41. ScienceNet - What Are The Problems With Fossil Fuels? areas no longer exist so there is nothing to replenish the fossil fuels even if Butthe general problem with the whole area of alternative fuels is that until http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/database/Environment/9609/e00051d.html

What are the problems with fossil fuels? Are there any problems with the alternatives? Fossil fuels were made millions of years ago by rotting vegetation and dead animals being crushed by layers of soil and rock laid down on top of them. This process took millions of years to produce what fossil fuel reserves there are now within the Earth and the process is unlikely to repeat itself. Fossil fuels were produced when the climate of the Earth was very different. Large, densely vegetated areas existed over much of the Earth and it is these that produced the fossil fuels. These areas no longer exist so there is nothing to replenish the fossil fuels even if we could wait around for millions of years. So we are using up at enormous rates the limited supplies that make up our main sources of power. There are many alternatives: wind solar geothermal hydroelectric and some would say nuclear Wind energy is already quite popular even in this country. Wind has always been used as a source of power: windmills used to provide the turning energy necessary to grind flour. Now, that turning energy is being converted into electricity by high-tech windmills. It's a very clean source of power - there are none of the by-products you get from burning fossil fuels like carbon dioxide, but to produce enough power you need several large windmills arranged in what is known as a wind farm. In Wales where these wind farms already exist, some people argue that they are ugly and quite noisy while others find them strangely beautiful.

42. STATE - States Bioenergy resource supply figures are based on estimates for five general categories of ofenvironmental benefits, or sustained high prices for fossil fuels could make http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy/tech_biomass.cfm?state=RI

43. Applied Sections Of CA This section includes general multipurpose unit operations (physical change involved appropriatesection, eg, propellants in Section 50, fossil fuels and blends http://www.cas.org/PRINTED/applsc.html

Applied Sections of Chemical Abstracts 47 Apparatus and Plant Equipment This section includes laboratory apparatus for research and development, industrial apparatus and equipment for carrying out any of the unit operations (involving physical change) and unit processes (involving chemical change), when the equipment has a multipurpose application. Apparatus and equipment having a singular use, identifiable with a specific section, are placed in that appropriate section. Included also in this section are high- and low-temperature apparatus (e.g., furnaces, Dewars), material-handling apparatus (e.g., conveyors, vessels), and general construction materials for the equipment. Apparatus and equipment undefinable as to specific area of application or for multiple areas of application are placed here. 48 Unit Operations and Processes This section includes general multipurpose unit operations (physical change involved) and unit processes (chemical change involved). Unit operations and processes identifiable with a specific section are placed in that appropriate section. Included are experimental and theoretical studies of chemical engineering subjects (e.g., transport processes, material handling, separation and mixing processes, size reduction and enlargement, process control, optimization, and mathematical modeling). Design fundamentals and automation are also included. Flame propagation and flame stability of unspecified materials are placed here, but flame studies of specific materials are placed in the appropriate section, e.g., propellants in Section 50, fossil fuels and blends in Section 51, fireproofing of textiles in Section 40.

44. Another Protocol committee on the chemistry of fossil fuels, their combustion on the use of petroleumbasedfuels will increase The United States Surgeon general You have been http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/faces/env/activity/anothe.htm

< Back Home Teacher's Guide A Senate Debate WebQuest Introduction The Task The Process Resources ... Evaluation Introduction To deal with the problem of ozone depletion the nations of the world drafted the Montreal Protocol in 1987. The treaty has been periodically revised so that now it calls for the eventual elimination of chlorofluorocarbons worldwide. This will save the ozone layer, but maybe even more important the Montreal Protocol served as a model for future international treaties to deal with global environmental problems. The Task You are going to be involved in a committee hearing of the United States Senate. Your class will be divided into teams. Each team will research one role, and a member of your team will "testify" at the hearing. You will be part of a team assigned to research one aspect of the Kyoto Protocol debate. Other students in your class will be assigned different roles. The roles are listed below. No matter what your role, be sure to familiarize yourself with the actual terms of the Kyoto Protocol. An atmospheric scientist working for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: You have been summoned to brief the committee on the chemistry of fossil fuels, their combustion to produce greenhouse gases, how the interaction of greenhouse gases with infrared radiation might lead to global warming, and the consensus among scientists concerning the validity of current theories on the greenhouse effect.

