41. 1Up Travel > History And Culture Of Mongolia. mongolian ancient history reaches back to the 12th century. mongolia did not achievea cohesive culture until the 20th century, when it became an independent http://www.1uptravel.com/international/asia/mongolia/history-culture.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... Travel Reservations and Bookings More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Search 1Up Travel You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Asia Mongolia ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography History-Culture Local Life ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Sight Seeing Maps Shopping ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Country Guide Detailed Maps Country Flag More Flags ... Travel Warning History Mongolian ancient history reaches back to the 12th century. Tibetan Buddhist theocracy and secular Mongol aristocracy ruled the country from 1696 until the 20th century, under the suzerainty of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty of China. Mongolia declared independence from China after the Chinese revolution of 1911. Russian-backed Mongolian Communists established a Provisional People's Government in 1921. The Mongolian People's Republic was set up after the death of the last Buddhist ruler in 1924 but was not recognized by China until 1946. Mongolia maintained close ties with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Trade and cultural relations with Communist China, established in 1949, were curtailed by the Sino-Soviet split in the late 1950s.

42. EBO Tour Mongolia Co.Ltd Strictly Protected Area is one of the largest wildernesses of mongolia. through suchpicturesque prime Nature as noted in the Secret history of mongolians and http://www.ebotoursmongolia.mn/history.htm

DON'T FORGET TO GET IN TOUCH WITH US. YOU ARE WELCOME TO MONGOLIA. Ìîíãîëä òàâòàé ìîðèëíî óó? EBO Tours Mongolia Co.,Ltd Home Photo Tours About ... Photo The five- animal people The extreme climate and geography as well as the landlocked condition greatly influenced the Mongol is wax of life who have always lived close to their animals and close to the steppes. The Mongolian nomads are often called "Five- animal people" because the nomadic society is based on the five principal animals traditionally herded: horses, camels, bovines( called cattle), sheep and goats. They also keep Tibetan yaks, used for producing milk and cheese. The horse is the most important of the five animals. It is the perfect means of transport for the terrain. It is said that children are thought to ride before walking. To catch the horse, Mongols use a polo-lasso called "uurga" consisting in a rope loop at the end of a very long pole. Mares are milked and the fermented milk is the Mongolians favourite drink "the airag" which can then be distilled in an alcohol, "arkhi" , a typical Mongolian vodka. Airag is offered as a ritual to the visitors. The camel they breed is the Bactrian camel, a two- humped camel able to endure the extremes of cold and hot. The camel as well as the yak are used as beasts of burden especially to transport the dismantled "ger" from place to place.

43. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA INTRODUCTION TO THE history OF mongolia. Specialists on the history of mongoliafrom many countries have proved that it goes back over 2000 years. http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/history.htm

INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA It would be no exaggeration to say that Mongolia is the only one of the ancient nomad states to retain the tenets of its original nomadic civilization, including the classic migration of livestock and closeness to nature. If you visit Mongolia you will feel the beauty of nature, where forest-covered mountain ranges and hills meet desert and steppe. You will also meet Mongols just like those who have been building traditional 'ger' since olden times, hospitable cattle-breeders breeding throughout four seasons traditional kinds of livestock (horse, camel, cow, sheep, goat), as well as the half-settled inhabitants of cities, who develop the industry and culture of the country. Specialists on the history of Mongolia from many countries have proved that it goes back over 2000 years. In 1991 Mongolia celebrated the anniversary of the establishment of the first Hun State in 209 BC. Mongolian archaeologists have discovered 500,000 year-old stone implements that are the remains of Mongolia's earliest inhabitants. Since the early primitive communal era, Mongols had lived independently in the neighborhood of such nomadic tribes as Turk and Khamnigan. In 209 BC, the Huns, who were by origin from ancient nomadic tribes such as Xianyu, Xianyung, Hun yi and Di, set up the first state in Central Asia. The Hun State was equal in power to the Chinese states of Tsin and Han. Khan, the sovereign of the State of Han Xiao Wendi wrote to Shan Yu of the Hun State in Laoshan: "in accordance with the decree of his Majesty, the state situated to the north of the Great Wall shall be governed by the decrees of Shan Yu, and the territory situated to the south of the Great Wall, peopled by those who wear tushmed belts and caps, shall be governed by me. Both the State of the Huns and the State of Han are powerful neighbor states".

