1. EESI: Briefings Hydrogen fuel cells energy for the Future Wednesday, March 28,2001 300 400 pm, 2360 Rayburn House Office Building. Please http://www.eesi.org/briefings/03.28.01brf.htm

Wednesday, March 28, 2001 3:00 - 4:00 p.m., 2360 Rayburn House Office Building Please click here to view the Briefing Summary! Global Legislators Organization for a Balanced Environment USA (GLOBE USA) and the Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI) sponsored a Congressional briefing to discuss hydrogen and fuel cell technology. Representative Nancy Johnson (R-CT), Representative Mark Udall (D-CO) and Senator Jim Jeffords (R-VT), members of GLOBE USA, hosted the briefing. Representative Udall provided opening remarks to offer their legislative perspectives. In the United States today we are faced with many energy challenges, ranging from regional power supply crises and sharply escalating energy prices to oil extraction. According to the Wall Street Journal, Americans are more concerned about energy now than they have been for decades. The time is ripe for renewable and sustainable energy technologies to play a much larger role in our future, and one of the key elements of this new energy economy is hydrogen and fuel cells. There are numerous bills that have been introduced in Congress that deal with renewable and emerging energy technologies, including hydrogen and fuel cells. Hydrogen is a renewable energy resource, and it is the most abundant element in the universe.

2. UTC Fuel Cells: Clean, Reliable Fuel Cell Energy Explains how PEMFC and other types of fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to generate power. Discusses problems, efficiency, and types of cells. lot recently about fuel cells. According to many news reports, we may soon be using the new energysaving technology to http://www.utcfuelcells.com/

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3. ENERGY FACTS: FUEL CELLS Article explains the technology behind hydrogen fuel cells and the advantages they offer as power generators for vehicles and other applications. http://www.iclei.org/efacts/fuelcell.htm

FUEL CELLS Fuel Cell Electrochemistry Fuel cells have a similar structure to a battery, with two porous electrodes separated by an electrolyte. Electricity is produced by a chemical reaction between a hydrogen-based fuel and an oxidant (usually oxygen) inside the fuel cell. Figure 1 is a diagram of the electrochemical reaction which takes place inside a fuel cell. Hydrogen (H ) flows over the anode (the negative electrode) and splits into positively charged hydrogen ions, and electrons which carry a negative charge. The electrons flow through the anode to the external circuit, performing useful work (this is the electric current generated) while the hydrogen ions pass through the anode and into the electrolyte, moving towards the cathode (the positive electrode). The electrons eventually return to the cathode which is supplied with oxygen (O ). At this point the electrons, hydrogen ions and oxygen react to form water (H O) and heat. In stationary fuel cell power plants this heat can be captured and used for process heat in industries or space heating ( co-generation ). As long as the fuel cell is supplied with hydrogen and oxygen, this electrical production can continue indefinitely.

4. FuelCell Energy: Home A developer and manufacturer of electrochemical technologies including fuel cells and batteries. http://www.ercc.com/

Site Map FAQs Careers Contact Company COMPANY PAGE Overview Management Board of Directors Contact Information Products PRODUCTS PAGE Commercial Trials Stationary Products Specialty Marine Investor INVESTOR HOME Stock Information Financials Analyst Coverage Presentations Audio Archives Investor FAQ Request Info Latest News LATEST NEWS Press Releases Presentations Papers Conferences Sign up for FuelCell's email alerts! SEC Filings: Recent News Power Plant What's New NEW! 2003 Annual Shareholders Meeting NEW! 2003 Proxy (PDF) NEW! U.S. Department of Energy News Release Related to LADWP Dedication on 3/14/03 (PDF) NEW!

5. Proton Energy Systems Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells and hydrogen generators produced by this company include unique Category Science Technology energy Hydrogen fuel Cell......Proton's unique regenerative fuel cells offer the ability to captureand store energy with unparalleled costeffectiven ess. Proton's http://www.protonenergy.com/

Proton Energy Systems Proton Energy Systems builds HOGEN PEM hydrogen generators and UNIGEN regenerative PEM fuel cell systems. The hydrogen generator produces hydrogen from electricity and water efficiently and without harmful by-products. Our UNIGEN regenerative FC systems combine our hydrogen generation technology with a FC power generator for uniquely cost-effective, pollution-free energy storage. We serve four markets: Hydrogen Gas Industry: Lower cost, safer and more convenient vs. conventional delivery. Hydrogen Fuel for Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel for vehicle and portable FC applications. Power Quality and Reliability: . UNIGEN regenerative FC systems will serve as highly reliable backup power systems to serve demanding applications. Renewable Power Applications: . UNIGEN systems may facilitate renewable energy solutions by storing energy produced by solar, wind and hydroelectric power. Legal Information Privacy Statement Proton Energy Systems 10 Technology Drive Wallingford CT 06492 tel. (203) 678-2000, fax (203) 949-8016