45. Energy And Environment economic transition from agriculture to industry and to the general increase in continuingreliance on a large portion of energy production from fossil fuels. http://www.teriin.org/reports/rep02/rep0207.htm

Energy and Environment The consumption of energy, particularly conventional fossil fuel energy, can be seen both as a requirement for economic development, as well as a by-product of the same development. The case of India has been no different. Indian energy consumption has grown very rapidly, particularly in the last ten years, from an aggregate consumption of roughly 8000 petajoules (PJ) in 1984, to over 12000 PJ in 1994. In only six years, between 1985 and 1991, per capita electricity consumption expanded by 50 percent ( Figure 16 ). These statistics are closely tied to India's economic transition from agriculture to industry and to the general increase in standard of living and shift towards a more Western-style consumption ethic. Furthermore, government subsidies keep the price of diesel fuel at a relatively low and stable real (adjusted for inflation) price. Because of these subsidies, there is little incentive for many truck owners to curtail their fuel consumption. The time period from 1951 to 1991 is characterized by a continuing reliance on a large portion of energy production from fossil fuels. Within fossil fuels, there has been a movement away from crude petroleum to coal, and to some degree, natural gas. As a result of the 1976 Bombay High Offshore discovery, crude production grew at a 10 percent annual growth rate until 1984/85. However, following this, the growth rate fell, and between 1991/92 and 1993/94, domestic oil

46. Fossil Fuels These fuels were formed when dead plants and animals sank Another type of fossil fuelis natural gas. In general, there are four hasic varieties of coal, which http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/8th/energy/sciber/fuel.htm

Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are the main sources of energy for modern use. All of these fuels are classified as fossil fuels . The reason they are called fossil fuels is because they are all made from decayed plants and animals that have been preserved in the earth's crust by pressure, bacterial processes and heat. It takes millions of years for these organisms to chemically change into fossil fuels. Liquid fossil fuels, like petroleum , is formed in areas that geologists believe were once covered by oceans or seas. These fuels were formed when dead plants and animals sank to the bottom of the ocean and were covered by sediments. Over long periods of time (millions of years), pressure, bacterial processes, and heat changed the sediments into sedimentary rocks and the plant and animal remains into oil. Eventually underground pools of oil formed when oil migrated through the pores and cracks of rocks and eventually filled these empty spaces. Geolgists search in areas which may contain oil traps. Oil traps include fault lines where porous rock is aligned next to non-porous rock. These traps are also found among folded rock layers. This is an example of a folded-rock-layer oil trap being drilled for petroleum. Oil drills are known as a oil derricks in the petroleum industry.

47. Energy In The One Earth Community of nuclear power, fossil fuels, hydroelectric developments, conservation, efficiencyand renewable energy sources (see in particular general Council policy http://www.united-church.ca/jpc/energy/home.shtm

@import "/production/css/secondary.css"; [ Energy in the One Earth Community ] Note: The text of this report was adopted by the Division of Mission in Canada (January 2000) and the policy resolution was recommended to the General Council for adoption. The 37th General Council received the text of the report and adopted the resolution portion as United Church policy. Contents Executive Summary (below) Theological and Ethical Reflections Major Energy Issues in Canada and their Global Implications Megaprojects and impacts of resource development projects Fossil fuel use and its contribution to climate change Nuclear fuel cycle Energy efficiency and conservation Potential for alternate renewable energy sources Small-scale decentralized energy systems Challenges in the transition to a new energy approach Relevant Reference Materials Suggestions for Practical Implementation of Policy Proposals General Council Policy Resolution: "Energy in the One Earth Community" Workshop Outline for Study of "Energy in the One Earth Community" ... Bible Study: Climate Change and Global Ethics 1. Executive Summary Energy is integral to God's creation. Sources ranging from fossil fuels to the sun are transformed into the physical energy used by human societies. Nutritional elements combine with water and air to give our bodies the biological energy to maintain life. Our relationships with God, the natural world and other people provide us with the spiritual energy to thrive.

48. EERE: Buildings - U.S. State & Local Sites has information—some specific to California and some general—on renewable energy,energy efficiency, utility restructuring, fossil fuels, climate change http://www.eren.doe.gov/EE/buildings-state.html

Home Site Map A-Z Index Ask an Energy Expert Search U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Federal Government U.S. Universities and Research Institutes International Organizations ... Arizona Energy Office This Web site provides state-related information on energy efficiency and renewable energy solutions for decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, including a business directory. California Energy Commission This Web site has information—some specific to California and some general—on renewable energy, energy efficiency, utility restructuring, fossil fuels, climate change, consumer tips, and much more. California Energy Commission Appliance Efficiency Database This online database contains a listing of appliances that exceed state and federal energy efficiency standards. Coalition for New Energy Technologies This Web site features information about the Coalition's activities in Arizona and Colorado. The Coalition promotes its members and their innovative energy technologies through outreach programs, policy advocacy, and various other activities. Cold Climate Housing Research Center The CCHRC facilitates the development, use, and testing of energy-efficient, durable, healthy, and cost-effective building technologies for Alaska and the world's cold climate regions.

