41. Speakers (Young Audiences-U.S. History) 1930, nearly 200,000 children rode the orphan trains from New Why were they put ontrains and sent west? This forgotten piece of american history is brought to http://www.lincolnne.com/nonprofit/nhc/speakersVIIB.html

VII. Especially for Young Audiences B. American History and Culture By Ricardo Garcia With chistes (jokes), cuentos (legendary tales) and corridos (legendary ballads), Ricardo Garcia entertains and informs by telling stories from Northern New Mexico, the homeland of Hispano culture in the United States. Children in Victorian America By Anita Sue Clement This program focuses on the Victorian child from the middle of the 19th century to just past the turn of the 20th century. A child's place in the family and in the world changed greatly during this time, and Clement will bring it to life for you with photographs, artifacts and stories of children, their families and their lives—from the pampered darling to the child put to work in a factory or a field. The Hispanic Roots of Cowboy Culture By Ricardo Garcia This presentation answers the question "Where did cowboys come from?" by showing how cowboy culture was developed in Mexico by Mexican, Indian and African slaves and rich landholders. Participants learn about the Hispanic traditions of ranching, branding, roping, trail driving, horsemanship and the roundup, from which the "rodeo" developed. Garcia also shows how Mexican storytelling and singing led to cowboy yarns, tall tales, poetry and ballads. History, story and music are combined to tell the saga of the Mexican-American cowboy. Kiowa Tales By Matthew "Sitting Bear" Jones These are the stories, tales and legends of Set-Angia, Sitting Bear's Native American people. Sometimes funny, sometimes sad, these stories reveal the Kiowa vision of the world—from the time of Creation to the coming of the white man. Attired in native dress, Sitting Bear brings to the audience through his storytelling the thinking and customs of his Kiowa people, legends such as why the Crow is black and how the Coyote got his yell.

42. Genealogy - History - Information And Resource Guide To Nebraska - Nebraska.com Native american Tribes of Nebraska Ponca, Pawnee, Omaha Listing of LDS Family HistoryCenters. orphan trains of Nebraska - Over 150,000 orphaned, homeless or http://www.nebraska.com/History/genealogy.asp

Information and Resource Guide to Nebraska Home About Us Yellow Pages Advertise ... History Genealogy African-American Genealogy Resources-Nebraska - General information, obituaries, other links... Buffalo County GenWeb Project - Genealogical resources for those researching ancestors in Buffalo County. Cemetery Junction: Nebraska Genealogy - Search for a Nebraska cemetery. Franklin County Nebraska NEGenWeb - History and genealogical information of Franklin County Nebraska. Genealogy Helplist - volunteers who are willing to help others by looking up specific items or supplying other information. Genealogy in Nebraska - Links to genealogy resources. Genealogy Resources on the Internet - Mailing lists for Nebraska. Harlan County Nebraska NEGenWeb - History and genealogical information of Harlan County Nebraska. Holdrege Area Genealogical Club - Holdrege, Phelps County, Nebraska. - Documents, texts, archives, other links... Naponee Historical Society - Naponee, Franklin County. Native American Tribes of Nebraska - Ponca, Pawnee, Omaha, Sioux Nebraska Czech Genealogy - Research, information center, other links...

43. The American Experience/Library/Previous Program's Websites political and social turmoil after the american Revolution through Carl Fisher andtrace the history of the The orphan trains Relive the plight of the nearly http://www.dde.liverpool.k12.ny.us/Whacked/WebWhacker 1.0/Influenza/amexsites.ht

44. Black Swamp Heritage Articles Bill call them orphan Cars attached to trains, because cars site sponsored by the orphanTrain Heritage the american Public about this chapter of american history . http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/state/BillsArticles/BlackSwamp/bs20020512.htm

Black Swamp Heritage Articles Bill Oliver 12 May 2002 Vol 1 Issue: #19 ISSN: pending Good Evening from the Black Swamp of NWoHIo, Long in our history there have been those who sold themselves for the price of a fare to America. At one time different prices were attached to various ethnic groups: $60 to 80 for a German; $40 for a Frenchman; English and Scots brought $30; and an Irishman was worth $20 to $25. The Spaniard or Portugese brought nothing. So, I was not surprised when reading about the Orphan Train sagas that the beholder placed the price of servitude upon those who got off the train. Some were treated as "new" family members and some were treated as boarders, and some as just another hand around the home or farm.. Ads were placed in local papers along the train's route to announce the arrival of children who were riding from New York. When the trains arrived the children were lined up on the railroad platforms or somewhere near by to be looked over by townspeople. If one wasn't chosen they were herded [or loaded] back onto the trains to repeat the performance at the next stop. Hopefully all the children would be "placed out" before the end of the tracks. It is said that 150,000 children rode the Orphan Trains between 1854 and 1929. And, it is said that of those, nearly 3500 riders were "placed out" in Nebraskan homes.