44. Mongolia Page Culture Culture, history Images. history. Introduction to the history ofmongolia; Mongol Empire Chronology and Map; Cultural Heritage of mongolia; http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/cult.html

HISTORY Introduction to the History of Mongolia Mongol Empire: Chronology and Map Cultural Heritage of Mongolia R. Tserendorj Mongolia's first Prime Minister Artistic Portrait of Chinggis Khan by G. Radnaabazar Diplomatic Passport issued by Khubilai Khan CULTURE Introduction to the Mongolian Language by T. Shagdarsuren Art and Music of Mongolia Daily Life in Mongolia Anthropology and Mongolia Naadam, and other Festivals of Mongolia IMAGES Currency of Mongolia Golden Soyombo - Symbol of Independance Yak Boy Camelbreeder's Family Ensemble Sunset, Camels, and Gobi (photo by M. Tserenjamts) A new capitalist is born Mongol Ladies Dancing (photo) Mongol Lady (photo) Mongolian Stamps From Collection of S.Badral Back to the Start Mongolia Homepage - Economy Mongolia Homepage - Politics Mongolia Web Links WWW Virtual Library

45. Mongolia US Library of Congress An extremely dated (1989) but still useful Country StudyHandbook on mongolia, including chapters on mongolia's history, society http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/mongolia.html

MONGOLIA LINKS TO BUSINESS INFORMATION SOURCES ON MONGOLIA US-DOE Energy Information Administration - A somewhat dated (1999) but still useful Country Energy Balance for Mongolia with information on oil, coal, and electricity. CIA World Factbook 2002 - A very useful information summary about Mongolia, including sections on geography, people, government, economy, communications, transportation, military forces, and transnational issues. U.S. Department of State - Fiscal Year 2001 Country Commercial Guide for Mongolia (in PDF format), including economic trends, political environment, marketing information for U.S. products and services, an overview of the investment climate, leading sectors for U.S. exports and investments, Mongolan trade regulations and standards, trade and project financing, and business travel. U.S. Library of Congress CountryWatch.com (note: subscription required to access some of the information on this site) Petroleum Authority of Mongolia - A brief economic overview of Mongolia, including some statistics on macroeconomic indicators. Elsewhere at this site is a brief Country Profile - A useful economic and political overview of Mongolia, though written from somewhat of an Australia-centric point of view. Included is information on recent economic and political developments plus (in PDF format) a one-page fact sheet about Mongolia's economy.

46. A History Of Russia, Central Asia And Mongolia, Vol. 1 A history of Russia, Central Asia and mongolia Volume 1 Inner Eurasiafrom Prehistory to the Mongol Empire by Professor David Christian http://www.angelfire.com/ct/halevi/eurasia.html

A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Volume 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire by Professor David Christian of Macquarie University Published by Blackwell, 1998 472 pages, with 21 plates, 17 figures, 23 maps, and 9 tables In this excellent survey of the history of Inner Eurasia, covering the entire period up to and including the 13th century, David Christian explores the political, social, and economic development of many nations and peoples. The author presents Inner Eurasia as a coherent region with an underlying unity in geography and history despite its cultural and ecological variety. Various sections investigate the Scythians, Hsiung-nu, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, Kievan Rus', Saljuks, and other civilizations. The sections are written in an objective style, utilizing a variety of source documents and secondary sources. There are many quotes from historical documents by Greek, Chinese, Armenian, and other writers. The text itself is easy to understand and well-reasoned, incorporating recent research from the 1980s and 1990s. The footnotes and bibliography are comprehensive and useful. Also valuable are the numerous illustrations and maps in the book. Without a doubt, this is the most important guide to the history and culture of Inner Eurasia that has been published in recent years.

47. History Of Mongolia history The Manchus, a tribal group which conquered China in 1644 and formed theQing dynasty, were able to bring mongolia under Manchu control in 1691 as http://www.worldrover.com/history/mongolia_history.html

Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Free Travel Cheap Tickets Auction ... Make Money Mongolia HISTORY In 1203 AD, a single Mongolian state was formed based on nomadic tribal groupings under the leadership of Genghis Khan. He and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and European Russia and sent armies as far as Central Europe and Southeast Asia. Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan, who conquered China and established the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368 AD), gained fame in Europe through the writings of Marco Polo. Although Mongol-led confederations sometimes exercised wide political power over their conquered territories, their strength declined rapidly after the Mongol dynasty in China was overthrown in 1368. The Manchus, a tribal group which conquered China in 1644 and formed the Qing dynasty, were able to bring Mongolia under Manchu control in 1691 as Outer Mongolia when the Khalkha Mongol nobles swore an oath of allegiance to the Manchu emperor. The Mongol rulers of Outer Mongolia enjoyed considerable autonomy under the Manchus, and all Chinese claims to Outer Mongolia following the establishment of the republic have rested on this oath. In 1727, Russia and Manchu China concluded the Treaty of Khiakta, delimiting the border between China and Mongolia that exists in large part today. Outer Mongolia was a Chinese province (1691-1911), an autonomous state under Russian protection (1912-19), and again a Chinese province (1919- 21). As Manchu authority in China waned, and as Russia and Japan confronted each other, Russia gave arms and diplomatic support to nationalists among the Mongol religious leaders and nobles. The Mongols accepted Russian aid and proclaimed their independence of Chinese rule in 1911, shortly after a successful Chinese revolt against the Manchus. By agreements signed in 1913 and 1915, the Russian Government forced the new Chinese Republican Government to accept Mongolian autonomy under continued Chinese control, presumably to discourage other foreign powers from approaching a newly independent Mongolian state that might seek support from as many foreign sources as possible.