49. Introduction have been made to educate the consumers on the merits of alternative fuels as areplacement for conventional fossil fuels. Questions of general interest were http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/rulings/CAFE/alternativefuels/introduction.h

INTRODUCTION Recognizing the substantial portion of energy consumption attributed to the light vehicle transportation sector, the need to conserve the Nation's energy resources, and the need to reduce the dependence upon foreign energy feed stocks and improve air quality, Congress passed the Energy Conservation and Policy Act of 1975 to institute fuel efficiency requirements for passenger cars and light trucks. Corporate average fuel economy, or "CAFE," the weighted sales average of a manufacturer's fleet of new passenger cars and light duty trucks, was mandated for newly manufactured passenger cars produced after 1977 and light trucks after 1978. Congress directed the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to promulgate these fuel economy standards and to enforce them via civil penalties levied against automakers that do not comply with established CAFE levels. Along with these provisions for light vehicle manufacturing incentives, AMFA directs the Department of Transportation, in consultation with DOE and the Environmental Protection Agency, to conduct an evaluation and issue a report on the impact of the CAFE incentives program on the extent of fossil fuel replacement and other associated benefits and to issue its findings to Congress, along with recommendations for continuing to offer these manufacturing incentives. AMFA also directs NHTSA to issue, by December 31, 2001, either a final rule that extends the incentive program for up to an additional four years with a reduced maximum mile per gallon CAFE credit attribution, or a

50. Fossil Fuels Or The Rio Treaty - Competing Visions For The Future fossil fuels or the Rio Treaty Competing Visions for the Future Speech by FredrickD. Palmer general Manager Chief Executive Officer Western fuels http://www.fossilfuels.org/Electric/treaty.htm

October 21, 1996, speech by Fred Palmer, CEO, Western Fuels Association. Presented at COALTRANS96 in Madrid, Spain. Mr. Palmer explains the negative impact of the Rio Treaty on the material progress of the human community and it's contrary position to all of the world's great religions. Fossil Fuels or the Rio Treaty - Competing Visions for the Future Speech by Fredrick D. Palmer Western Fuels Association, Inc. President - Board of Directors Greening Earth Society COALTRAN 96 Madrid, Spain October 21, 1996 (23 pages) This document requires Adobe Acrobat Reader. Try the link first and download free player if needed.

51. Montana DEQ - Clean Snowmobile Facts - Glossary fossil fuels. A general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organicmaterials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to http://www.deq.state.mt.us/CleanSnowmobile/glossary.htm

Glossary Biodegradable Biofuel Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) ... Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Biodegradable Material that can be broken down into simpler substances (elements and compounds) by bacteria or other decomposers. Paper and most organic wastes such as animal manure are biodegradable. Biofuel Gas or liquid fuel made from plant material (biomass). Includes wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite liquors, agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid waste, landfill gases, other waste, and ethanol blended into motor gasoline. Carbon Dioxide A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the ambient air. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion. Carbon dioxide is also exhaled by animals and used by plants in photosynthesis. Although carbon dioxide does not directly impair human health, it is a greenhouse gas that traps terrestrial (i.e., infrared) radiation and contributes to the potential for global warming. Carbon Monoxide (CO) A colorless, toxic gas produced by incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels, including: gasoline, oil and wood. Carbon monoxide is also produced from incomplete combustion of many natural and synthetic products. For instance, cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide. When carbon monoxide gets into the body, the carbon monoxide combines with chemicals in the blood and prevents the blood from bringing oxygen to cells, tissues and organs. The human body needs oxygen for energy, so high-level exposures to carbon monoxide can cause serious health effects, with death possible from massive exposures. Symptoms of carbon monoxide exposure include vision problems, reduced alertness, and general reduction in mental and physical functions. Carbon monoxide exposures are especially harmful to people with heart, lung and circulatory system diseases.