45. Links For Genealogy Kansas Gunfighters. orphan trains of Kansas. Kansas County Abbreviations. americanLocal history Network. american Genealogy and history Project. http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ks/county/kiowa/links.htm

Welcome To Kiowa County, Kansas Links Kansas Vital Records Information Kansas Gunfighters Orphan Trains of Kansas Kansas State Historical Society ... Kansas Gen Web Home Page (includes all Kansas County links) Other Kansas Links Kansas Records Overland Park Chapter DAR Kiowa Santa Fe Train Depot Cutlers History of Kansas Kansas County Abbreviations American Local History Network ... Gene Stark's Index of Names for all Gen Web Sites (Includes all Kiowa County lines) Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet Back to Main Page Return to Kansas AHGP and ALHN State Coordinator Cindy Koegel ksst@usgennet.org County Coordinator Cindy Koegel ckoegel@wcc.net This nonprofit research network is affiliated with the American Local History Network, Inc. (ALHN), and American History and Genealogy Project (AHGP). It is hosted by USGenNet Nonprofit Conditions of Use

46. 19th Century American History Maritime history. american West (113), Military history (573). Amistad Revolt(9), General 33, Organizations (17). Gilded Age (15), orphan trains (12). http://www.ontalink.com/history/19th_century/regions/america/

American History Ontalink History Forum Maritime History American West Military History Amistad Revolt California Gold Rush Museums Civil War Native American Colonial America New Madrid Earthquake 1811-1812 Denmark Vesey Insurrection Documents Nat Turner's Rebellion Fifty Four Forty or five Old West General Organizations Gilded Age Orphan Trains Immigration People Impeachment Slavery Independence Day Stonewall Jackson Texas War of Independence Imperialism Whitman Massacre John Brown William T Sherman Aaron Burr - Alexander Hamilton Duel African American Journey: Missouri Compromise plan agreed upon by the United States Congress in 1820 to settle the debate over slavery in the Louisiana Purchase area. American Experience: The Telephone companion to the PBS/WGBH series program on the history of the telephone Americans in the Egyptian Army: Ismail's Bold Experiment 50 American officers who served in the Egyptian Army during the 1870s. Black Populists in North Carolina: 1876-1896 African-American Populism in North Carolina in the late 19th century City Transformed: Railroads and Their Influence on the Growth of Chicago in the 1850s finalist entry in the 1995 Chicago Metro History Fair.

47. History orphan trains 03/26/2001 - 163649 $29.95, In Harm's Way Sinking of the Indianapolis- 08/17/2001 i Places in Time New Atlas of american history /i - 10/18 http://www.c-spanstore.com/book-tv--history.html

SITE INDEX TV Schedule Classroom LIVE TV/Radio ... Fraud of the Century Regular price: $29.95 Sale price: Death of a Generation Coal: A Human History The Role of Fiction in History - 10/19/2002 - 173795-3 Print the Legend: Photography and the American West ... A War to be Won Regular price: $45.00 Sale price: Greenback: The Almighty Dollar Mr. Jefferson's Lost Cause City on Fire Regular price: $45.00 Sale price: The Forgotten Founders: Rethinking Old West History The Struggle for Europe The Devil in the White City In the Shadows of War ... In Harm's Way: Sinking of the Indianapolis Regular price: $45.00 Sale price: Voices of Ireland Jubilee: The Emergence of African-American Culture Regular price: $45.00 Sale price: Close to Shore Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling Authentically Black: Essays for the Black Silent Majority Regular price: $29.95 Sale price: Measuring America Churchill's Cold War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy The Conquerors A Secret History of the IRA ... Into Tibet Regular price: $45.00 Sale price: Richmond Burning The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation The Story of America The Unsteady March for Racial Equality Regular price: $45.00 Sale price: Brotherhood of the Bomb In The Devil's Snare Secret Soldiers Churchill ... How the Scots Invented the Modern World Regular price: $45.00

