21. Thorup...Kuna Indians History, pictures, and culture of this panama Indian tribe. http://www.thorup.com/cuna.html

SHERRY THORUP the KUNA INDIANS (1977) Barre Publishing, Barre, Massachusetts The Kuna Indians are a strongly-knit tribal society living on a chain of islands called San Blas Archipelago, on the Atlantic side of the Republic of Panama. Believed to be decendents of the Caribs, the Kuna Indians still live in much the same manner as their ancestors. The San Blas people have cleverly managed to retain their tribal identity and contentedly lead a moral balanced life, free from the complexities of modern, highly-organized societies. The Kuna have a matriachal society in which the line of inheritance passes through the women. A young man, after marriage, must live in his mother-in-law's house and work for several years under apprenticeship to his father-in-law. Divorce is uncommon, although it requires no more than the husband to gather his clothes and move out of the house. The daughters of the Kuna people are prized because they will eventually bring additional manpower into the family. For some unknown reason, there is a high rate of albinism in the Kuna men. Because of the intensity of the sun in Central America, the albino men are not able to do the work expected of a Kuna man. In order to contribute to their community, they assume duties traditionally assigned to the women, including mola-making. Although encouraged not to marry, the albino men are accepted in the community and their work is respected by their peers.

22. MapZones.com Culture panama, culture, Back to Top. The cosmopolitan urban culture near thecanal contrasts with the rural culture of the savannas. The latter http://www.mapzones.com/world/central_america/panama/cultureindex.php

Country Info Panama Introduction Panama General Data Panama Maps Panama Culture ... Panama Time and Date Panama Culture Back to Top The cosmopolitan urban culture near the canal contrasts with the rural culture of the savannas. The latter area, with its cattle ranches and horsemanship, is something of a centre of Hispanic tradition. Old folk songs and handicrafts (like the straw-hat industry) are preserved there—for example, around the towns of Chitré and Las Tablas. Also culturally distinctive are the territories of the various Indian groups, each with its language and handicrafts, such as brightly embroidered smocks (molas) worn by Kuna women and netted carrying bags made by the Guaymí. The Kuna have a strong tradition of storytelling, including epic poetry that can extend for hundreds or thousands of lines. Other areas of cultural interest include the Caribbean islands of Almirante Bay, with their Antillean customs. Panamanian culture derives fundamentally from European musical, artistic, and literary traditions brought by the Spanish. Important African and Native American influences have been added to these, however, creating hybrid forms unique to Panama. The traditional dance, tamborito, for example, is descended from Spanish folkways, yet it also incorporates native rhythms, themes, and dance steps. Popular music, while influenced by international recordings, draws heavily on Afro-Caribbean music. Verse and prose are composed and published in Spanish but incorporate themes, characters, and plots that arise out of Panama’s complex experience. Generally speaking, art for the elite stays closer to European models, while that for the lower classes contains strong African and Native American overtones.

23. ATLAPAC - Jungle Expeditions Like Never Before !!! Offers the ability to live with the indian tribes that inhabit the area of Darien, panama and learn about their culture and customs. Included are details of expeditions, photographs, and contact information. http://www.altovoltaje.com/

ATLAPAC Expeditions offers the adventure traveler unique expeditions in the area of the Darien Jungle in Panama, Central America. Exploring off the beaten path areas and trekking uncharted areas. Our main jungle expedition is a challenge in crossing the American Continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific through a route in this wild jungle, the Darien. Live in real Indian villages like the Kunas in the San Blas Islands, the Wounan and the Chocoes in the main land, learn their customs and traditions, experience jungle survival and explore the wild; all through ATLAPAC Expeditions. E N T E R BEST VIEWED WITH AND SCREEN RESOLUTION 800 X 600.

