41. Turbulence And Multiphase Flow Laboratory At Clarkson University Fundamentals of natural gas and Species Flows from hydrates Dissociation Applicationsto Safety Sea Floor Stability. -gas hydrates-. fossil fuels are http://www.clarkson.edu/fluidflow/hydrate/hydrate.html

The primary goal of this project is to provide a fundamental understanding of flow conditions of hydrate dissociation products in consolidated and unconsolidated sediment. We also will develop semi-analytical computational models to be used as tools to guide the safety related issues. These include predicting the rate of natural gas pressure buildup during drilling in a hydrate reservoir, the nature of gas and water flows in the reservoir after hydrate dissociation, and the potential for sea floor instability. Availability of such an understanding, detailed experimental data and a computational tool are crucial to the future development of technology for economical and safe natural gas production from hydrate in the 21st Century. The experimental phase of the study, is concerned with visualizing and measuring the gas and water velocities during hydrate dissociation, as well as examining the nature of slurry flows that are produced by the hydrate dissociation in unconsolidated sediments. Funded by US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)

42. B-I-P: Methane Hydrates As An Energy Source an unconventional and potentially huge source of natural gas. Methane hydrates areattractive to countries reserves of conventional fossil fuels make methane http://www.sric-bi.com/BIP/summaries/2404.shtml

Methane Hydrates as an Energy Source October 2002 Author: Margaret Pak Return to Bulletin Download full Insight Insight Summary A POTENTIAL NEW ENERGY SOURCE An Elusive Identity Methane hydrates, the most common natural-gas hydrates in nature, are crystalline water compounds that encompass a methane molecule at a concentrated volume. Methane hydrates occur naturally in deepwater ocean beds and permafrost, at conditions of high pressure and low temperature. Until recently, methane hydrates were largely the concern of marine geologists, who need to understand the compounds' role in seafloor stability and the global carbon cycle, and of offshore oil-drilling companies, which consider the hydrates an industrial nuisance and hazard. Needed Infrastructure for Production and Transport Despite criticisms, governments and industry are developing the technologies necessary to produce and transport methane hydrates for use as an energy source. Production technologies allow the commercial recovery of methane from naturally occurring methane hydrates. Among several methods under consideration, thermal simulation has recently enjoyed some major development. In March 2002, Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry announced that an intergovernment team (including governments of India, Japan, Canada, United States, and Germany) successfully produced arctic methane hydrate in an "economically viable" gas form for the first time. Companies that recover natural gas in places far from consuming markets most often transport the gas in a liquid state, as liquefied natural gas (LNG). Although LNG is a proven technology for transporting natural gas across long distances, it is highly capital intensive. Improvements in gas-to-liquid technology, already a current challenge for petroleum companies, will make the transport costs of recovering natural gas from methane hydrate more economically competitive. With experts contesting even the viability of methane hydrates as an energy supply, the efforts that this study discusses reflect only the current state of thinking. The technologies that will eventually unlock methane hydrates as an energy source may not yet exist.

43. Newsletters - PTTC Rockies blockages in natural gas pipelines transporting wet natural gas. worldwide amountof methane in gas hydrates is equal carbon held in all fossil fuels on earth. http://www.mines.edu/research/PTTC/newsletters/volume 6/v6n1p3.html

PTTC Rockies: Newsletters Home Modified 2003 - Volume 6 - Quarter 1 Page Three - Return to Table of Contents Optimization of Rod Pumping Systems The session will also include a review and optimization of every component of the rod pumping system, including rod pump sizes, rod string sizing and metallurgy, pros and cons of tubing anchors, and pumping unit and driver issues. Wave equation calculations will be used to support the conclusions made, and the end result will be the presentation of several "Rules of Thumb." Several actual installations that utilize these design concepts will be reviewed, with dynamometer analysis provided to back up the theoretical calculations. Morning Session, March 4, Foam, Chemical and Gas Lift Papers in this session will address foaming: the compatibility of foaming agents and hydrate inhibitors, chemical corrosion treatments, and gas-lift. Foaming Gas lift is a lift method that injects gas into the pro-duction tubing to reduce the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid column. The resulting reduction in bottom hole pressure allows the reservoir liquids to enter the well-bore at a higher flow rate. The injection gas is typically conveyed down the tubing-casing annulus and enters the production tubing through a series of gas-lift valves. The gas-lift valve position, operating pressures, and gas in-jection rate are determined by specific well conditions. Hydrates Hydrates were first identified a few decades ago when they formed blockages in natural gas pipelines transporting wet natural gas. They also occur naturally on the sea floor. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates the worldwide amount of methane in gas hydrates is equal to least 1000 gigatons of carbon or about twice the amount of carbon held in all fossil fuels on earth.

