41. GERMAN EAST AFRICA and are extensively developed on the makonde plateau What may be called the indigenouspopulation consists of has been an immigration of HamitoNegroid peoples. http://45.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GERMAN_EAST_AFRICA.htm

document.write(""); GERMAN EAST AFRICA An early secession from the general body of Dunkers was that of the Seventh Day Dunkers, whose distinctive principle was that the seventh day was the true Sabbath. Their founder was Johann Conrad Beissel (1690—1768), a native of Eberbach and one of the first emigrants, who, after living as a hermit for several years on Mill Creek, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, founded the sect (1725), then again lived as a hermit in a cave. (formerly occupied by another hermit, one Elimelech) on the Cocalico Creek in Pennsylvania, and in 173 2—I 735 established a semi-monastic community (the” Order of the Solitary “) with a convent (the” Sister House “) and a monastery (the” Brother House “) at Ephrata, in what is now Lancaster county, about 55 m. W. by N. from Philadelphia. Among the industries of the men were printing (in both English and German), book- AUTH0RITIE5.—Lamech and Agrippa, Clzronicon Ephratense, in German (Ephrata, Penn., 1786) and in English (Lancaster, 1889); G. N. Falkenstein, “The German Baptist Brethren, or Dunkers,” part 8 of “ Pennsylvania: The German Influence in its Settlement and Development,” in vol. x. of the Pennsylvania German Society, Proceedings and Addresses (Lancaster, Penn., 1900); Julius Friedrich Sachse, The German Sectarians of Pennsylvania, 1742—z800: A Critical and Legendary History of the Ephrata Cloister and the Dunkers (Philadelphia, 1900); and John Lewis Gillin, The Dunkers: A Sociological Interpretation (New York, 1906), a doctor’s dissertation, with full bibliography.

42. Mozambique of Mozambique have largely retained an indigenous culture based wood sculpture, forwhich the makonde in northern waves of Bantuspeaking peoples migrated from http://www.madtravels.com/Country.asp?Country=111

43. Moz.htm of the northern provinces; the makonde (also of Religion indigenous beliefs (50%),Christian (30%), Muslim (20 to reach the least reached peoples in Mozambique http://www.om.org/fields/rsa/Moz.htm

OM in Mozambique Joining OM Outreaches Personnel needs in SouthernAfrica ... Flood Relief Mozambique Mozambique recently emerged from the human destruction of a devestating 15 year civil war, however, natural disasters such as drought and floods continue to damage the infrastructure and plunge lives into chaos. Five years ago Mozambique had the dubious distinction of being the poorest nation on earth. The Mozambican people have now manged to shed that label, put the past behind and start to rebuild. Area: 801,600 sq km (309,500 sq mi)( slightly less than twice the size of California) Population: 19,124,335 (July 1999 est.) Capital city: Maputo (pop 1.3 million) People: African (99%, including Shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena and Makua) Language: Each of the major ethnic groups in Mozambique has its own language. The common tongue and official language is Portuguese. There are 16 major ethnic groups in Mozambique. The most significant are the Makua (the largest group) of the northern provinces; the Makonde (also of the north). Religion: Indigenous beliefs (50%), Christian (30%), Muslim (20%)

44. Women And Land Tenure Dynamics In Pre-Colonial, Colonial, And Post-Colonial Zimb Despite the settler government's attempts to quiet indigenous opposition, nationalist 20In makonde District, for example, in 1989, two The Shona peoples (3rd. http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~jpia/10.html

Women and Land Tenure Dynamics in Pre-Colonial, Colonial, and Post-Colonial Zimbabwe Beverly L. Peters and John E. Peters Introduction Women's lack of direct access to land and other means of production remains a major issue in African development. African women are denied direct access to the resources necessary to adequately produce food and cash crops on a recurring basis. As a result, African women are unnecessarily burdened and often unable to reap the potential benefits of their Beverly L. Peters is a Ph.D. candidate at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh. John E. Peters is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Economy and Public Policy, University of Southern California. Beverly L. Peters and John E. Peters labor. This essay focuses on the Southern African country of Zimbabwe, which is exemplary in critical respects of the situation in other parts of the region. Female farmers are the major producers of agricultural foodstuffs and cash crops in Zimbabwe. Yet they cannot maintain direct access to the means of production, because land, resources, and extension services remain under patriarchal control. This limited access to resources stems from indigenous notions of patriarchy, coupled with the institutional effects of colonial rule in Zimbabwe. However, current demands and activities of women in Zimbabwe serve as a challenge to patriarchal control in the society.