24. MapZones.com History After the beginning of agriculture and stone toolmaking, panama’snative population grew and developed an impressive culture. http://www.mapzones.com/world/central_america/panama/historyindex.php

Country Info Panama Introduction Panama General Data Panama Maps Panama Culture ... Panama Time and Date Panama History Back to Top The first humans entered Panama at least 10,000 years ago. They were descendants of migrants who had crossed a land bridge from Asia to North America. Some of these first people remained in Panama, while others continued to South America. After the beginning of agriculture and stone toolmaking, Panama’s native population grew and developed an impressive culture. The early indigenous people are best known for their beautiful gold jewelry, beads, and multicolored pottery, left behind in huacas, or burial mounds. In addition to farming, they hunted and fished for food, and traded goods among villages. Most lived in thatched-roof huts, similar to those in which many of their descendants live today. In 1501 the Spaniard Rodrigo de Bastidas, in the company of Juan de la Cosa and Vasco Núñez de Balboa, was the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of the Isthmus of Panama. In 1510 Diego de Nicuesa, another Spanish explorer, established the settlement of Nombre de Dios at the mouth of the Chagres River, and to the southwest, Alonso de Ojeda founded San Sebastian de Urabá. The colony, facing fierce resistance from local Indian tribes, was moved at the instigation of Balboa. The new site was to the northeast, across the Atrato River, and was named Santa María de la Antigua del Darién. It became the first permanent settlement on the isthmus and the focus of jealous intrigues centring around Balboa.

25. Mi Nombre Es Panama/Menu Links to articles about the history and culture of panama http://www.czbrats.com/Menus/Mi_Nombre_es_Panama.htm

Mi Nombre es Panamá Articles about the history and culture of Panamá National Anthem of Panama Naming Panama Founding of Old Panama Vasco Nunez de Balboa The History of the Pollera Panama Viejo Choco Indians Arch Spans Centuries Kuna Indians of the San Blas Guaymi Indians of Tole Panama's Golden Huacas Panama's Petroglyphs Panama's Natural Bridge Taboga Island Mosqueta Jewelry The Highlands of Chiriqui Carnaval!! El Valle de Anton The Lost Laughter of Darien Recompense The Sleeping Princess Embera-Wounaan Cultural Festival Devil's Peak Castillo de Oro Panama Before Bastides, Columbus, and Balboa The Capture of Porto Bello The Pearl Industry in Panama The Isthmian Bubble The Fall of Old Panama, 1671 Sancocho (serialized) Folklore A Trip to Portobelo The Isthmus In The Days of '49 Night of Horror in April '56 Panameño, Panameño DeLesseps - His Great Scheme The Canal in American Hands Lola Montez "of Paris and Panama" Mutterings of Separation Oceans Linked By Steel Ribbons, 1855

26. Ah! Panama Online directory providing links to sites including news, education, sports, arts, business directories, Category Regional Central America panama Guides and Directories......panama General Information business, travel, tourism, lodging, spanish schoolsand education, real estate, culture, news, weather, entertainment, government http://www.ahpanama.com/

Ah! Panama Welcome to the online Panama resource. Find complete listings of hotels, tours, business and real estate, Panama Canal, living abroad, Spanish schools and education. Ah! Panama gives you the most information in the quickest amount of time. You have found what you were looking for in Panama! Arts and Entertainment Business and Economy Education Government ... Travel and Tourism Weather Business Travel Education Real Estate ... Contact Us Other Countries: Costa Rica Belize Guatemala Nicaragua ... Mexico E-mail us at info@ahpanama.com Advertise with Us

27. Cuna An ethnolinguistic group located mainly in eastern panama. http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7839