48. Mongolia - Government, History, Population, Geography And Maps Search the Net history; 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000's moreimages and photos! mongolia source CIA World Factbook 1998, mongolia. Geography. http://www.worldrover.com/vital/mongolia.html

Search the Net: History 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000's more images and photos! Mongolia source: CIA World Factbook 1998 Mongolia Geography [Top of Page] Location: Northern Asia, between China and Russia Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 105 00 E Map references: Asia Area: total: 1.565 million sq km land: 1.565 million sq km water: sq km slightly smaller than Alaska Land boundaries: total: 8,114 km border countries: China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast Elevation extremes: lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m highest point: Tavan Bogd Uul 4,374 m Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold Land use: arable land: permanent crops: permanent pastures: forests and woodland: other: 10% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 800 sq km (1993 est.)

49. Bank Of Mongolia - Brief History Bank Of Mongolia Brief history Bank of mongolia. Starting with the first days afterthe victory of the people Revolution, mongolia started to work http://www.mongolbank.mn/public/en/about/history.html

Home Map FAQ Mongolian ... Welcome Brief history of the Bank of Mongolia BOM management List of Governors Structure Branches ... Contact Us Brief history Bank of Mongolia Starting with the first days after the victory of the people Revolution, Mongolia started to work out and fulfil many kinds of important measures to restructure its political, economic and social life in strict sequence. The most important issue in connection with this was to establish a national bank and a monetary-credit system as pushing aside the foreign dealers and usurers that used to predominate in the local market. On the basis of appropriate preparation and carrying out many kinds of systematic measures, Mongolian-Russian Joint bank "Trade and Industry" bank of Mongolia (Bank of Mongolia) was newly opened in June 02, 1924 in Altanbulag with a single branch. At that time the bank's capital was 260000 yanchaan (currency in given period). It was operating with 22 employees totally, 18 of which were Russian specialists and 4 of them were Mongolian. From the very first, this joint bank was called by 2 names, such as Trade and Industry bank of Mongolia and the Bank of Mongolia, but mainly it used to be named the Bank of Mongolia in official papers and documents. In 1991 a completely new 2 level banking system was established in Mongolia: State bank of Mongolia "Bank of Mongolia" and commercial banks. Since it's establishment the Bank of Mongolia has been influencing and contributing real efforts on the economy of the country as maintaining the tight monetary policy aimed at the stabilisation of the value of the currency and reduction of the inflation rate in the unstable transitional period.

50. Mongolia : Arts And Humanities : History mongolia Arts and Humanities history, mongolia Arts and Humanities historyhomepage, mongolia Arts and Humanities history web, mongolia Arts and http://search.asiaco.com/Mongolia/Arts_and_Humanities/History/

Home Add Site Change URL NewSites ... Search A S I A C O , T H E A S I A S E A R C H E N G I N E Mongolia : Arts and Humanities : History Home Mongolia Arts and Humanities : History Sites History of Buryatia This site contains informations regarding the history of Mongolian people, the mythology, poetry, clothing and much more. URL: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/8226/history.html Last modified 11-Jul-2000 Mongolian Resource Page A collection of materials for the medieval recreationist. URL: http://members.tripod.com/Mongolian_Page Last modified 11-Jul-2000 The Land Of Genghis Khan A completed detail info about Genghis Khan's path in Mongolia from National Geographic Society. URL: www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/genghis/index.html Last modified 12-Jul-2000 The Mongol Khans This site consists of the history of Khans, Mongolian web ring, Islamic index and others. URL: http://www.friesian.com/mongol.htm Last modified 11-Jul-2000 The Mongolian Empire - The Yuan Dynasty This site featuring detail stories about the Mongols people, Genghis Khan the universal ruler, Kublai Khan, Yuan philosophy and the fall of Yuan Dynasty. URL: http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHEMPIRE/YUAN.HTM

51. Twentieth Century Mongolia In doing so, it highlights the role of international politics involving Russia/theSoviet Union, China and Japan in the shaping of mongolia's history. http://www.erica.demon.co.uk/BAA.html