45. Tanzania. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The Bantuspeaking peoples include the Sukuma (the Gogo, Ha, Haya, Hehe, Luguru,makonde, Makua, Ngoni Lugard), Tanganyika had few indigenous large-scale http://www.bartleby.com/65/ta/Tanzania.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia See also: Tanzania Factbook PREVIOUS NEXT CONTENTS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Tanzania (t n KEY ) , officially United Republic of Tanzania, republic (1995 est. pop. 28,701,000), 364,898 sq mi (945,087 sq km), E Africa, formed in 1964 by the union of the republics of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. For a description of the island of Zanzibar, and its history until 1964, see

46. Shopping Traditional makonde designs are thin elongated human figures is the greatest threatto indigenous forests and of the Maasai and other Kenyan peoples has become http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/_fsafaris1/9?opendocument&s=9&l=1

47. Bibliography On African Traditional Religion Scriptures of African peoples The Sacred Rituals and medicines indigenous healingin An Inquest into makonde Initiation Rites, Pastoral Orientation Service http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/atr_bibliography.htm

Updated: 17 October, 2002 Abbink J., "Ritual and Environment: The Mósit ceremony of the Ethiopian Me'en people," Journal of Religion in Africa , "Reading the entrails: analysis of an African divination discourse", Man Abimbola W., "The Place of African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa: The Yoruba Example" in Olupona, ed. Kingship, Religion and Rituals in a Nigerian community: a phenomenological study of Ondo Yoruba festivals . Stockholm,1991, 51-58. Abrahamsson H., The Origin of Death, Studies in African Mythology, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia III, Uppsala, 1951. Acheampong S.O., "Reconstructing the structure of Akan traditional religion," Mission Ackah C. A., Akan Ethics. A Study of the Moral Ideasand the Moral Behaviour of the Akan Tribes of Ghana, Accra, 1988. Achebe Chinua, "Chi in Igbo Cosmology", in In Morning Yet on creation day, N.Y., 1975. Achebe Chinwe, The World of the Ogbanje, Enugu, 1986. Adagala K., "Mother Nature, Patriarchal Cosmology & Gender" in Gilbert E.M., ed. Nairobi: Masaki Publishers.1992, 47-65.

48. Nouvelles Acquisitions - Janvier-mars 1999 Translate this page of the upper Zambezi peoples = Masken-Charactere photo-documentation = Meisterwerkeder makonde / Max Mohl The under-exploited indigenous alcoholic beverages of http://www.unine.ch/ethno/nouvac/nacl1-3.html

Liste des nouvelles acquisitions, janvier-mars 1999 cotes Af AfE AfN ... Ethnomusicologie Af Adogame, Afe. - A home away from home : the proliferation of Celestial Church of Christ (CCC) in diaspora-Europe / Afe Adogame African political systems / ed. by M. Fortes, E.E. Evans-Pritchard. - [4th impression]. - London [etc.] : Oxford University Press, 1950. - XXIII, 302 p. : fig. ; 23 cm. - Index - Ethno: compactus * cote.:NET Af 542 Greene, Beth. - The institution of woman-marriage in Africa : a cross-cultural analysis / Beth Greene Legitimacy and the State in twentieth-century Africa : essays in honour of A.H.M. Kirk-Greene / ed. by Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan. - Houndmills Basingstoke ; London : Macmillan Press, 1993. - XII, 284 p. ; 23 cm. - ISBN 0-333-55078-1 Lehuard, Raoul. - Une autre vie pour une collection / Raoul Lehuard Orser, Charles E. - The archaeology of the African diaspora / C.E. Orser Schuerkens, Ulrike. - Das Bild Afrikas in Karen Blixens "Out of Africa" / Ulrike Schuerkens Selected essays on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of Africana Marburgensia. - Marburg : Africana Marburgensia, 1998. - 87 p. ; 21 cm. - (Africana Marburgensia. Sonderheft ; 17, 1998) - Ethno: compactus * cote.:NET Af 540

49. NRI/ SUA Collaborative Research Projects The Case of Hehe and Sangu peoples ofin South In Sustaining the soil indigenous soiland water conservation Gillman, H. Bush Fallowing on the makonde Plateau. http://www.nri.org/NRSP-SAPS/records.htm