6. Energy Independence Is The Key To US Independence From Foreign Summary of major legislative action on fuel cells and energy reources, including PEM, hydrogen, income Category Science Technology energy Hydrogen fuel Cell......energy Science Resource Directory Focusing on fuel cells © 2002, air.xq23.com fuelcells offer a path to energy Independence as well as clean environment. http://www.air.xq23.com/energy_science_resources/

7. SalesCart Home Page Learn how to build your own fuel cells, and free energy motors, generators. This company offers plans, videos and kits. http://www.fuellesspower.com

Free Energy Technology! The Fuel less Engine The Fuel less Heater Run Your Car On Water The Air Engine ... The Tesla Turbine Engine HV Electromagnets New Discoveries / updates Introduction Order Form PO Box 557 New Albany, IN. 47151 tesla@fuellesspower.com

8. EERE: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells And Infrastructure Technologies Program Home Page fuel cells. fuel cells harness the chemical energy of hydrogen to generateelectricity without combustion or pollution. Safety, Codes and Standards. http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/

Search Help Search Site Map Ask an Energy Expert Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure Demonstration and Validation Project Pre-solicitation Meeting March 19, 2003 President's Remarks on Energy Independence February 6, 2003 More News 2003 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Merit Review Meeting May 19-22, 2003 More Events Hydrogen is a clean and sustainable form of energy that can be used in mobile and stationary applications. Fuel cells harness the chemical energy of hydrogen to generate electricity without combustion or pollution. Codes and standards ensure the safe use of hydrogen and fuel cells. The vision of a new energy economy based on clean, renewable hydrogen is described in the National Hydrogen Energy Vision document (PDF 1 MB) Although we have a vision for a hydrogen economy , changing the way we produce and use energy is not a simple or overnight task. The National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap (PDF 2 MB) outlines the challenges we face and suggests a path forward to achieve the promise of hydrogen and fuel cells. The first steps toward the hydrogen future are already underway. The

9. HYDROGEN ENERGY Hydrogen is a clean fuel. It can be used in a broad range of applications, substituting fossil fuels. This Ministry has taken up R D projects on various aspects of hydrogen energy including production, storage and uses of hydrogen as a fuel. As a result of initiatives taken by this Ministry, the applications of hydrogen in fuel cells for power generation have been demonstrated . India http://mnes.nic.in/hydro.htm

HYDROGEN ENERGY Objectives Projects Thrust Areas Organisations ... Back Hydrogen-powered motorcycle Hydrogen fuelled small power generating sets, two wheelers and catalytic combustion systems have also been developed and demonstrated. Objectives Projects Thrust Areas Organisations ... Back

10. EERE: Hydrogen Energy - Fuel Cells Hydrogen's potential use in fuel and energy applications includes powering vehicles,running turbines or fuel cells to produce electricity, and generating heat http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/hydrogen_fuel_cells.html

Home Site Map A-Z Index Ask an Energy Expert Search Fuel Cells Hydrogen's potential use in fuel and energy applications includes powering vehicles, running turbines or fuel cells to produce electricity, and generating heat and electricity for buildings. The current focus is on hydrogen's use in fuel cells. power vehicles or to provide electricity and heat to buildings. The primary fuel cell technologies under development are: Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells A phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) consists of an anode and a cathode made of a finely dispersed platinum catalyst on carbon paper, and a silicon carbide matrix that holds the phosphoric acid electrolyte. This is the most commercially developed type of fuel cell and is being used in hotels, hospitals, and office buildings. The phosphoric acid fuel cell can also be used in large vehicles, such as buses. Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells The proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses a fluorocarbon ion exchange with a polymeric membrane as the electrolyte. The PEM cell appears to be more adaptable to automobile use than the PAFC type of cell. These cells operate at relatively low temperatures and can vary their output to meet shifting power demands. These cells are the best candidates for light-duty vehicles, for buildings, and much smaller applications. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) currently under development use a thin layer of zirconium oxide as a solid ceramic electrolyte, and include a lanthanum manganate cathode and a nickel-zirconia anode. This is a promising option for high-powered applications, such as industrial uses or central electricity generating stations.