The White Horse Press Book List Order Form Hardback Twentieth Century Mongolia Bat-Erdene Batbayar (Baabar) edited by Chris Kaplonski Baabar's Twentieth Century Mongolia is a unique history book. It is the first history of Mongolia available in English to draw upon both academic scholarship, and archival data that only became available with the collapse of the socialist regime in 1990. In doing so, it highlights the role of international politics involving Russia/the Soviet Union, China and Japan in the shaping of Mongolia's history. The volume is composed of three books The first offers a survey of the history of Mongolia up to the 1911 revolution. The second looks at the political situation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, up until the early socialist period (the early 1920s). While drawing heavily upon Western sources, it also incorporates some newly available materials from the period. The last book is in many ways the most interesting, for it makes extensive use of archival material that has been made newly available with the collapse of the socialist regime. In doing so, it offers a richer picture and fuller understanding of the events of the 1920s and 1930s in Mongolia - a key period in the country's history. This part of the book, which concludes with the official recognition of Mongolia's independence by China in 1946, also examines the destruction of the Buddhist church and nobility by the socialists. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Editor's Preface Author's Introduction BOOK ONE. THE STEPPE WARRIORS

52. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Mongolia mongolia history. Chronology of mongolian history 1921-Present March 13, 1921Provisional People's Government declares independence of mongolia. http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistoryPrint.asp?CountryID=30&RegionID=3

53. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Mongolia Chronology of mongolian history 1921Present March 13, 1921 ProvisionalPeople's Government declares independence of mongolia. http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=30&RegionID=3

54. National Museum Of Natural History: Modern Mongolia maps. Edited by Paula Sabloff, it features interpretive essays onmongolia's history, culture and political life. Modern mongolia http://www.mnh.si.edu/exhibits/mongolia/Info.htm

NMNH Home What's New ? Calendar of Events Information Desk ... Search Genghis Khan Mongolian deel from the exhibit What can I find in the exhibit gift shop? A gift shop in the exhibition will include authentic Mongolian merchandise, including silk sashes, boots, hats and cashmere shawls. The exhibition is accompanied by the book Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan, richly illustrated with more than 120 rare color photographs and specially created maps. Edited by Paula Sabloff, it features interpretive essays on Mongolia's history, culture and political life. Modern Mongolia will be available in the gift shop for $34.95 for cloth cover and $17.95 for paperback. What is the Museum of Natural History? June 2002 - NMNH Webmaster NMNH Home Information Desk What's New? ... Search

55. UNFPA - Mongolia history of UNFPA mongolia UNFPA has provided assistance to mongoliasince the late 1970s.The assistance consisted of equipment and http://www.un-mongolia.mn/~unfpa/history.htm

UNFPA Mongolia UN Mongolia Country Programme History ... Links History of UNFPA Mongolia UNFPA has provided assistance to Mongolia since the late 1970s.The assistance consisted of equipment and training for the central Statistics Office to carry out the population census of 1979 and 1989. Assistance to maternal and child health (MCH) began in the early 1980s and consisted of training for medical personnel and provision of small amounts of contraceptives. The full-fledged UNFPA Country Office in Mongolia was opened in December 1998 by Ms. Linda Demers, who served as Representative until October 2002. Since October 2002 Mr. Birat Simha has taken over the duties as a Representative. Please go to Asia and the Pacific Regional Programme website for further details on Mongolia.

56. UN Mongolia -- Sitemap mongolia Who is Who; UNFPA - mongolia - Contact us; UNFPA - mongolia-history; UNFPA - mongolia - reports; UNFPA - mongolia - Summary http://www.un-mongolia.mn/sitemap.php

UN in Mongolia Home Links Feedback ... UNDP Mongolia Sitemap Search for UNDP UNICEF UNESCO UNFPA ... IMF Last updated: . E-mail Webmaster

57. Mongolia Street Connection mongolia was ruled by Qing dynasty Chinese from that time until itdeclared its independence in 1911. mongolia EARLY history PAGE. http://mongolia.worldvision.org.nz/mongoliaearly.html

58. Mongolia Street Connection power in 1924. The election was won by the Democratic Coalition, withN. Bagabandi elected President. mongolia RECENT history PAGE. http://mongolia.worldvision.org.nz/mongoliarecent.html

59. Faculty Of Social Sciences Major Programs history of mongolia -history-Archive -history-Study of Museum-Historian-Ethnography -mongolian Ethnography -Philosophy -Anthropology and http://www.num.edu.mn/pages/schools/fss.htm

60. . The Natural History Museum's Dino Directory NHM, Dinosaurs that lived in mongolia, sorted by Genus. Terms of use. ©2003The Natural history Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK. http://flood.nhm.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dino/country.dsml?country=Mongolia&sort=Genus

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