Natural Resources Institute and Sokoine University of Agriculture: Co llaborative research projects for the Natural Resources Systems Programme Home Annotated bibliography Email Us... Last updated September 6, 2000 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY For details of the role of the bibliography and how to submit records please see the annotated bibliography guidelines CONTENTS 1. Policies, Institutions and Processes 2. Livelihoods: Assets, Strategies and Outcomes 3. Conceptual, Definitional and Coverage Issues Additional material from NRI which has not yet been checked and sorted under these headings REFERENCES 1. Policies, Institutions and Processes Assad, Mussa J (1998) Accountability in NGOs: Evaluation of Reporting Practices in Tanzania, Report Submitted to the Programme for Enhancement of Research Capacity (ENRECA). United Republic of Tanzania (2000) National Water Policy, Dar es Salaam, Ministry of Water. ... Land Policy, Dar es Salaam, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development. United Republic of Tanzania (1994) Report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters, Volume 1: Land Policy and Land Tenure Structure, Dar es Salaam and Uppsala, Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development and Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.

50. Earth Transformed Ladi Kwali a study of indigenous and modern techniques of Abuja pottery. makondeTöpferei. inidentity and artistry among the Mande-speaking peoples of West http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/african-ceramic-arts/resources/bibliography.html

51. Africia -- Bono And O'Niel the majority Bantu tribes, the indigenous KhoikhoiSan Other groups include the Nyamnezi,makonde, Wasya, Chagga spite of the numerous peoples, almost everyone http://home.attbi.com/~nemesis743/Bono_ONielAfrica.htm

Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill, right, and singer Bono from the band U2 wear the traditional outfits presented to them by the villagers of Wamali, in Tamale, northern Ghana, Wednesday May 22, 2002. I guess they both have something in common? Perhaps the heat is getting to them.... Starvation vs. Weight Loss Left, Rock Singer from U2, Bono watches a presentation of U.S. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill at a News Conference outside Christiansborg castle in Accra, Ghana, Tuesday May 21, 2002. O'Neill and rock singer Bono are in Ghana for two days as part of a four-nation African tour in which Bono hopes to convince O'Neill that Africa can and does put western aid to good use. OK YOU GUYS AT YAHOO... I got the message! Give him a break Baby. He wears silver suits in Africa! I bet he went right out of school to some University, got his MBA and headed right into corporate America. He doesn't know anything. I wasn't writing to Gates about chicks and bulls for no reason. You have to understand how limited their exposure is to the realities of poverty, malnutrition, disease, over population and war. They can't even see it in their own country. When I started writing to Gates he was bragging in the media that he didn't even watch TV. Relax baby, these guys have never done anything in their lives but think about making a buck for share holders. The only thing they want from Africa now is diamonds and oil.

52. Www.nsf.gov/sbe/bcs/anthro/samples/borgprop.txt Press Beidelman, TO 1967 The Matrilineal peoples of Eastern Development in TanzaniaThe Case of the makonde. HK 1964 A Model of African indigenous Economy and http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/bcs/anthro/samples/borgprop.txt

53. NSF:SBE/BCS/Cultural Anthropology - Sample Proposal 1967 The Matrilineal peoples of Eastern Tanzania. Political Development in TanzaniaThe Case of the makonde. HK 1964 A Model of African indigenous Economy and http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/bcs/anthro/samples/borgprop.htm

Sample Proposal The Effects Of Infertility On Status And Access To Resources Among Wamakonde Women Of Tanzania Principal Investigator: Monique Borgerhoff Mulder Co-Principal Investigator: Jeanette M. Frediani University of California at Davis Abstract This project involves the dissertation research of an anthropology student from the University of California-Davis, studying the effects of infertility on the status of women in a Tanzanian society of Africa. The proposal will test the hypothesis that infertile women will undergo marital stress because of divorce, lack of resources, and general lack of prestige, subject to the women's' position in local kin networks. In addition the proposal will look at the role of children's labor in their mother's general status position. Methods include a survey sample of a complete village, more in-depth interviews of a stratified subsample of women of the village, and a time allocation study. This research is important because Africa has a very high population growth rate and is known as containing societies in which the group welfare is promoted above that of individuals. This sort of fine-grained research will tease apart the causes of high and low prestige among women as they relate to the number of children they have. The advance in our knowledge will be useful to population planners who must design policies to limit reproduction which are acceptable to the local population. In addition it adds to our expertise about this important region of the world.