Society-CUNA The Cuna are an ethnolinguistic group located mainly in eastern Panama. A few Cuna are found within the national territory of Colombia, but most of what is known about the group pertains to the Panamanian population. The majority of the Cuna20,831 in 1940reside in villages in the San Blas archipelago region, while an additional 1,000-5,000 live along inland watercourses (Marshall 1950: 167; Stout 1947: 14). Their present distribution is the result of migrations, which began in the mid-1800s, from highland riverside locations on the islands of San Blas. Some Cuna remained in the mountain regions, and most of their descendants live along the Bayano and Chucuaque rivers. This geographical separation has led modern observers to divide the group into the Mainland or Mountain Cuna, and the San Blas Cuna. There is little contact between the two groups, and there appear to be some differences between them in such matters as subsistence activities and degree of acculturation. Since the Mountain group has tended to discourage outside contacts and is, therefore, relatively unstudied, a discussion of the degree of variation between the two groups is impossible. But they are identified by their common language, Cuna. This language is presently classified as one of the Central American languages of the Eastern Chibchan group within the Macro-Chibchan phylum (Voegelin and Voegelin 1965: 25-28). The climate of Panama is hot and humid. The average annual temperature is 27 degrees C. in Colon, with somewhat lower temperatures in higher altitudes, and there is little annual fluctuation. Rainfall is heavy, averaging 254 cm. annually, and seasonal. January to May is considered the dry season, and May to September is the time of the heaviest rains. Most of the Cuna territory is marshy and covered with tropical forest or secondary growth. In contrast, the San Blas Islands inhabited by the Cuna have been cleared of most growth, except for coconut trees, and are covered with a layer of sand. The Cuna have had a long and varied history of contact with Europeans, beginning in the early 1500s with the arrival of the Spanish. Reconstructions would seem to indicate that the Cuna lived along inland waterways and had a mixed subsistence strategy based on horticulture, hunting, fishing, and collecting. The aboriginal social structure is thought to have been one of highly stratified villages, each with its own chief, nobles, commoners, and slaves. Warfare was probably common, especially against the neighboring Choco and Catio people. The arrival of the Spanish opened a period of deculturation and decimation. Many Cuna were killed in warfare or by European diseases, and the Spanish used harsh measures in extracting tribute and labor from the indigenous populations. Often the Cuna allied themselves with the British against the Spanish. This pattern of hostility toward Spanish-speakers, contrasted with amicable relations with English-speakers, has continued in modern times. After independence from Spain, the Cuna eventually aligned themselves with Panama rather than Colombia. In 1925 they staged a rebellion, which resulted in the San Blas area becoming a largely autonomous Cuna reserve within the Republic of Panama, a political status it still holds today. The Cuna in the twentieth century are undergoing a population increase, and, although remaining somewhat outside the mainstream of Panamanian society, they are increasingly influenced by Western culture. At present, the Cuna economy is based on a mixture of hunting, fishing, collecting, horticulture, trade, and migratory work. Peccaries, squirrels, tapirs, agoutis, monkeys, deer, birds, and iguanas are the principal species hunted. Hunting techniques include the use of bow and arrow, blowguns, spears, shotguns, and pits. Nets, bow and arrow, hook and line, and weirs are used in fishing, while turtling involves the use of nets and decoys. Hunting has decreased in importance as the men have focused their activities on slash-and-burn horticulture, formerly a female activity. Major crops include bananas, plantains, corn, yams, sweet potatoes, rice, sugarcane, sweet manioc, avocados, coconuts, and other tropical fruits. Except for coconuts, all crops are grown on the mainland, and the island-dwelling Cuna must travel by dugout canoe or sailboat to their lands. They are also dependent on the mainland for their water supply. Besides supplying the bulk of the Cuna diet, these crops are used in trade conducted on a cash basis. Wage labor opportunities outside the Cuna area in urban centers or with various U.S. enterprises in Panama have attracted an increasing number of Cuna, though usually on a short-term basis. The modern Cuna economy is highly cash oriented, and just about everything from land to esoteric knowledge may be bought and sold. Cuna villages vary in size and degree of modernization, but they exhibit structural similarities. The basic unit is the household, usually comprised of a matrilocal extended family. The head of the household is the oldest male, who is most frequently the father or father-in-law of the other household men. His wife holds a somewhat analogous authority over the activities of the other females in the household. On the death of the household head, he may be succeeded by the oldest surviving male, or the household may split into several independent units. Kinship is bilateral, and inheritance follows consanguineal lines. Marriages are arranged by parents. Beyond restrictions against marriage to close relatives and a preference for marriage between economic equals, there are few restrictions or preferences in the choice of marriage partners. Divorces are permissible. Polygyny, though allowed, is infrequent and confined to the wealthy. Infanticide is known and, in the past, albino infants were frequently put to death. Although it appears to be dying out, the most notable life crisis ceremony is the girl's puberty ceremony. Above the household level Cuna village organization is marked by incipient economic stratification. Knowledge of Cuna tradition is still an important determinant of status and is the basis on which village chiefs are elected by the adult men to lifetime terms. Chiefs have a number of assistants, the number varying with the needs of the village. The authority of the chief depends more on his ability to persuade than on his office. Decisions on communal activities are reached in meetings of all adult males. Chiefs also hold singing meetings in which they relate Cuna history and exhort villagers to behave properly. Social control is largely on the informal level, and disputes are settled by the interested parties. It is likely that in aboriginal times the village was the highest level of integration. In post-Columbian times, however, a process of consolidation of leadership eventually led to there being a single chief, elected from among the village chiefs, who mediated between the Cuna and outside governments. In the early 1900s, the death of one of these chiefs resulted in the formation of two political parties, which differed on the issues of the chief's successor, alliance with Panama versus Colombia, and the extent to which modernization should be encouraged. Although ideological differences are largely a thing of the past, most Cuna belong to one or the other party, and party politics are important in choosing chiefs and representatives. The Cuna religious system is intimately tied up with their medical system. There are several types of magico-religious practitioners, including seers, chanters, and cursers, some of whom specialize in epidemics. Thus far the Cuna have resisted missionization. The 1920s and 1930s mark the heyday of Swedish ethnographers' interest in the Cuna. Nordenskiold (1938) is the largest collection of native texts, covering such diverse topics as history, mythology, songs, medical-religious practices, and vocabularies. It also contains a brief ethnographic introduction. A brief summary of Cuna life, including a few good photographs, may also be found in Weyer (n.d.: 75-81). Culture summary by Eleanor C. Swanson Marshall, Donald Stanley. Cuna folk: a conceptual scheme involving the dynamic factors of culture, as applied to the Cuna Indians of Darien. 12, 436 l. illus., tables. Unpublished manuscript presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the A. B. degree with honors (Anthropology) Cambridge, Harvard University, 1950. Nordenskiold, Erland. An historical and ethnological survey of the Cuna Indians. Edited by Henry Wassen. Preface by Walter Kaudern. Editorial chapter by Henry Wassen. Goteborg, Goteborgs Museum, Etnografiska Avdelningen, 1938. 27, 686 p. illus., maps. Stout, David B. San Blas Cuna acculturation; an introduction. New York, Viking Fund, 1947. 124 p. illus. Voegelin, Carl F. Languages of the world: Native American fascicle two. By Carl F. Voegelin and Florence M. Voegelin. Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 7, No. 7, 1965. Weyer, Edward Jr. A Panama tribe: the San Blas. In his Primitive Peoples Today. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday and Co., n.d.: 75-81. 7839