11. Device Ups Hydrogen Energy From Sunlight: Science News Online, Sept. 16, 2000 A recipe for a cleaner, healthier planet Take some water, add solar energy, extract hydrogen, and use it to power fuel cells for running cars and other machines. Then, collect their water emissions and start the procedure again. http://www.sciencenews.org/20000916/fob6.asp

Home page. Math Trek Plato's Molecule Food for Thought Chocolate Therapies (with recipe for Janet’s Chocolate Medicinal Mousse Pie) Science Safari Quack Gadgets TimeLine 70 Years Ago in Science News Week of Sept. 16, 2000; Vol. 158, No. 12 Device ups hydrogen energy from sunlight Peter Weiss Here's a recipe for a cleaner, healthier planet: Take some water, add solar energy, extract hydrogen, and use it to power fuel cells for running cars and other machines. Then, collect their water emissions and start the procedure again. One look at the list of ingredients in today's fuel cells, however, shows that this ideal isn't yet being followed. Because processes that use sunlight to extract hydrogen remain costly and inefficient, fossil fuels still supply the hydrogen in most fuel cells. Hoping to break the fossil fuel habit, a team of Israeli, German, and Japanese scientists has created a device that boosts the efficiency of solar-powered hydrogen extraction by 50 percent. The group placed a photovoltaic cell on top of two flat, finger-long electrodes. The combination "is very efficient in converting solar energy [into an electric current] but also provides nearly the ideal voltage for splitting water" into hydrogen and oxygen, says team leader Stuart Licht of the Technion in Haifa, Israel. A water molecule splits, or undergoes electrolysis, at only 1.23 volts. Licht and his colleagues describe their device in the Sept. 14

12. DOE Fossil Energy - Advanced Fuel Cells For Stationary Electric Power Generation The US Department of energy has launched a major initiative to bring about per kilowattby the end of this decade, which would make fuel cells competitive for http://www.fe.doe.gov/coal_power/fuelcells/

SEARCH THIS SITE Oil Reserves Electricity Regulation Gas Regulation ... Distributed Power Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Technology Fuel cells could be a power company's dream: an efficient, combustion-less, virtually pollution-free power source, capable of being sited in downtown urban areas or in remote regions, that runs almost silently, and has few moving parts. But fuel cells are more reality than dream. Using an electrochemical process discovered more than 150 years ago, fuel cells began supplying electric power for spacecraft in the 1960s. Today they are being used in more down-to-earth applications: to provide on-site power for banks, police stations, and office buildings. In the near future, fuel cells could be propelling automobiles and allowing homeowners to generate electricity in their basements or backyards. Fuel cells operate much like a battery, turning oxygen and hydrogen into electricity in the presence of an electrically conductive material called an electrolyte. Unlike a battery, however, fuel cells never lose their charge. As long as there is a constant source of fuel – usually natural gas for the hydrogen and air for the oxygen – fuel cells will generate electricity. MORE ON...

13. ABS Alaskan General background and basic technical information about a variety of renewable energy sources, from solar panels to fuel cells. http://www.absak.com/basic.html

14. DOE Fossil Energy - Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells Read More About Phosphoric Acid fuel cells Molten Carbonate fuel cells Solid Oxidefuel cells The Solid State energy Conversion Alliance. Performance Targets http://www.fe.doe.gov/coal_power/fuelcells/fuelcells_phos.shtml

SEARCH THIS SITE Oil Reserves Electricity Regulation Gas Regulation ... Fuel Cells Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Technology - Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells Phosphoric acid fuel cells were the first fuel cells to cross the commercial threshold in the electric power industry. More than 200 of these "first generation" power units are now operating in stationary power applications in the United States and overseas. Most are the 200-kilowatt PC25 fuel cell manufactured by the ONSI Corporation, including one that powers a police station in New York City's Central Park and another that provides supplemental power to the Conde Nast Building at 4 Times Square in New York. The largest phosphoric acid fuel cell to be tested is an 11-megawatt power plant sited in Japan. As the name implies, these fuel cells use liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. The electrodes are made of carbon paper coated with a finely-dispersed platinum catalyst. The catalyst strips electrons off the hydrogen-rich fuel at the anode. Positively charged hydrogen ions then migrate through the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode. Electrons generated at the anode travel through an external circuit, providing direct current electric power, and return to the cathode. There the electrons, hydrogen ions and oxygen form water, which is discharged from the cell. Phosphoric acid fuel cells operate at around 150 to 200 degrees C (about 300 to 400 degrees F), above the boiling point of water. (This is one reason why phosphoric acid is preferred although it is a less efficient conductor of electricity than other acidic electrolytes Other acid electrolytes that require water for conductivity don't have this capability.)