48. Social Studies Links history OnLine american Colonies. Civil War. The US Civil War Center. TechnologyTimeline. Western Expansion The american West. The West orphan trains. http://www.whsd.k12.pa.us/ej/Library/links/SocialStudies.html

State Facts Enchanted Learning General History History OnLine Current Events Public Agenda Online Primary Source Documents Archiving Early America EyeWitness - History through the Eyes of Those Who Lived It The American Colonist's Library American Memory - Library of Congress Great American Speeches John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library and Museum ... Africans in America Civics Presidential Information Presidents of the United States (POTUS) The Presidential Site Monticello, The Home of Thomas Jefferson George Washington and Mount Vernon ... The Presidents of the United States Government Information The United States Senate U.S. House of Representatives The WhiteHouse Supreme Court Information Project Hermes Supreme Court Decisions Full Text of Supreme Court Cases The Marshall Cases United States Supreme Court Links ... Supreme Court of the United States American History: General The History Place The History Channel American Cultural History: The Twentieth Century General 20th Century Resources ... Smithsonian National Museum of American History Colonial America Colonial Williamsburg Salem Witch Museum Jamestown Salem Witchcraft Hysteria (National Geographic) ... Salem Witch Trials, The World Behind the Hysteria

49. Adoption Agency Offering Adoption Services For Adoptive Parents, Birth Parents, the orphan trains stopped, some 150,000 children had found new homes in what wascalled one of the largest social experiments in american history. orphaned http://www.adoptionsbygladney.com/html/about/history.html

/***************************************************************************** Linked js file with all the menucreation code inside ******************************************************************************/ Our History and Heritage A Tradition of Trust The year was 1887, and the country's expansion westward continued at a feverish pace as land speculators rushed to stake their claim. Railroads forged track through the untamed prairies, leaving new cities in their wake. Train after train brought passengers to populate the bustling frontier towns. One train brought some very special cargo to such a community. Abandoned children from the northeastern part of the United States came to Fort Worth on the railroad as part of the orphan train movement. Those who made it this far west were the "leftovers," the stronger having already been plucked from the trains to work in farms or factories. Methodist missionary minister I.Z.T. Morris (photo at left) took in the little ones, and working with local residents and the railroad, helped find them homes. Thus began The Children's Home Society, which was chartered in 1904 as The Texas Children's Home and Aid Society. Renamed The Edna Gladney Home in 1950, the non-sectarian, state licensed adoption agency today is known as the Gladney Center for Adoption. Some 112 years after its inception, one man's mission has evolved to become an internationally recognized institution that has placed more than 24,000 children in homes and served more than 36,000 birth mothers. "It's really remarkable that Gladney has celebrated over 100 years of service, and that we're still continuing to evolve and grow," says President Michael McMahon, the first adoptive parent to hold the position. "Over the years, Gladney has always responded to society's changes and our clients' requirements."

50. Books For Kids--Family Tree Magazine OneDay Trips through history, second edition, by Picture the american Past series(Lerner Publications Describes kids' experiences on orphan trains, at Indian http://www.familytreemagazine.com/articles/oct01/kidsbooks.html

Junior Genealogists 6 Family History Activities Kid Genealogy Web Sites Children's Genealogy, History and Heritage Books Scrapbooking for Kids Ethnic Toolkits Web Exclusive Forms ... Free Email Books Just for Kids A sampling of instructional and activity books to help children start exploring family history topics: Genealogy Climbing Your Family Tree: Online and Offline Genealogy for Kids by Ira Wolfman (Workman Publishing, $12.95) Family History: A DK First Activity Pack by Chris and Melanie Rice (DK Publishing, $16.95) The Family Tree Detective: Cracking the Case of Your Family's Story by Ann Douglas (Firefly Books, $9.95) The Great Ancestor Hunt: The Fun of Finding Out Who You Are by Lila Perl (Clarion Books, $7.95) Genealogy Just for Kids! by Sherrie A. Styx (Styx Enterprises, $2.50) Kids and Grandparents: An Activity Book by Ann Love and Jane Drake (Kids Can Press, $10.95) Me and My Family Tree by Joan Sweeney (Dragonfly, $6.99) My Family Tree Workbook: Genealogy for Beginners by Rosemary Chorzempa (Dover Publications, $2.95) My Grandmother and Me (Kids Can Press, $4.95): Fill-in memory scrapbook; grandfather, mother and father editions are also available.