44. GEOLOGY 1000-06 HONORS PROJECT Subak, S., 1993, natural greenhouse gas accounts current consume large quantitiesof fossil fuels contribute to These gas hydrates are icelike solids made http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~kish/dynamic/global/JC1.htm

Global Warming: Anthropogenic and Natural Sources of Greenhouse Gases. John A. Carlisle Subak, S., 1993, Natural greenhouse gas accounts: current anthropogenic sources and sinks: Climatic Change, v. 25 p. 15-44. This article presented a study of the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the industrialized and developing regions. Within this study, it was not only the goal of the author to determine the amount of particular greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of the region, but also to determine and trace their anthropogenic sources. The greenhouse gases of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons, were traced to such human activities as fossil fuel consumption, livestock abundance, agricultural tendencies, cement production,etc... It was shown that not only highly industrialized regions that consume large quantities of fossil fuels contribute to the amount of greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere, but developing nations as well. Within this study, developing nations share the responsibility for the release of these greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Appenzeller, T., 1991, Fire and ice under the deep-sea floor: Science, v. 252 p. 1790-1793.

45. @Sea - Diving To Extremes - Habitat Information rock layers, allowing methanerich natural gas to escape amounts of carbon bound ingas hydrates is conservatively to be found in all known fossil fuels on Earth http://www.at-sea.org/missions/extremes/habitat.html

HYDRATES AND SEEPS: THE BASIS FOR AN AMAZING FOOD WEB Approximately 100 miles south of Louisiana and Texas, the broad continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico becomes very steep. Instead of falling smoothly to the 3600 meter depths found at the center of the basin, the slope heaves and twists across most of its northern edge. These mounds, ridges, and valleys were formed over geologic time from the upheavals of a vast salt deposit buried over 100 million years ago. Oil and methane (natural gas) seeps dot the continental slope and slope break in the Gulf of Mexico. During the Jurassic Period (208-146 million years ago), the area now known as the Gulf of Mexico was dry. Massive amounts of salt were deposited on the dried sea bed. When the waters returned, sediment accumulated, covering the salt deposits and subjecting them to great pressure. The overlying sediments eventually became rock. Under these rock layers, salt rose to the surface and formed huge pillars called diapirs. The diapirs created cracks in the rock layers, allowing methane-rich natural gas to escape. The enormous pressure from salt upheavals formed craters at the surface of the sea floor. Here, salt mixed with water forming pools of brine that are four to five times as salty as seawater. These brine pools are home to large communities of mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi).

46. Deccan Herald News Page fossil fuels/Methane hydrates contain twice as much energy and Methane hydrates canalso be found under land The Oil and natural gas Commission, and the gas http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec03/snt1.asp

47. Natural Gas And Its Biological Effects In The Marine Environment production and transportation, burning of fossil fuels, intensive rice the potentialimpact of natural gas and other In such regions, methane hydrates may be http://www.offshore-environment.com/naturalgas.html

Offshore- environment.com Recommend this site to a colleague Environmental Impact of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry by Stanislav Patin - a unique summary of world-wide studies on the environmental issues associated with offshore oil and gas exploration and development Learn more ORDER NOW! Highly recommended by the Offshore-Environment.com! Natural gas in the marine environment by Stanislav Patin , translation by Elena Cascio based on "Environmental Impact of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry" In contrast with oil hydrocarbons, which have been an object of wide and detailed ecotoxicological studies worldwide, natural gas and its components have been left outside the sphere of environmental analysis, control, and regulation. At the same time, the input of natural gas and products of its combustion into the biosphere is one of the typical and global factors of anthropogenic impact. Below you will find information on sources and composition of natural gas in the marine environment. Click on links at the end of the page to find more information on Environmental Impact of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Composition and sources of natural gas in the water Natural gas is closely related to crude oil. Both substances are thought to have formed in the earth's crust as a result of transformation of organic matter due to the heat and pressure of the overlying rock. All oil deposits contain natural gas, although natural gas is often found without oil. Gas hydrocarbons can also be produced as a result of microbial decomposition of organic substances and, less often, due to reduction of mineral salts. Many of these gases are released into the atmosphere or hydrosphere, or they accumulate in the upper layers of the earth's crust.

