41. National Library Of Iceland - History history. The library (Landsbókasafn Íslands – Háskólabókasafn) was establishedwith the amalgamation of the National Library of iceland and the library http://www.bok.hi.is/english/history.htm

document.write(secondIm) History The library (Landsbókasafn Íslands – Háskólabókasafn) was established with the amalgamation of the National Library of Iceland and the library of the University of Iceland and opened in a new building on 1st December 1994. Previous libraries The National Library of Iceland Established: Location since 1909: Safnahúsið, at Hverfisgata 15 Library holdings: 45.000 volumes, plus 14.000 manuscripts Legal deposit holdings: Two copies of all Icelandic printed works for preservation; also, two copies of all Icelandic sound recordings. Staff: Equiv. to 30 full-time positions The University Library Established: 1940, combining several existing departmental libraries Located from he beginning: Main building, University of Iceland Library holdings: 340.000 volumes Legal deposit holdings: One copy of each Icelandic printed work. Staff: Equiv. to 25 full-time positions

42. Iceland On Maps Following is a short summary of the Cartographic history of iceland by HaraldurSigurðsson. The text includes pictures of key maps from each period. http://www.bok.hi.is/kort/history.html

Iceland on maps Following is a short summary of the Cartographic History of Iceland by Haraldur Sigurðsson. The text includes pictures of key maps from each period. Contents The first maps of Iceland Carta Marina Bishop Gudbrandur Thorláksson's map of Iceland Surveying starts ... The maps of Björn Gunnlaugsson The first maps of Iceland Oldest among the maps on which Iceland is shown is the Anglo-Saxon map, which is believed to have been made somewhere around the year 1000. If that dating is approximately right, this is the first known occurrence in writing of the name Iceland. The country is shown as a long island having a general east-west direction, fairly broad at the eastern end but drawing to a point at the western end. It lies to the north-west of Scotland and somewhat closer in, is shown another island, Tylen. Like most mediaeval maps the Anglo-Saxon map no doubt goes back to the ancient originals. The cartographer obviously had a rather shaky idea of the countries he was describing, and his picture of Iceland may in part represent general ideas about the Northern countries, especially Norway. Iceland is shown on several mediaeval charts, and on some of them it is north-east of Britain but south of Norway. This in particular applies to maps which can be traced to English cartographers although they were not all made in England. On other maps Iceland is placed arbitrarily somewhere to the north-west or north of the disc of the earth. Sometimes it becomes identified with the mythical land of the ancients, Thule, which a Greek navigator, Pytheas of Massilia (Marseilles), visited in the 4th century B. C. Towards the latter half of the Middle Ages the prevailing belief is that the two countries are one and the same. For this reason it is extremely difficult to guess what old cartographers had in mind when they put Thule on their maps; we often do not know whether they were thinking of Iceland or the mythical country of Pytheas.

43. Virtually Virtual Iceland - Culture, History, Travel, Society, Birds, Landscapes Personal opinion on things icelandic, from the Sagas to the fishing industry.Category Regional Europe iceland Society and Culture......iceland, history, geography, people, vikings, settlers, photos, clickablemap, phrases in icelandic, electronic postcards, scifi, humor, humour,. http://www.isholf.is/gardarj/gardar1.htm

Virtually Virtual Iceland Protective Rune from TheGodess Main Page The Sagas Images Photos Postcards Landscape Stamps ... Superstitions The Language Alphabet Runes and Pronunciation Names ... Links var site="sm5iceland" Designed by Click on The Seal of Iceland above to look at the story behind The Seal Click on the puzzle piece in the Icelandic colours to find out why these pages are here Virtually Virtual Iceland Make your own tracks through Iceland, its history and geography Virtually Virtual Iceland Links to other sites A unique Icelandic poem of the Wisdom of Life Imagery A Clickable Map connected to Landscape Photos from Iceland - and most of them can be sent as Electronic Postcards Icelandic Landscape Stamps Icelandic Birds More Icelandic Birds on Stamps A tongue-in-cheek look at the Icelandic fishing industry Icelandic Transportation - The start of a series The Icelandic National Costume Colours of Iceland A little play on images from Iceland in order to hide the scenery You can now send all the images in Colours of Iceland as Electronic Postcards Variations on a Theme An interplay on one of Ed Jackson's photographs from Iceland should prove an interesting interlude And Chet Gottfried's Steps in the Snow have suddenly turned into Twelve Steps Coolsite is another try at hiding the scenery of Iceland by enhancing the colours Of Time and Tide Special customs connected to certain days in Iceland The old Icelandic Almanac Icelandic Weekdays The Superstitions of the Icelanders And a little about the , our Yuletide Lads And, then there is:

44. World Travel Guide - Iceland - History Government World Travel Guide iceland - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/isl/isl580.asp

45. Bigchalk HomeworkCentral Iceland (History By Nation) HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND World history history by Nation iceland. PastLand history of iceland. MIDDLE AGES Vikings; icelandic Sagas. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/His

46. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: History (Iceland) ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Regional Studies Countries of the World Europe iceland history. Past Land history of iceland. MIDDLE AGES Vikings. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Elementary/Regi

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 History document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on ICELAND Overview of Icelandic History Past Land history of Iceland MIDDLE AGES ... Contact Us

47. WWW-VL History Index Click Here for WWWVL Main Catalogue WWW-VL history. iceland. General Briefhistory of iceland. Medieval Millennium of Christianization; Leif Eriksson http://www.ku.edu/history/VL/europe/iceland.html

WWW-VL: HISTORY. ICELAND Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Maps Iceland Relief [303 Kb] Political [132 Kb] Interactive Photo Map Gazetteers Cities and Towns Language Dictionaries The Alphabet Runes and Pronunciation Icelandic Language Sound Clips Bibliography Virtually Virtual Iceland Organizations Department of Icelandic Language and Literature. University of Manitoba Maritime Museum in Eyrarbakki National Museum Chronological General Brief History of Iceland Medieval Millennium of Christianization Leif Eriksson Biography Leif Eriksson. Greenland-Vinland - 1000-2000 Discoverer of America Articles and essays Snorri Sturlason 1179-1241 Snorri Sturlason Works Snorra Edda The Song of the Volsungs RETURN TO INDEX Please send comments and suggestions to Lynn H. Nelson

48. Icedog history and appearance of this rare spitztype breed, with pictures, from Bolstad Kennels in Montana. http://www.mts.net/~wcord/icedog.html

There are no puppies available for the forseeable future ( January 1999 ) Iceland Dog Bolstad Kennels Gimli, Manitoba Background : The Iceland dog is most likely the oldest pure breed in the world. When the Vikings settled Iceland in 874 they brought with them their trusted dogs. Today's Iceland dog can trace his history back to those times. The closest cousin that he has is the Norwegian Buhund. The main reason that this dog has remained unchanged for over a thousand years is due to the isolation of Iceland and the remoteness of the farms on the island. This dog was of utmost importance to the early settlers of Iceland . He was necessary for herding the herds of Icelandic Horses and the flocks of Icelandic Sheep. The best grazzing for animals was in the valleys and up the sides of the mountains and as there were and still are no predators on the island the farmers just opened the gates in the spring and let the herds go out into the countryside. In the fall it was said that the farmers sent the dogs out onto the land and unaided by humans the faithfull companion brought the herds and flocks home. Such great value was placed on the dog that after an extremely bad epidemic which ravaged the dog population, a farmer was willing to trade a horse and possibly even have to throw in two sheep for a dog. Apprearance Tempermant Rarity iceland.htm

49. A Short History Of Human Impacts In Iceland A Short history of Climate and Human Impact in iceland. In order to understand iceland'senvironental history we first need to learn something about climate. http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/iceland/history.htm

A Short History of Climate and Human Impact in Iceland by Patrick M. Colgan, Department of Geology, Northeastern University Introduction The environment of Iceland has changed enormously since the country was first settled in the 9th century. The history of human impact involves climate changes, land use, volcanic eruptions, and modern technology. In this section you will learn something about how Icelanders have interacted with their environment, and how they currently are working to solve problems such as soil erosion. When the icelanders settled the country the climate was similar to today's climate. The Earth cooled significantly during the little Ice Age (1300 to 1900 AD) transforming Iceland into truly grim place. This climate change combined with poor landuse practices reduced Iceland to place of misery and death. This is illustrated well in the writings of a priest during the worst times of the 16th century. Formerly the earth produced all sorts of fruit, plants and roots. But now almost nothing grows...