54. HOME TEST PAGE There is a peoples Database which includes the Kota, Kuba, Lobi, Luba, Lwalwa, makonde,Mbole, Mossi story architecture, Islam and indigenous African cultures http://www.msu.edu/~metzler/matrix/dream/humanities.html

LIST OF IMPORTANT AFRICA-RELATED WEB SITES Introduction Culture Current Events Economics ... Society ART 12th International Triennial Symposium on African Art , St. Thomas, Virgin Islands April 25-29, 2001 Conference sponsored by the Arts Council of the African Studies Association (U.S.). http://itsdev.appstate.edu/triennial/ Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Africa: One Continent. Many Worlds Extensive site for the traveling art exhibit from the Field Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and others. Includes video, photographs on the history and art of the Royal Palace of the Bamum (Cameroun), conflict resolution among the BaKongo (Congo-Brazzaville and Kinshasa, Angola), Benin history through elephant tusks and Benin bronzes, metal working, use of gold weights, commerce across the Sahara, the market in Kano (Nigeria), men's hats, combs/jewelry, rock art, a Liberian folk tale, the role of masks, drums, kora music from Senegal, the elephant as a royal animal, and more. Has a

55. Signe Arnfred but in equal measure by indigenous power structures. by Makhuwa, Maconde and Yao peoples,all matrilineal. in northern Mozambique are Makhuwa, makonde and Yao. http://www.codesria.org/Links/Home/Plenary/gender_arnfred.htm

Conceptions of gender in colonial and post-colonial discourses: The case of Mozambique. Signe Arnfred The Nordic Africa Institute Uppsala Sweden signe.arnfred@nai.uu.se Paper Prepared for CODESRIA’s 10 TH General Assembly on “Africa in the New Millennium”, Kampala, Uganda, 8-12 December 2002. DRAFT, Nov 2002. Seen in terms of conventional political science – and also as experienced from below, by Mozambican men and women - the recent history of Mozambique, during the latest fifty years, has been very dramatic, with several changes of political regimes, and almost three decades of war – from the onset of the armed struggle in 1964 to the Rome peace agreement in 1992. Most remarkable among the political shifts during these fifty years have been first the shift in 1975 from Portuguese colonialism to political Independence and Frelimo socialism, after a successful war of liberation, and second the shift in the late 1980s from Frelimo socialism to neo-liberal economic policies and structural adjustment program (PRE – Programa da Re-estruturação Económica ) under World Bank leadership. This time the name of the government did not change; Frelimo remained in power, but after its fifth Party Congress 1989 with a somewhat different political and economic agenda.

56. MEMORY LINES: ART IN THE PAN-AFRICAN WORLD Spirit Mother culturally links the indigenous cultures of embeds adinkra patternsand makonde (Tanzanian) forms is generated when African peoples recover their http://www.ijele.com/ijele/vol1.2/nzegwu2.html

Ijele: Art eJournal of the African World (2000) ISSN: 1525-447X MEMORY LINES: ART IN THE PAN-AFRICAN WORLD Nkiru Nzegwu INTRODUCTION Africa, in ages past, was the nursery of science and literature; from thence they ere taught in Greece and Rome, so that it was said that the ancient Greeks represented their favourite goddess of Wisdom Minerva as an African princess. Pilgrimages were made to Africa in search of knowledge by such eminent men as Solon, Plato, Pythagoras; and several came to listen to the instruction of the African Euclid, who was at the head of the most celebrated mathematical school in the world, and who flourished 300 years before the birth of Christ. James Africanus Beale Horton, West African Countries and Peoples and A Vindication of the African Race , London: W. J. Johnson, 1868, 59. MEMORY AND PAN-AFRICANITY In the critically acclaimed Black Athena vol. 1 , Martin Bernal, following the lead of James Africanus Beale Horton (1868), and George James' Stolen Legacy , addresses the ways in which, from the seventeenth century onward, the white intellectual structure of knowledge and its racist model of interpretation distorted global history. In

57. African Wildlife Foundation: Traveling Within The Kilimanjaro Heartland makonde carvings and other souvenirs are available in the many people still retaintheir indigenous beliefs Bantu and Nilotic peoples moved into the area before http://www.awf.org/safari/travelkilimanjaro.php