48. Gas Hydrates Research Within The Laboratory For Applied Thermodynamics And Phase fossil fuels, exploration of these gas hydrate fields for recovery of natural gasmight be desirable in the future. The large storage potential of gas hydrates http://www.dct.tudelft.nl/ttf/hydrate.htm

Applied Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria: Research Gas hydrates Ir. M.M. Mooijer-van den Heuvel Dr. Ir. C. J. Peters Subjects on this page are: What are gas hydrates? The structure of gas hydrates. The fields of interest concerning gas hydrates. Our work on gas hydrates. ... Gas Hydrates on the Internet What are gas hydrates ? Hydrates can be formed in systems of water and small molecules. When the small molecules are gaseous at ambient conditions we are speaking of gas hydrates. These small molecules, e.g. methane (CH ), propane (C H ), carbon dioxide (CO ), nitrogen (N ) but also fluoroform (CHF Figure 1: Burning ice. The structure of gas hydrates. The highly regular structure that accommodates molecules might bring to mind zeolite structures. In fact zeolites correspond to gas hydrates in respect of the highly regular structure, the ability to host foreign molecules and the extent of the interaction forces that play a role in accommodating the guest molecules. Distinction between zeolites and gas hydrates lies in the duration the guest molecules are hosted, i.e., zeolites is short term (for the time a reaction takes place generally) and gas hydrates can 'store' the guest molecules for a much longer time. Also gas hydrates consist of cavities between which no exchange of molecules is possible while zeolites contain canal-like structures through which molecules can move freely. Figure 2: Detail of one of the possible crystal configurations of ice.

49. Ocean Report gas has major environmental benefits over other fossil fuels. Encourage productionof natural gas, as a cleaner research on marine gas hydrates (methane and http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/oceanreport/oilandgas.html

Home Offshore Oil and Gas Maintain safe and environmentally sound domestic energy supplies and alternative fuel sources. The outer continental shelf contains significant oil and gas resources that are vital to our domestic energy supplies and national security needs, contributing 22% of domestic oil and 27% of natural gas production. Natural gas reserves in the outer continental shelf are particularly important because natural gas has major environmental benefits over other fossil fuels. Cleaner burning, it is increasingly being used in the conversion of electrical power-generating stations from oil- or coal- fired facilities. The federal share of offshore oil and gas revenues averages about $4 billion a year. Much of the existing leasing and development occurs in the central and western Gulf of Mexico. In recent years, the rapid development of deep-water technology has led to a strong move by industry to both lease and operate in ever-deeper waters. Over 4,000 platforms are operating in waters up to 3,900 feet deep, and over 30 rigs are drilling in water deeper than 1,000 feet, including one deeper than 7,700 feet. By the end of 2000, production from Gulf deep-water fields is expected to account for one-half of the total Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf oil production and one-third of the total outer continental shelf gas production. Ongoing Concerns

50. "Oil And Arab Cooperation" Issue 92/26 greenhouse gases will increase as fossil fuels will continue to Oil and natural gasresources are classified under and coal seams, in addition to gas hydrates. http://www.oapecorg.org/92 Volume 26.htm

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Issue No.92, Volume 26 of the “Oil and Arab Cooperation” Contains four articles, presented here in abstract form: SUMMARY OF WORLD ENERGY AND CLIMATE REVIEW Duglas R.O. Morrison while the rise in sea level and temperature will be relatively moderate this century, the effects will be severe in the 22nd century when the Antartic ice starts to melt instead of increasing. (It should be remembered that we are in an interglacial period and another ice age appears inevitable)é*ê. DEPLETION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES Dr. Mohammad Mukhtar Al-Lababidi As defined by the World Energy Council (WEC) and others, the term petroleum includes gaseous, liquid as well as solid hydrocarbons (HC). The most important, as commercial energy, are oil and natural gas. Oil and natural gas resources are classified under the headings of both ``conventional'' and``unconventional'' resources. Unconventional oil resources include oil shale, tar sands and heavy crude, while unconventional gas resources include gas in: tight formations, geopressurized aquifers and coal seams, in addition to gas hydrates. Estimates of petroleum resources vary from one author to another. However, all authors agree that the progression toward scarcity of conventional HC resources did not proceed along the lines perceived in the early 1970s. Today the majority believe that technological and economic developments will continue to boost estimates of the ultimate recoverable resources (URR). On the other hand, some researchers are worried by the widening gap between the addition to resources and the levels of production during recent years, where additions to reserves have not kept up with the increased production. This group advocates caution with regard to accepting the more optimistic forecasts pertaining to the economic availability of oil and gas in the long run.