51. MSN Entertainment - Movies: American Experience: The Orphan Trains Main. Showtimes. User Reviews. Awards. Cast Crew. Trailers More. Rent It Online.Find It On TV. history. 1 hrs. 0 min. american Experience The orphan trains (). http://entertainment.msn.com/Movies/Movie.aspx?m=505774

52. Books About Railroad History War history of american Railroad; Walker D. Hines; Hardcover; $37.95 (Special Order).We Are a Part of history The Story of the orphan trains; Michael Patrick http://trainweb.com/books/history.htm

Books About Railroad History Click on the name of one of the books below about railroad history for more information on that book. You will also be given the opportunity to order the book right on-line if it is available! Book prices do fluctuate and the price shown might not be the current price. When you click on the book name, you will be placed directly into the book catalog and be shown the current price of the book. Note: This list is sorted by computer. Books that start with "A" or "The" are first sorted alphabetically under "A" or "The" and then alphabetically under the rest of the title. A through Z A Collector's Guide and History to Lionel Trains : 1970-1980 (Lionel Collector's Guide, Vol 4) ; Tom McComas, James Tuohy; Paperback (Unavailable) A Collector's Guide and History to Lionel Trains : Prewar O Gauge (Lionel Collector's Guide, Vol 1) ; Tom McComas, et al; Paperback (Unavailable) A Collector's Guide and History to Lionel Trains ;Paperback (Special Order) A Collectors Guide and History to Lionel Trains 1970 1980 Vol 4 ; Tom McComas, James Tuohy; Hardcover; $25.00 (Special Order) A Generation of Boomers : The Pattern of Railroad Labor Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America (Working Class in American History) ; Shelton Stromquist; Hardcover (Hard to Find) A Generation of Boomers : The Pattern of Railroad Labor Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America (Working Class in American History) ; Shelton Stromquist; Paperback; $16.95

53. Philanthropy Magazine @ The Philanthropy Roundtable orphan trains has twin merits biography of one of the greatest (and unjustly forgotten)figures in american philanthropic history Charles Loring http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/magazines/2001/may/schwartz.html

Current Issue March/April 2002 Back Issues Archive May/June 2001 Subscribe Renew Subscription Fostering Character The mixed legacy of the Emigration Plan By Joel Schwartz Orphan Trains Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed Houghton Mifflin 384 pp., $26 Joel Schwartz is a contributing editor of Philanthropy and the author of Departments Great Grants Briefly Noted Staffing Up Features Poor Little Rich Girl Cover Story Wait and See Following the Money ... Trouble Ahead? Fostering Character Men and Money The Next Step The New Urban Core Mixed Bag

54. WebQuest thrilling ride through one of the darkest chapters in american history. By MichaelFoster, Seneca, KS. Websites containing related information on orphan trains. http://www.fd.appstate.edu/webquests/5730_f01/bookworms/lesson-template1/lesson-

Orphan Trains A WebQuest for 5th Grade Language Arts Designed by Suzanne Bare, Lavonne Fortner, Julie Hedrick, and Sandy Speaks Introduction Task Process Evaluation ... Teacher Page Introduction Choo, Choo!!!! All aboard for the exciting study of Orphan Trains. This year we are studying orphan trains and preparing for point of view/clarificatoin writing. You are to read A Family Apart by Joan Lowery Nixon and prepare a point of view essay. Summary: New York City in the mid-1800's is a rough place to raise six children alone. When the widowed Mrs. Kelly realizes that she can't keep her children from starving, or from breaking the law. she makes the agonizing decision to send them west on the Orphan Train. At least they'll be raised by families who can care for them. The children do not understand the love behind her decision. The oldest child, 13-year-old Frances Kelly, is further dismayed when she realizes that her siblings will be divided among different families. In order to care for her youngest brother, Frances disguises herself as a boy and becomes "Frankie." When she joins her new family, she finds herself not only in a new environment, but also right in the middle of breaking the law-helping slaves to escape on the Underground Railroad. This exciting adventure story takes readers on a thrilling ride through one of the darkest chapters in American history. By Michael Foster, Seneca, KS