28. Zentralamerika Online Panama Culture Links Arte, Cultura y Folklore en panama (spanish) Arts culture andFolklore in panama linkmaster 6/29/2001 237 Views Rate it! http://www.zentralamerika.com/dcd/Panama/Culture/

29. Atlas - Panama Map Overview of culture, history, economy, currency, government, people, education and languages. http://www.map.freegk.com/panama/panama.php

Introduction People History Culture ... Communications Legal system Organization Provinces Disputes Panama Introduction Back to Top Panama, republic, situated on the isthmus linking South America with Central and North America. The country, which is bisected by the Panama Canal, is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, on the east by Colombia, on the south by the Pacific Ocean, and on the west by Costa Rica. Panama's coastline is about 685 km (425 mi) long on the Caribbean and about 1,230 km (765 mi) long on the Pacific; the country's total area is 75,517 sq km (29,157 sq mi), including the canal region. The capital is Panama City. Official Name- Republic of Panama Capital City- Panama City Languages- Spanish (official), others Official Currency- Balboa Religions- Catholic, Protestant, others Population- 2,739,000 Land Area- 75,990 sq km (29,340 sq miles) Panama Provinces Back to Top 9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and one territory* (comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*, and Veraguas Panama People Back to Top Panama has a population of 2,845,647 (2001 estimate), up from 2.4 million in 1990. The population is concentrated heavily along the Panama Canal and in the cities on either end of the passage. It is a highly diverse society, descended from native people and immigrants over thousands of years.