51. Quan111 But even the lowest published values are comparable with the amount of organiccarbon in fossil fuels. The discovery of natural gas hydrates in marine http://www.gashydat.org/quan111.htm

The published estimations of the total quantity of hydrocarbon gas in the form of hydrates vary within the limits 10 to 10 The discovery of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments happened fortuitously in 1979 in the Caspian Sea during core sampling, later in the Pacific Ocean during deep sea drilling. After the realization that they are globally widespread and could contain a huge amount of world gas reserves, the science community started to evaluate their quantity. Initial very optimistic estimations range between 156 and 760x10 m . Nowadays the estimation of their quantity dropped between 1.0x10 m and 1.0x10 m , but still remain speculative and uncertain. Estimations of world methane reserves trapped in gas hydrates CUBIC METERS of CH REFERENCES 156 x 10 760 x 10 Dobrynin et al. 0.5 - 2.5 x 10 Trofimuk et al.

52. Título De La Página Chile lacks fossil fuels reservoirs and, therefore, is strongly dependent of theresource price gas hydrates are a type of natural formation containing http://biblioteca.ucv.cl/hydrates/pagei14.html

GENERAL PROJECT FORMULATION DELIMITATION OF THE PROBLEM OR APPROACH OPPORTUNITY Fossil fuels play a vital role in the economy of any country. Chile lacks fossil fuels reservoirs and, therefore, is strongly dependent of the resource price offer at international level. In consequence, good part of the national economy is affected by the international fluctuations in the hydrocarbon prices and offer. m , several times the reservoirs of conventional gas and petroleum sources. The current knowledge about this topic have determined that methane production from hydrates is technically possible and economically viable. The wide geographical distribution of gas hydrates deposits offshore can provide natural gas to the countries that lack petroleum and gas reserves. Chile is not an exception, since geophysical studies (marine seismics) have revealed the existence of hydrates under the continental slope in different sites of the Chilean margin. Countries like India and Japan are starting important programs whose aim is to know and to evaluate the potential of gas hydrates in relation to their respective jurisdictional areas. In spite of the progresses achieved up until now on this resource, at world level, exist important issues referred to localization and volumes, as well as exploitation and transport technologies. The need to increase the clean domestic fuel supplies at world level by mid XXI century, it is a certain fact. For this reason, developed countries like USA, Japan, Canada and Germany are showing great concern for the topic, formulating and carrying out important programs dedicated to generate the scientific knowledge as well as the appropriate exploitation technologies, as it was demonstrated in the recent formulation of the USA Methane Hydrates National Program (1999), among other.

53. GAS HYDRATES: Energy For The Future as much as the amount in all fossil fuels on earth. . gas hydrates may offer a newsource of fuel for countries Methane is natural gas and it can just be burned http://www.pulseplanet.com/archive/Oct96/1315.html

Program #1315 October 1996 GAS HYDRATES: Energy for the Future ambience: ocean waves The sea is full of wonders. One of them, buried beneath the ocean floor, could be a solution to the Earth's energy problems. I'm Jim Metzner, and this is the Pulse of the Planet. "The amount of methane in the ocean sediments is immense. One conservative estimate suggests that the amount of methane is twice as much as the amount in all fossil fuels on earth." Buried in the sea floor, gas hydrates are deposits of crystallized methane. William Dillon, a scientist at the Wood's Hole Geological Survey, studies these packets of potential underwater energy. "Gas hydrates are ice-like materials that form out of water molecules. But unlike ice, which is the same sort of thing, a gas hydrate has a gas molecule stuffed into its crystal structure, generally methane. Gas hydrates look exactly like ice. The only thing that's different about them is that if you struck a match, this ice would burn." "Gas hydrate will form wherever temperature and pressure conditions are suitable for them to form. You can't stop it from forming. So whenever the pressure is moderately high and the temperature is moderately low and the gas and water are available, you'll form gas hydrates."