55. Orphan Train Event Oklahoma. orphan trains are a part of american history that few knowabout. The movement was the forerunner of modern day foster care. http://library.ucok.edu/about/orphantrainevent.html

The Story of the Orphan Train will be dramatically recreated when actress Pippa White appears in The Story of the Orphan Train at 7:00 pm on March 27th 2003, at Chambers Library, University of Central Oklahoma. Orphan Trains are a part of American History that few know about. The movement was the forerunner of modern day foster care. Starting in 1854 children living on the streets of New York were rounded up, cleaned up and put on trains to rural America. The Story of the Orphan Train is a dramatization of stories recounting the Orphan Train experience as told by those who lived it. Chambers Library is honored to house and preserve a collection of memorabilia donated by Alice Bullis Ayler, one of the last of 200,000 children to be transported from New York City to the Midwest on Orphan Trains. Alice is an Alumnus of UCO and was granted the University’s Distinguished former student award. She received her BA in Psychology in 1973 and her Master’s degree in 1977. The event is sponsored by UCO Friends of the Library and is free and open to the public.

56. DISCOVERING FAMILY HISTORIES Research Resources -U.S.A. - Genealogy AMA $Research Requests$ ~ Deceased american Physicians doctors. ColonialUSA PageLink - NE orphan trains. RAILROADS Link - Railroad history Database Project http://belgium.rootsweb.com/usa/rr_usa_gnlgy.html

DISCOVERING FAMILY HISTORIES Research Resources (RR) RR Home RR Outline RR Site Map BEL-R Home ... USA U.S.A. - Genealogy History Organizations RootsWeb.com Top of Page ... Genealogy Page ... Alphabetical Genealogy p1 [Cemeteries, Genealogy, Listservs (Mail Lists), Lookups, News Groups] Genealogy p2 [Naming Patterns, Surname Research, Time Periods] General Page Geographics Page Lost and Found Page Military Page [International] Missing Persons Page References Page Religion Page Bookmarks Link - Beginner Genealogy Bookmark Sites by Paynter Link - Bookmark Sites ~ General Genealogy by Paynter Link - Collection Finder by American Memory ~ Choose a category that most closely matches your interests. Link - Firstmom's Genealogy Resources and Records Medical : Physicians [doctors] Link - AMA $Research Requests$ ~ Deceased American Physicians [doctors] NAMES : SURNAMES Link - Genealogy Surname Research Links Link - GenExchange (Genealogy Exchange Surname Registry) Link Top of Page Occupations-Colonial-USA Page Link - NE Orphan Trains Link States Postal System ~ Philatelic Bibliopole Link - Presidents, U.S. ~ Genealogy of the

57. History Stuff! at Dawn The Settling of the North american Continent, 1993; The National ExperienceA history of the United orphan trains The Story of Charles Loring Brace http://www.pe.net/~kathys/history.htm

Just Genealogy and Other Stuff! This is some of the other stuff! History Stuff! by Kathy Stephens Civil War Era Savage/Goodner's Camp 1513 Sons of Confederate Veterans Images of the Civil War U.S. Civil War Center: Index of Civil War Information available on the internet Slavery and the Law: Table of Contents Slavery and Abolition American Civil War Research and Genealogy Database , subscription fee Civil War Art from Green Point Gallery Civil War Art Jewish-American History on the Web: Jews in the Civil War Spanish American War Era Spanish American War Home Page Events Spanish-American War Remember the Maine The Roaring 1920s Flapper Station , includes '20s Timeline, People and Trends Roaring 20s Dance Music Recordings from Victorola (1920-1929) 20th Century: 1920-1929 Vaudeville Links Cotton Club Links Government U.S. Federal Government Agencies Directory California State Government Agency Index U. S. Congress on the Internet , includes Quick search of Bills by number or by search words America's Interactive Town Hall , write a letter to a local, state, or federal official; sign a petition; start a petition Immigration Liberty State Park Return to top.