50. INT1715 - Geology And History Of Iceland INT1715 Geology and history of iceland. Last updated on July 12, 2000by PM Colgan Check out the new itinerary (updated on 7-12-00). http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/class_notes/1715/1715h

INT1715 - Geology and History of Iceland Last updated on July 12, 2000 by P.M. Colgan Check out the new itinerary (updated on 7-12-00) In September of 2000, students and faculty of the NU Geology and Honors program will travel to Iceland for a 12-day trip to learn about volcanoes, glaciers, and Icelandic history. This page contains information about the academic class in spring 2000 to prepare students and faculty for the trip. The first part of the class is taught by Marty Ross and will focus on volcanic processes and plate tectonics. Patrick Colgan will teach the second part of the class which will focus on glaciers, climate and environmental history of Iceland. The last part of the class will be taught by Mickael Karlsson of the University of Iceland and will focus on the history, law, and launguage of Iceland. Colgan's Class Notes Current Weather in Reykjavik Syllabus 2000 Iceland Trip Itinerary Map showing our proposed route for 2000 trip ... 1997 - Iceland Trip Maps and Photos Iceland Web Links The 1996 Jokulhlaup Glacier Web Links Introduction to Glaciers A Brief History of Climate and Human Impact in Iceland Air Photo Views of the Effects of the Iceland flood World Glacier Inventory (Does not inlcude all glaciers) ... USGS - Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World Volcanoes Web Links An Introduction to Minerals and Rocks Introduction to Volcanoes Nordic Volcanology Institute Send questions or comments to pcolgan@lynx.neu.edu

51. History Of Iceland iceland's habitated history is just over 1100 years old, officially beginning in876 or thereabouts. During this time, naturally, lots of things have happened. http://http.europe.is/interpro/islandia/islandia.nsf/pages/history

Iceland's habitated history is just over 1100 years old, officially beginning in 876 or thereabouts. During this time, naturally, lots of things have happened. We won't cover them all of course but over time we'll add new and interesting sections to this page. History Age of Settlements Armed Forces in Iceland Early Settlements Early Visits ... Settlement in Greenland History - World War Two Iceland and World War Two Icelandic Air Ace

52. Iceland - Scandinavica.com Fact sheet providing a brief overview of the country. Includes history, sights, and recommended books. http://www.scandinavica.com/iceland.htm

The Nordic community online Shopping Travel Email Nordic Culture ... en español Shopping Scandinavian Market Community Your email Chat Forums Send a card ... Nordic games Living in Scandinavia Nordic Culture Employment Immigration Tourist info Newsletter Do you want to keep informed of our updates on Nordic culture? Click here to read more... Welcome to Iceland Map of Iceland (202K) WHO ARE WE ? We are 276,000 Icelanders living in the Republic of Iceland. Our capital is Reykjavik (170,000), the world's northernmost capital. Other towns: Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, Akureyri. We speak Icelandic. Icelandic has not evolved since the 12th century and is related to the other Scandinavian languages. English is widely spoken. Learn Icelandic here HOW IS OUR COUNTRY LIKE ? What does Iceland look like : The coastline is shaped by fjords and 52% of the land is a desert of lava and ice. Watch live web-cameras in Iceland here How is the weather : wet and windy. Average temperatures are 15ºC for Summer and -5ºC for Winter.

53. Alþingi - Althingi's Homepage Parliament of iceland. history, working information, sessions, and pictures. http://www.althingi.is/vefur/upplens.html

Í nærmynd Ólafur Örn Haraldsson 12. þm. RV, F, ÓÖH Althingi's homepage Welcome to Althingi's English home page where you will find some basic information about the Icelandic Parliament. Working and History Introduction Contact with members group secretaries and staff Íslensk heimasíða Danske sider Nefndarmenn geta sameinast um að leggja fram frumvarp í nafni nefndarinnar um málefni sem eru á verksviði hennar. Landbúnaðarnefnd önnum kafin. Öllum fyrirspurnum, ábendingum og tillögum um vef Alþingis skal beint til ritstjóra vefs Alþingis.