54. DOE Fossil Energy - Oil And Natural Gas Research And Development FUTURE fuels. New technology for our most Oil and natural gas are the lifeblood of the U.S. economy. maintained by the Office of fossil Energy, U.S. Department of http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs_oilgas.html

FUTURE FUELS New technology for our most abundant energy resources. SEARCH THIS SITE Oil Reserves Electricity Regulation Gas Regulation ... INDEX Oil and natural gas are the lifeblood of the U.S. economy. New technologies to keep our existing fields pumping, to find new fields with less environmental disturbance, and to deliver cleaner fuels more reliably are the goals of this program. Probing Deeper, Faster and Smarter Reservoir Efficiency Processes Reservoir Life Extension Methane Hydrates Protecting the Environment Environmental Research Delivering Fuels Reliably Gas Infrastructure and Storage Reports Oil, Gas Resources in Roadless Areas Offshore Technology Roadmap Accelerated Depletion Impact Analysis Natural Gas Technology Presentations Properties of LNG - Feb. 12, 2002 Workshop Strategic and Multi-Year Program Plans Advisory Councils National Petroleum Council [link to NPC Web Site] Securing Oil and Natural Gas Infrastructure in the New Economy (2001) ... Methane Hydrate Advisory Council An Oil Field Success Story READ MORE Connect to Our Field Sites National Energy Technology Laboratory National Petroleum Technology Office Albany Research Center Strategic Petroleum Reserve Rocky Mountain Oil Field Testing Center Go to ENERGY.gov

55. Fossil Energy Technologies At The INEEL liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as alternatives to conventionalgasoline and diesel fuels for powering to those in the fossil energy community http://www.inel.gov/energy/fossil/

Security/Privacy HOME A-Z Index Staff Directory ... Jobs Monday April 07, 2003 Energy Efficiency and Natural Resources Fossil Energy Technologies Exploration and Production Hydrogen Fuels Methane Hydrates Natural Gas Technologies ... Collaboration and Contacts INEEL's Fossil Energy Technologies conducts innovative, science-based research and development of new fossil energy technologies. Collaborations include industry partners, universities, government agencies, and other national laboratories, focusing on research projects that meet recognized industry needs. Research is funded partly by the DOE and other sources, including cooperative research and development agreements with private sector investors. Research areas include: - We are providing solutions to a number of industry-identified problems that range from downhole instrumentation to pipeline production and transportation. Projects include research on a downhole seismic source for look-ahead prediction, a high void fraction multiphase meter, a large downhole seismic sensor array, locating geopressured hydrocarbon reservoirs, oil and gas production sensors and controls, single well seismic imaging, and transportation of hydrocarbon indicators in the Four Corners region. Hydrogen Fuels - Our hydrogen research draws upon core competence in several engineering and technology areas, including systems engineering, safety and risk assessment, chemical and mechanical engineering, manufacturing and materials, sensors and controls, plasma processing, fuel cell technology, biotechnology engineering, and alternative fuel vehicle fueling infrastructure development. We are pursuing development and commercialization of technologies related to production, infrastructure, and utilization of hydrogen fuel.

56. Natural Gas Technologies And Alternative Fuels Research - Fossil Energy - INEEL fossil Energy Technologies. natural gas Alternative fuels Research. INEELLNG bus provided clean transportation at Yellowstone National Park. http://www.inel.gov/energy/fossil/lng/

Security/Privacy HOME A-Z Index Staff Directory ... Jobs Monday April 07, 2003 Energy Efficiency and Natural Resources Fossil Energy Technologies Exploration and Production Hydrogen Fuels ... Methane Hydrates Natural Gas Technologies Oil Reservior and Environmental Technologies Refining and Processing Collaboration and Contacts Fossil Energy Technologies Natural Gas - Alternative Fuels Research INEEL LNG bus provided clean transportation at Yellowstone National Park. The INEEL Alternative Fuels Program focuses on liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as alternatives to conventional gasoline and diesel fuels for powering heavy-duty and light-duty vehicles. Our program is part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiative to reduce air pollution and reduce the nation's dependence on imported petroleum products by promoting the use of domestically available fuels that burn with lower emissions. LNG and CNG meet both those criteria, and they provide the additional advantages of being cost-competitive with conventional fuels and being relatively safe to store and use. The program has four main thrusts, all designed to implement DOE's initiatives:

57. Fire And Ice that a vast new source of fossil fuels will only due to increasing pressure for cleanfuels and the capital and operating costs of new natural gasfired power http://www.rand.org/scitech/stpi/ourfuture/GameChangers/fireice.html