58. Discovery Enterprises - NYSTL orphan trains Leaving the Cities Behind NYSTL 87866887X; Women in the american RevolutionNYSTL 87866873X; Women Part I of Perspectives on history Series NYSTL http://www.ushistorydocs.com/nystl_list.html

Browse Titles by Subject - By Time Periods - 20th Century Topics - Black History - Labor History - Native Americans - NYSTL Numbers (NYC) - Women's History NYSTL List (for NYC) NYSTL #s are for use in New York City Schools. Please call for information on new titles. (800-729-1720) The titles below are listed in alphabetical order. Perspectives on History Series: Age of Broadcasting - Radio NYSTL# 878668853 Age of Broadcasting - Television NYSTL# 579600068 Age of Technology: 19th Century American Inventors NYSTL# 878668640 Alamo: Flashpoint between Texas and Mexico NYSTL# 878668950 All That Glitters: The Men and Women of the Gold and Silver Rushes NYSTL# 878668497 American Quakers NYSTL# 579600297 American Waterways: Canals Days NYSTL# 878668756

59. SPECIAL ISSUE DEDICATED TO ORPHAN TRAINS LEAVING FROM NEW YOUR TO OUT WEST  HAP The history books have chosen to ignore this part of american history. For many,the orphan trains, not only saved their lives, but moved them to an http://infodatasolutions.com/appalachian_heritage_newsletter_3.htm

SPECIAL ISSUE DEDICATED TO ORPHAN TRAINS LEAVING FROM NEW YOUR TO OUT WEST HAPPY HOLIDAYS TO EVERYONE!!!!!! Appalachian Heritage: Appalachian Heritage Newsletter Vol. 1, No. 3, 12 December 2000, Circulation: 76 (c) 1999-2000 Informational Database Solutions http://Appalachian-genealogy.com Appalachian Heritage Newsletter is free, newsletter for users interested in Appalachian genealogy and mining information. Editor: Sheila Hincy shincy@infodatasolutions.com IN THIS ISSUE 1. Holiday Message 2. Special Note 3. Latest Updates 5. Orphan Train Introduction 6. Brother Searches For Hoffman Sisters 7. Facts 8. Riders' Stories 9.Orphan Train Web SITES 10. A Christmas Gift for Kathryn 1. Holiday Message We would like to take this opportunity to wish each and everyone one of you a very special Christmas and a Happy New Year. We decided to make a special Issue of Appalachian Heritage dedicated to a time in history where homeless children found new homes. There stories are so special and moving that you feel you were there with them. Can you imagine being a child living in the

60. Ancestry.com - Orphan Train Genealogy In the scheme of great national events in american history, the relocation reminiscences,and portions of charities’ annual reports on the orphan trains. http://www.ancestry.com/library/view/ancmag/701.asp

Learn The Library Magazines Ancestry Magazine Browse the Library Books/CD-ROMs Magazines Ancestry Magazine Genealogical Computing Daily News Desk Columnists Love to Learn? Subscribe to Ancestry Magazine! Was this article helpful? Yes No Ancestry Magazine Archive January/February 1995 vol. 13 no. 1 Orphan Train Genealogy "They put us all on a big platform in some big building while people came from all around the countryside to pick out those of us they wished to take home. I was four years old, and my sister was only two . . ." This is how one woman remembered her 1914 orphan train experience, one that she shared with at least 200,000 others from 1853 to 1929. The orphan trains carried children, teenagers, and some adults (mostly women) out of eastern cities to rural communities. They were removed from poverty and want, incarceration and institutionalization. Some went to Connecticut, Vermont, Illinois, Nebraska, Virginia, and Texas. By the time the relocation program ended, youngsters were scattered across the breadth of America. When it began, the program was called "placing out." Today it is know as the "orphan trains." The practice began with the New York Children’s Aid Society, but it was taken up by other charities – the Children’s Mission to the Children of the Destitute (Boston), the New York Juvenile Asylum, the New England Home for Little Wanderers (Boston), and the New York Foundling Hospital. By the late 1800s, charities in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois also adopted the program, sending children to states farther west. Each agency had its own placement policies; the New England Home for Little Wanderers, for example, strongly encouraged legal adoption, but New York Juvenile Asylum placements were by legal indenture only. Agencies, however, varied little in procedure.

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