30. Wealth24's Information Directory For Panama Online guide for shopping, travel, hotels, restaurants, real estate, and includes additional categories Category Regional Central America panama Guides and Directories...... panama Categories. Banking. Companies. culture. Dining. Entertainment. Finance.Government. Hotels. Insurance. Jobs. Map. Media. News. Other. Real Estate. Relocation. http://www.wealth24.com/panama/panama.htm

Home Panama Wealth24.com Luxury Shopping Directory Auction Beauty Care Fashion Designer Directory Gourmet Food ... Weddings Wealth Management Directory Accountants Asset Protection Company Trust Formation Computing/Technology ... Top Finance Sites Luxury Travel Directory Asia Cruises Europe Exclusive Holdays ... Yacht Charter Select a Jurisdiction Andorra Anguilla Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belize Bermuda BVI Canary Islands Cayman Islands Cook Islands Costa Rica Cyprus Dublin (Ireland) Fiji Gibraltar Hong Kong Isle of Man Jersey Labuan Liberia Liechtenstein London Luxembourg Macau Madeira Malta Marshall Islands Mauritius Monaco Montserrat Nauru Neth. Antilles New York Niue Panama Puerto Rico Saint Lucia Saipan Samoa Seychelles Singapore Switzerland UAE - Dubai USVI Vanuatu Panama Categories Banking Companies Culture Dining ... Travel This is the Wealth24 home page for Panama. About Us Advertise Here Contact Us Home

31. Culture And History - Culture Panama panama. panama culture and History culture. You are here panamaYour search for culture and History - culture returned 0 results. http://www.kasbah.com/vitalstats/culture_and_history/culture/panama_panama_1.htm

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34. The Pollera Of Panama sum total of these characteristics that go to make up the culture we call In panama,the tamborito (panama's national dance) is found in almost every region of http://www.angelfire.com/tx/CZAngelsSpace/POLLERA.html

The Pollera of Panama Excerpts from: The Pollera of Panama, by Dora P. de Zarate ©1973 by Richard A. Cheville and Lila R. Cheville; originally published in Spanish under the title of La Pollera Panamena, 1966, by Dora P. de Zarate. THE POLLERA AS A NATIONAL SYMBOL Within specific areas of a nation, expressions frequently vary and change without altering the essence of the original; the Spanish jota, for example, originated in Aragon but is danced with different variations throughout all of Spain. In Panama, the tamborito (Panama's national dance) is found in almost every region of the Republic, but the basic dance changes little from one province to another; we have not studied Bocas del Toro. When an element of folk tradition acquires complete acceptance among a people, reflecting the soul of an entire population, then it must be conceded that this element is an ingredient of national spirit and sentiment. There are many folk traditions that have been adopted as truly characteristic of Panama's nationality, but among all of these symbols probably no single expression stands higher than the pollera, the women's national dress. Its flowing skirt, abundance of handwork, and ornate jewelry mark the dress as one of the most beautiful costumes in the world, admired and cherished by all Panamanians. ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE POLLERA Many people have spoken about the pollera. Some have indicated the exact point of origin for the costume, but such exactness is not compatible with folk material since one of the main characteristics of folklore is spontaneous and anonymous origin. When people become aware of the existence of a folk tradition, a great deal of time has already passed during which the tradition has grown and developed. The pollera had an origin. Along with the other traditional Latin American dresses, the pollera descended from the Spanish dress of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In response to our investigation into the origin of the pollera, Miss Nieves de Hoyos, director of the Museo del Pueblo Espanol, published an article, "La Pollera Panamena," in the Revista de Indias of December, 1963. She wrote