15. DCH Technology, Inc. Renewable and Hydrogen energy and fuel cell Technology Product Showcase http://www.PEMFuelcells.com

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16. EERE: Hydrogen Energy - Fuel Cells use in fuel and energy applications includes powering vehicles, running turbines or fuel cells to produce electricity, http://www.eren.doe.gov/RE/hydrogen_fuel_cells.html

Home Site Map A-Z Index Ask an Energy Expert Search Fuel Cells Hydrogen's potential use in fuel and energy applications includes powering vehicles, running turbines or fuel cells to produce electricity, and generating heat and electricity for buildings. The current focus is on hydrogen's use in fuel cells. power vehicles or to provide electricity and heat to buildings. The primary fuel cell technologies under development are: Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells A phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) consists of an anode and a cathode made of a finely dispersed platinum catalyst on carbon paper, and a silicon carbide matrix that holds the phosphoric acid electrolyte. This is the most commercially developed type of fuel cell and is being used in hotels, hospitals, and office buildings. The phosphoric acid fuel cell can also be used in large vehicles, such as buses. Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells The proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses a fluorocarbon ion exchange with a polymeric membrane as the electrolyte. The PEM cell appears to be more adaptable to automobile use than the PAFC type of cell. These cells operate at relatively low temperatures and can vary their output to meet shifting power demands. These cells are the best candidates for light-duty vehicles, for buildings, and much smaller applications. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) currently under development use a thin layer of zirconium oxide as a solid ceramic electrolyte, and include a lanthanum manganate cathode and a nickel-zirconia anode. This is a promising option for high-powered applications, such as industrial uses or central electricity generating stations.

17. M.J. Bradley & Associates, Strategic Environmental Consultants Strategic environmental consulting firm dedicated to air quality issues, energy policy, climate change, electric vehicles, renewable energy, fuel cells and emission credit management. http://www.mjbradley.com/

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18. Fuel Cell And Hydrogen News - H2FC fuel Cell Hydrogen News, udpated several times daily. fuel cell vehicle chassis. fuelCell energy 1 MW Power Plant. Medis Direct Methanol fuel cells. Ballard Nexa 1.2 http://www.h2fc.com/news.html

19. The Schatz Energy Research Center (SERC) Home Page The Schatz energy Research Center (SERC) promotes the use of clean and renewable energy through the Category Science Technology energy Hydrogen...... Dr. Schatz provided the funding to create the Schatz energy Research Center in 1989 Hehad an intense and unwavering enthusiasm for hydrogen and fuel cells. http://www.humboldt.edu/~serc/index.shtml

Schatz Energy Research Center The Schatz Energy Research Center (SERC) promotes the use of clean and renewable energy. Dr. Louis W. Schatz (1912 - 2001) About The Schatz Energy Research Center SERC Facilities SERC Participants Contact Information ... Related Web Pages Dr. Schatz passed away on Saturday, September 22, 2001. He had celebrated his 89th birthday on January 20. Dr. Schatz provided the funding to create the Schatz Energy Research Center in 1989 and continued to support the lab financially over the years. He had an intense and unwavering enthusiasm for hydrogen and fuel cells. Dr. Schatz received an honorary doctorate from Humboldt State University in May 1994 for assisting SERC and other HSU programs. Through his support of SERC, he made a lasting contrib ution to the advancement of clean energy technologies. We at SERC will miss Louis Schatz. Send comments and suggestions to: serc@axe.humboldt.edu This page was developed at Humboldt State University by Marc Marshall mwm1@axe.humboldt.edu Last Updated: July 31, 2002. This page has been accessed [an error occurred while processing this directive] times since April 22, 1998

20. Renewable Technologies Incorporated Provides design, engineering, sales, installation, and service of alternative energy systems, including solar, photovoltaic and thermal, wind turbines, hydrogen fuel cells, back up power systems, standby generators, inverters, hydro-generators, and batteries. http://www.renewable.com/

Renewable Technologies designs, engineers, installs, and services turnkey alternative energy systems that include solar, photovoltaic, thermal, wind turbine, proton exchange membrane, fuel cell, back-up power, stand-by generator, inverter, hydrogenerator, and battery components. In business since 1994, Renewable Technologies offers the most reliable, affordable alternative energy systems available and will meet or beat anyone's prices. For information or to arrange an engineering site survey to establish engineering options for system installation and configuration: Phone 209 223-3002 or 800-550-SOLAR (7652) Fax 209 223-3780 E-mail sales@renewable.com Mail P.O. Box 1569, Sutter Creek, CA 95685 Visit 11851 Ampine Road (off Ridge Road south of the intersection at 49) Martell CA 95654 Renewable Technologies, Inc. is a BP Solar, Inc. partner and a member of SEIA, IEEE, and IIP. Direct comments or problem reports to webmaster@renewable.com

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