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder ...
    focuses on assessment general strategies, the special role of Treating posttraumaticstress disorder A handbook and practice manual for Anxiety disorders.
    http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/books/meichen.htm
    Book Review
    Treating post-traumatic stress disorder:
    A handbook and practice manual for therapy
    The Australasian Journal of Disaster
    and Trauma Studies
    Volume : 1997-3
    Review of:
    Treating post-traumatic stress disorder:
    A handbook and practice manual for therapy
    by : Donald Meichenbaum
    (1997) John Wiley: Brisbane.
    Reviewed by: Kevin R. Ronan
    Department of Psychology
    Massey University
    Palmerston North
    New Zealand
    Reducing stress in working with PTSD clients: The value of a practitioner's guidebook.
    The amount of empirically-based attention directed towards Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) since its inception in DSM in 1980 has been extensive. The book Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Handbook and Practice Therapy Manual for Therapy Owing to the fact that the book is largely an attempt at organizing numerous handouts, it is important for the reader to read the Prologue/Introduction to get oriented. Some effort has gone into organizing these handouts in a manner that has a logical flow. As a consequence, the book contains eight "sections" as they are referred to that focus on epidemiology/diagnosis, a narrative conceptualization of PTSD, and assessment followed by general and specific treatment procedures and finishing with some additional information/resources. Each section also finishes with a section called "Testing Your Expertise" designed to help consolidate learning from that section. The second section offers a narrative perspective on PTSD from a constructivist epistemological perspective. This section is brief but can be valuable when used within an empirically-based treatment approach. One area of particular value that the handbook goes into some detail on is the use of metaphor as part of cognitive reframing that can give some meaning to events that are sometimes hard to understand. In our own work with anxiety-disordered children and adolescents, we have found that children benefit by being able to call upon their own "Fear Force" or other superhero when coping with emotional reactions to fearful (or related) stimuli including traumatic events (e.g., Kendall et al., 1992; Ronan & Deane, 1997). A strength of this section is in providing lists of examples to describe various emotional states (e.g, metaphors for hypersensitivity, psychic numbing, intrusive ideation, loss) as well as a long list of "healing" metaphors.

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