54. AriadNe/Culture & Recreation/Iceland/History - History Of Iceland Ariadne The European and Mediterranean link resource presents /Culture Recreation/iceland/history - history of iceland. history of iceland. http://ariadne.iief.de/index.php3/Culture & Recreation/Iceland/History

The European and Mediterranean link resource for R esearch, S cience and C ulture Search Submit News Help History of Iceland Iceland History Find: Match: Any of the words All the words Search within this section only Christianisation Celebration on the Christianization of Iceland in the year 1000, and commemorative activities. possible unreachable Hernám Íslands history of British, and later US forces occupation in Iceland during WWII. possible unreachable Leif Ericson Biography Biography of Leif Ericson possible unreachable Leif Ericson Millennium Celebration celebrating Leif's discovery of North America. possible unreachable Leif Ericson Vikingship educating society that Leif Ericson was the first European known to have discovered and settled the North American continent. possible unreachable Leif Erikson short report on the famous explorer. possible unreachable Leif Eriksson Greenland-Vinland Year 1000-2000 celebrating the 1000th anniversary of the Viking discovery of North America. possible unreachable Leifur Eiríksson Millennium Commission of Iceland, The offering proposals to the government on projects to be supported commemorating the discovery voyages of Icelanders in the Western World. possible unreachable

55. History Of Iceland history of iceland. Background Notes State. Britannica.com icelandhistory A lengthy encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use http://history1900s.about.com/library/world/blxiceland.htm

zfp=-1 About History 20th Century History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with 20th Century History with Jennifer Rosenberg Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Major Events Maps People Photographs ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement History of Iceland Background Notes: Iceland Historical information from the United States Department of State. Britannica.com: Iceland History A lengthy encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use the outline below the article to navigate through the complete text of this extensive encyclopedia entry. Flags of the World: Iceland Information, images, and available history of the current and past flags of the country. Geography and Maps of Iceland A plethora of geographical information and online maps from the About Geography site. History of Iceland A comprehensive timeline of Icelandic histry, from early visits by Vikings to the modern era.

56. Iceland Tourist Board history of iceland A Viking Oasis Modern day icelanders often pointto the first Norse settlers as their ancestors, often speaking http://www.goiceland.org/history.html

History of Iceland A Viking Oasis Modern day Icelanders often point to the first Norse settlers as their ancestors, often speaking fondly of their colorful Viking past. Much of it is written down in the Landnamabok (Book of Settlements), one of the early sagas. While there is some argument as to the motives of the first widespread Nordic settlement, convention holds that the Norsemen were fleeing the tyranny of the Norwegian King Harald Haarfagri, who drove them from their ancestral lands in southern Norway. Arriving in Iceland, they threw high seats over the edges of their longboats and built their new homesteads where the seats washed ashore, believing that the divine hand of Thor would choose the spot. Sometimes it would take years before the seats were found. The exiled Norse quickly developed their own sense of national identity, creating in 930 what is regarded as the world’s first parliamentary system, The Althing . Local chieftains gathered at Thingvellir , a natural amphitheater, where they elected leaders yearly. To prevent leaders from abusing power, The Althing had no military to enforce its will, a stipulation that would later cause problems when regional chiefs decided to take matters into their own hands. But for the most part, these early years following the development of the Althing were peaceful. It was an era of optimism, even for

57. Iceland - History iceland is the only European country to have a written history from its firstsettlement. iceland's Althing was the first parliament in history. http://www.mindspring.com/~tcomden/iceland/thing.html