52. Biodieselnow.com - Consumer Advocacy For Clean, Renewable Fuel Categories Participate general info fossil fuels Marine applications Homebrew Canadian info New England Pacific Northwest Participate Join in http://www.biodieselnow.com/links.asp

Monday, April 7 Home Forums Mailing List Biodiesel Links ... Testimonials Did You Know? The diesel engine was originally designed to run on peanut oil? Biodiesel links Suggest a link Categories: Participate General info Fossil fuels Marine applications ... Pacific Northwest Participate Join in the biodiesel movement List of National Retail Sites A fairly complete list of where you can buy it, maintained by the National Biodiesel Board. Alternative Fuel Locator Another fairly complete list of local biodiesel fueling stations, OR find all the biodiesel stations along a trip route! Very cool. There may be other stations that are not yet listed on their maps yet. Get renewable power A great resource to help you find ways to break yourself out of the petroleum madness. Join our mailing list Add your name to the movement in support of biodiesel. Biodieselnow.com boards! Message boards for BioDieselNow.com. Join in the conversation! General info Information about biodiesel Veggie Van The homepage of Josh Tickell, the man who helped turn so many of us onto biodiesel. It's big in Hawaii Maui Green Energy has helped lead the biodiesel movement in Hawaii.

53. General News Furthermore, by replacing fossil fuels, the demand for foreign imported fossil fuelswill be decreased and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced, Loewen http://www2.theclarionnews.com/General_News/10013.shtml

General News Living Section Academics Section Sports ... The Derrick Online! Company plans wood to gas power plant here By Tom DiStefano, CLARION NEWS Writer PITTSBURGH - The idea: build a plant that would turn wood waste into flammable gas, burn the gas to generate electricity, and sell the waste heat to nearby manufacturing facilities. The Fraunhofer Center for Energy and Environment (FCEE), based at the University of Pittsburgh, will present the idea at a public meeting 10 a.m. Feb. 10 at the Clarion Holiday Inn at Exit 62. FCEE is conducting an assessment of locating such a plant in Clarion County and is looking for input and comment from local, stakeholders, businesses and citizens. The input and feedback will help FCEE establish local needs and concerns and develop a concept which best suits the community, according to a statement by FCEE Director Achim Loewen. The assessment is expected to result in a basic concept for an energy generation plant that is economically feasible and environmentally friendly, and which will benefit wood suppliers and energy users, Loewen. The project is funded by the Department of Environmental Protection.

54. Replacing Fossil Fuels: The Scale Of The Problem 2, In general, required installed electric generation capacity tends to be quotedin Buried fossil fuels are like a great bank account from the past, from which http://www.abelard.org/briefings/replacing_fossil_fuels.htm

Replacing fossil fuels: the scale of the problem Discussion Scale of the problem Variation of demand The storage problem ... Table: Fuel usage efficiency There are constant, ill-informed debates and reports that suggest that we can easily replace our fossil fuel usage by wind, or solar cell power, or some such method. Within current technology, this is a pipe-dream, it is impossible, it simply cannot be done. This does not mean that we are all dooooooooomed; but we are faced with a tremendous problem as reserves of fossil fuel, especially cheap pumpable oil, diminish. See World oil resources table for details. There is a similar table for coal resources . As you will see, even with known coal resources, the current situation is not nearly as critical as it is for oil. This is probably an under-estimate of coal reserves, as the pressure to find new reserves has, so far, been considerably less than the pressures posed by oil depletion. Fossil fuels are filthy.

55. BioMatNet Item: General Information - JOULE/THERMIE Programme BioMatNet Database European Commission, general Information JOULE/THERMIEProgramme, Contacts WebSite fossil fuels Incorporates both http://www.nf-2000.org/secure/Ec/S471.htm

FURTHER INFORMATION BioMatNet Home Global Headlines Coordinator Contact Us About BioMatNet Policy Statements ... Register Now to receive a FREE CD-ROM General Information JOULE/THERMIE Programme Contacts WebSite: europa.eu.int/comm/dg17/_toc_.htm Further Information Details of projects from the JOULE/THERMIE Programme, plus projects in the Biomass and Bioenergy Chain of the FAIR Programme are included in: EUR 18303 EN: Biomass and Bioenergy - Catalogue of Contracts Objectives Rational Use of Energy Renewable Energies ... Links to specific project items Description Acronym: Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-term Energy supply/ Technologies Européennes pour la Maîtrise de l'Energie Title: Specific research, technological development and demonstration programme in the field of non-nuclear energy: "Technologies for cleaner and more efficient energy production and use", 1994-1998 Objectives: To encourage research and technological development activities in the field of clean and efficient energy technologies as a contribution to the security of energy supplies and to sustainable development; to speed up the development and dissemination of technologies which are almost mature but whose technical and economic viability still remains largely to be disseminated; to encourage partnerships between universities, industry, users and operators of energy networks; and, to contribute towards economic and social cohesion by developing appropriate energy sources suitable for decentralised use and harnessing local resources.