Fire and Ice Will Methane Hydrates Help Power the World in 2020? Research over the last decade has shown that the oceans around the United States hold immense amounts of methane (the primary component of natural gas) concentrated in cage-like ice structures known as methane hydrates. Occurring naturally both in permafrost regions where cold temperatures persist in shallow sediments, and at ocean depths of 500 meters or more where high pressures dominate, these unique structures encase methane at very high concentrations. In fact, a single unit of hydrate can release as much as 160 times its volume in gas when heated and depressurized. A flame held over room-temperature hydrates will ignite the evaporating methane and result in "burning ice." New production techniques are now being developed in hopes that hydrates may become a major energy source in the future. Source: GSJ Symposium on Methane Gas Hydrate, June 10, 1996. Hydrates are typically found a few meters below the ocean floor in layers a few hundred meters thick. The majority of methane hydrates were formed from accumulations of biogenic methane excreted by deep-sea bacteria over thousands of years. These hydrates are concentrated in areas of organic detritus accumulation or where rapid accumulation of sediments protected the detritus from oxidation. Another less prominent source of hydrates occurs when natural gas migrates up through faults in the Earth's crust to areas of the seabed with sufficient pressure and temperature. Although less common, many geologists believe that these type of hydrates will be easier to recover because of their more localized distribution.

58. Motoinc - Fuel, The Future. generated by combustion of the other fossil fuels in most per volume compared withliquid fuels, such as Liquefied natural gas (LNG) natural gas that is kept http://www.geocities.com/motoinc2002/fuel.html

H O M E Concepts Technology Fuel Tech >> Design Feedback Projects Links ... M A I L Best on 800X600 or above. R. SUKUMARAN, New Delhi, INDIA. FUEL TECH: ALTERNATIVE FUELS Alternative fuels are typically not based on petroleum and are desirable because they help provide energy security and environmental benefits Alcohols: ethanol and methanol (Ethanol is a high-octane, renewable liquid fuel, made by the fermentation of plant sugars. Typically produced from sugarcane, corn and other grain products, ethanol can also be made from other biomass resources, such as agricultural and forestry wastes, or specially grown energy crops.) Biodiesel: a biodegradable transportation fuel for use in diesel engines that is produced from similar to diesel fuel, but made from plant oils, or animal fats, or agricultural by-products (often blended with conventional diesel fuel) Compressed natural gas (CNG): natural gas under high pressure Electricity: stored in batteries for use by electric motors (Clean? Think again! Electricity is generated by combustion of the other fossil fuels in most economies) Hydrogen: a clean-burning type of gas. (As a non-carbon-based fuel, the exhaust is free of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. A key problem faced by the hydrogen combustion or/and fuel-cell-vehicle is that hydrogen storage tanks must be fairly large because compressed hydrogen contains less energy per volume compared with liquid fuels, such as gasoline/petrol. Hydrogen can also be cooled to produce liquid hydrogen, but it is costly and presents other technical challenges.)

59. Cosmiverse Reference Library The most commonly used fossil fuels are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. identifiedother types of hydrocarbonrich deposits that can serve as fuels. http://www.cosmiverse.com/reflib/Fossil Fuels.htm

60. Natural Gas it possible to produce synthetic liquid fuels from gas surrounding natural gas asa fossil fuel others released reports estimating the natural gas potential of http://www.altenergy.org/Non-Renewable/Natural_Gas/natural_gas.html

The following information about natural gas is excerpted from Chapter 4 – Natural Gas of AEI's award-winning book Turning the Corner: Energy Solutions for the 21st Century This free excerpt is followed by a collection of up-to-date, linked energy news articles reflecting the most recent developments in the field of natural gas. Read on, learn something, and help change the world. Explore our other chapters related to non-renewable energy: Introduction Oil Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Energy Natural Gas atural gas is being touted by energy providers as an abundant, clean fuel for the 21st century. But this resource is non-renewable, and the D.O.E. states that the United States has only enough natural gas to last about 65 years. What then? US oil production peaked in 1970, and imported petroleum now costs the country $100 billion a year. The upcoming peak and subsequent plateau for our domestic natural gas supply will arrive two decades from now. After 2020, the bulk of the world's remaining supplies of oil and natural gas will be centered in the politically risky Persian Gulf and former Soviet Union. Nonrenewable natural gas cannot be considered civilization's long-term primary energy source. Natural gas (methane) has been getting a lot of press lately. Forecasted to be the fastest growing primary energy source in the 21st century, it burns cleaner than coal or oil and is not as controversial as nuclear power. According to projections by the US Department of Energy, natural gas (NG) is expected to be the fuel of choice for many countries in the future. In fact, the demand for NG will grow fastest in the developing countries of the world.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 3     41-60 of 85    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20