It is believed that Iceland was first explored by Irish mnks as early as the 6th century AD. They established a settlement on the south coast, and there were about 1000 monks there in 874 when Norse settlers arrived. There is a Book of Settlement (Landnamabok) written between 1100 and 1200 ad, which gives an account of the first 400 families to settle in Iceland. Iceland is the only European country to have a written history from its first settlement. The first settler was a man named Ingofar Arnarson. The old Norse believed in predestination. Arnarson threw a ceremonial column from his boat into the water and watched it drift towards land. Where it beached, he established his settlement. This was in a bay on the south west corner of the island, because of smoke from the volcanoes he named it "Smoky Bay" or Reykjavik. By 930 the population had risen to 30,000. Each settlement was ruled by a chieftan/priest. One of the chieftans went to Norway to study the laws there, to formulate a code of laws for Iceland. He returned in 930 and his recommendations were put into effect with the formation of the Althing (General Assembly). Iceland's Althing was the first parliament in history. The Althing had two bodies, one the lawmaking and the other, judicial. They met once a year in a valley known as Thingvaller "Valley of the Althing". Thingvellir is northeast of Reykjavik and was the first stop on our tour. It is a high walled outdoor room, rather than an amphitheater. There was a mound where the "Lawspeaker" recited the laws druing the meetings of the Althing.

58. LycosZone Directory > Homework > History And Current Events > European History > What kind of iceland Websites are you looking for? Embassy of iceland history of iceland - Brief history of iceland. Grade Level http://www.lycoszone.com/dir/Homework/History and Current Events/European Histor

Search For: Lycos Zone Home Family Zone Teachers Zone What kind of Iceland Websites are you looking for? Embassy of Iceland - History of Iceland Brief history of Iceland. Grade Level: 9-12 History of Iceland General history of Iceland and the history of Iceland during World War II. Grade Level: 9-12 Check out other "European History" Web Pages! Go To Top of Directory Back to Lycos Zone! Lycos Worldwide ... Lycos Zone Privacy Statement

59. Iceland -- Primary Documents history of iceland Primary Documents. Saganet Medieval icelandicLiterature Images of manuscripts books published before 1901. http://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/iceland.html

History of Iceland: Primary Documents Saganet : Medieval Icelandic Literature A massive project of the National and University Library of Iceland and Cornell University in association with the Arni Magnússon Institute. With title or subject browse and a help guide (850-1177, written ca. 1225; English translation) Heimskringla : Or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway by Snorri Sturluson. (850-1177, written ca. 1225; English translation) Icelandic sagas in Project Runeberg [Search for those items marked "Icelandic"] (Old Norse transcriptions) Icelandic sagas at Berkeley's [scroll to "Icelandic (Old Norse"] (English translations) Manuscript of Icelandic sagas written down by Ólafur Brynjúlfsson Digitized by the Danish Royal Library (1760; facsimiles) Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands The Constitution of Iceland (17 June 1944 with updates to 2002; Icelandic original). Constitution of Iceland (17 June 1944 with updates to 1999; English translation). Guide to Law Online: Iceland Library of Congress guide to constitutional, legal and government documents. Archival Documents of Reykjavík from Evidence! Europe Reflected in Archives

60. Scandinavian Studies Web: History The history of iceland from the icelandic Embassy in Washington, DC Libraries, Archives,Collections. Landsbókasafn Íslands The icelandic national library. http://library.byu.edu/~rdh/wess/scan/hist.html

Scandinavian Studies Web: History Denmark Finland Iceland Norway ... Sweden Denmark Documents, Data Files, Primary Literature Danish primary historical documents on EuroDocs Documents are either transcriptions, translations, or facsimile copies of originals. Historiography, Commentary, Secondary Literature Danske konger... og deres historie Biographical synopses of Danish kings, 1448 - 1863. Reference Works, Gateways, Tertiary Literature DANDOK Database of Danish research in progress and published research. A Chronology of Danish History Plus links to other historical and cultural information. Yahoo! Danmark Historie Danish Yahoo! history site. Libraries, Archives, Collections Det kongelige bibliotek The Danish national library. Historisk samling for Besættelsestiden 1940-1945 Collection of materials from the time of German occupation, 1940-1945. Societies, Academic Centers, Organizations Museer, gallerier og kulturcentre Danish historical museums, galleries and cultural centers. Finland Documents, Data Files, Primary Literature Finnish primary historical documents on EuroDocs Documents are either transcriptions, translations, or facsimile copies of originals.

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