35. The Best Travel, Culture And Nature Books, Guatemala Thanks for supporting the CASKE 2000 culture and AdventureEducationwebsite. Return to panama. View our Recommended Books and Maps for http://www.jpsviewfinder.com/travel/country/panama/bookspanama.htm

CASKE 2000 Panama Travel Information Recommended Books PANAMA Recommended Books and Maps Tourist and Specific Guidebooks Maps History, Politics and Society Note: You can buy books at discounted rates through Amazon.com by following the publisher links on our selected books, or you can access our page with book content information and our recommendations by clicking on the title. Books in Red are Luke's picks Tourist and Specific Guidebooks Title Author Publisher A Guide to the Birds of Panama Robert S. Ridgely, John A. Gwynne Princeton Univ Pr. The Panama Guide : A Cruising Guide to the Isthmus of Panama Nancy Schwalbe Zydler, Tom Zydler Robert Hale Dist. Panama (Ulysses Travel Guides) Marc Rigole, Claude-Victor Langlois Getting to know Micháele Labrut Focus Publications History Politics and Society Title Author Publisher Path Between the Seas : the Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914 David McCullough Panama : A Novel Bill Boyd Books International A People Who Would Not Kneel : Panama, the United States and the San Blas Kuna James Howe Smithsonian Institution Press The Building of the Panama Canal in Historic Photographs Ullrich Keller Dover Pubns In Defiance : The Battle Against General Noriega Fought from Panama's Embassy in Washington Juan B. Sosa

36. Panama Ngobe Indigenous Culture Photo Documentary - Travel Photo, Panama Photo, The Ngobe are among the poorest Indigenous people of panama. Theylive primarily a subsistence lifestyle and often cannot afford http://www.jpsviewfinder.com/documentary/ngobe/ngobe1.htm

Ngobe Salt Production Photos by: Jean-Philippe Soule Check Other Photo Documentaries: Japanese Kimonos Japanese Festivals Japanese Culinary Traditions Embera Traditions ... Mayan Childhood The Ngobe are among the poorest Indigenous people of Panama. They live primarily a subsistence lifestyle and often cannot afford to purchase even the most basic products. One of their most important, enduring traditions is the boiling of sea water to extract salt ... more... Check other Photos from: Jean-Philippe's Portfolio Native Planet Photo Galleries

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40. GAMBOA TOURS PANAMA But panama also has an intense intellectual life, with various literary, theater ofthe National Symphony of the National Institute of culture (INAC), as well http://www.gamboatours.com/i_panama_culture.php

HISTORY CULTURE HOTELS DEMOGRAPHIC INFO. ... PANAMA The name Panama is of native descent and signifies "abundance of fish or butterflies", although some colonial historians assure that "Panama" was a majestic tree with a big shadow, under which aboriginal families reunited during the long pre-colony afternoons. Today, Panama is a point of reference in every map and one of the titled "seven keys" of the world, according to geo-political strategists. This designation has it's origins in French ingenuity, American technology, and the blood, sweat and sacrifice of the workers who united their races, from the most different parts of the world, to build one of the great wonders of the world: The Panama Canal. But Panama is much more than a channel. It's a crucible and an amalgam. It is the forge where the cultural manifestations of the ethnic people who compose it's society are expressed and blossom. Panama not only enjoys natural wonders, like it's national parks and beautiful rustic hostels, but it also has extraordinary works of engineering and human will like The Bridge of the Americas, which unites a patch of ground separated by man. It is possible to also appreciate the magnificent colonial religious architectures like the Golden Altar, the Metropolitan Cathedral, and others like the City Wall, the Arco Chato and the Old Panama ruins, whose buildings still stand defying time. The Indians, oppressed by the conquistadors, left their joys and sorrows represented in pottery, stones, leather goods and fabrics. Their oral tradition has passed, almost intact, from generation to generation and can be appreciated today in different museums and native art houses. There, our Bokota, Teribe, Kuna, Ngobe, Chocoe and Wounan tribes expose their baskets, jewelry, fabrics and sculptures, all of them beautiful works product of their development as original groups and components of the Panamanian nationality.

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