PlaceMenu("mainmenu") ABOUT AWF Our Mission Over 40 Years of History AWF Publications A Message from Our ... Wildlife Wallpaper The information in this section is reproduced from Mark W. Nolting's book, Africa's Top Wildlife Countries, Revised 6th Edition. This content cannot be reproduced without authorization of the author. To purchase Mark's book, please visit: www.africa-adventure.com/dsp_products.html TANZANIA Introduction Wildlife and Wildlife Area Arusha Accommodation ... Accommodation Near Marangu KENYA Introduction Wildlife and Wildlife Area Amboseli National Park Accommodation TANZANIA Volcanic highlands dominate the north, giving way southward to a plateau, then semidesert in the center of the country and highlands in the south. The coastal lowlands are hot and humid with lush vegetation. One branch of the Great Rift Valley passes through Lakes Manyara and Natron in northern Tanzania to Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) in the south, while the other branch passes through Lakes Rukwa and Tanganyika in the west. Some scientists debate that East Africa was the cradle of mankind. Some of the earliest known humanoid footprints, estimated to be 3.5 million years old, were discovered at Laetoli by Dr. Mary Leakey in 1979. Dr. Leakey also found the estimated 1.7-million-year-old skull Zinjanthropus boisei at Oldupai (formerly Olduvai) Gorge in 1957.

58. The Urbanisation Of Conflict - African Security Review Vol 9 No 1, 2000 annual fertility rates among the indigenous population, of the Communists predominantlyrepresented the makonde; in Angola There are warrior peoples in many http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/ASR/9NO1/UrbanisationConflict.html

The urbanisation of conflict Stephan Maninger Freelance Researcher, Germany Published in African Security Review Vol 9 No 1, 2000 INTRODUCTION Between 1950 and 1995, the number of cities in the developed world with populations greater than one million increased from 49 to 112, while such cities in the developing world increased from 34 to 213 over the same period of time. NEGATIVE URBANISATION Intifada Water shortages are feared to become a greater issue in this century than oil was in the last one. In 1995, the World Bank warned in a report that eighty countries, particularly in Africa and the Middle East, face water shortages that seriously threaten their agriculture, industry and health. The South African rural/urban population distribution in 1996 indicated that sixty per cent lived in urban areas. It placed about eighteen million people in rural areas, another four million in small towns, and between 21 and 22 million in large towns, cities and metropolitan areas. Sixty per cent of the urban population, in turn, lives under the poverty line. The national housing backlog stands at about 1,7 million units, with an annual widening of the gap by an estimated 175 000 at the current pace of the housing programmes.

59. Report Of The Secretary-General On the Special Rapporteur on Prisons and Conditions of Detention in africa, appointedby 9 (Rev.1), The Rights of indigenous peoples, in French and Spanish; No. http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/cb6c19fc2593384f802566f900

60. Myths And Legends Of The Bantu Frederick Johnson (Dares-Salaam), for his makonde and Iramba 1 Smith and Dale, TheIla-speaking peoples, vol of the Bahutu, as they call the indigenous peasants http://fraktali.849pm.com/text/archive/afr/bantu.htm

MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE BANTU ALICE WERNER In Memoriam HARRIETTE EMILY COLENSO June 2, 1932 AGNES MARY COLENSO JUIY 26, 1932 Closed the kind eyes; nevermore the clasp of the faithful hand. But the clamour and wrath of men are still, where they sweetly rest, And the loved dust is one with the dust of the well-loved land. Earth has taken the wronged and the wronger both to her breast. Cetshwayo sleeps in Inkandhla, Rhodes on Matopo height, Escombe and Osborn alike in the dear Natalian soil. Do they dream? And what dreams are theirs in the hush of the kindly night? Never, since time began, has any come back to tell.... O brave, true, loving hearts, at rest from long strife and toil. Mandiza, Sineke, Mamonga, Kebeni, Magema, Hail and farewell! PREFACE T HERE is at the present day a widespread and growing interest in the customs, institutions, and folklore of more or less 'primitive' peoples, even among persons who are still a little shy of the word 'anthropology.' This interest is of comparatively recent growth; but when one looks back over the nineteenth century it seems almost incredible that Moffat could write) in 1842, that "a description of the manners and customs of the Bechuanas would be neither very instructive nor very edifying." Twenty years earlier James Campbell, whom one suspects of a secret and shamefaced interest in the subject, apologizes for presenting to the notice of his readers the "absurd and ridiculous fictions" of the same tribe.

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