56. BioMatNet Item: General Information - JOULE II Programme BioMatNet Database European Commission, general Information JOULE of non-nuclearenergy, 1990-1994, particularly energy saving, fossil fuels and renewable http://www.nf-2000.org/secure/Ec/S120.htm

FURTHER INFORMATION BioMatNet Home Global Headlines Coordinator Contact Us About BioMatNet Policy Statements ... Register Now to receive a FREE CD-ROM General Information JOULE II Programme WebSite: europa.eu.int/comm/dg17/_toc_.htm Further Information JOULE - Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-term Energy supply Specific research and technological development programme (EEC) in the field of non-nuclear energy, 1990-1994, particularly energy saving, fossil fuels and renewable sources of energy Links to specific projects INTRODUCTION The Third Framework Programme aims at giving an innovatory thrust to RTD action throughout its five year duration ( 1990 1994). For energy, one field of RTD activity to be implemented is Non Nuclear Energy. The specific programme on Non Nuclear Energy JOULE II (1991 1994) is a development and extension of the JOULE I Programme on Non Nuclear Energies and the Rational Use of Energy Programme ( I 9X9 1992). The general objective of JOULE II is to contribute to the development of: economically viable and environmentally safer energy options energy saving technologies In particular, JOULE II has the following specific objectives:

57. General Information a great quantity of gray smoke. The same principle applies in thecase of other fossil fuels. A car of which the maintenance is http://lavoieverte.qc.ec.gc.ca/atmos/dispersion/infogen_e.html

Related Links Environement Canada, Clean Air site... National Air Quality Services web site... Summary of the winter 1998-99 Study in Montreal... City of Montreal: Documents about wood heating (french only)...* ... Public Health Department of Montreal-Centre: Documents about wood heating (French only)...* Winter Info-smog Program for the Greater Montreal Area A Daily dispersion forecast Winter dispersion is ... Context Types of pollutants ... References A Daily dispersion forecast The Daily Winter Dispersion Forecast informs you on the capacity of the atmosphere to disperse the pollutants present in the air. The dispersion is classified according to three distinct levels: good winter dispersion acceptable winter dispersion , or poor winter dispersion . The forecast is available daily on the Forecast page. When the atmospheric dispersion is forecast as being poor, a message is transmitted to the public via the media. When the forecast of winter dispersion is poor, the text contains a health part intended particularly to the people at risk, as well as suggestions of practical actions in order to prevent further deterioration of the air quality.

58. Energy Information Sheets - Nuclear Power Generation Like fossil fuels, the resulting uranium fuel produces heat that to relieve possibleglobal warming associated with fossil fuelbased Electric Power in general. http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/nuclear.htm

Nuclear Power Generation Electricity has been generated by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) since before the turn of the twentieth century. For over three decades, however, a nonfossil fuel, uranium, also has been used to produce electricity. The first U.S. nuclear power plant went into commercial operation in 1957 at Shippingport, Pennsylvania. Since then, the use of nuclear-generated electricity has grown substantially in the United States. The U.S. nuclear power industry achieved its third straight year of record power generation levels during 2000 Total power generated was 754 billion kilowatthours, 3.5 percent above the previous record of 728.1 billion kilowatthours set in 1999. This represents continued growth in power production for the nuclear power industry that had produced only 577.0 billion kilowatthours as recently as 1990. The record year 2000 output was achieved despite the fact that the industry had only 104 operating reactors compared to 111 operating reactors as recently as 1990. Record output was attained through an annual net capacity factor of 88.1 percent during 2000 compared to 85.3 percent in 1999 and 66 percent in 1990. Nuclear generation surpassed 700 billion kilowatthours for the second consecutive year. For eight of the first nine months of 2000, nuclear generation was higher than in the same months during 1999. The nuclear industry generated 69.2 billion kilowatthours in July 2000, the highest level for the U.S. nuclear power industry ever.

59. Ban Fossil Fuels - It's The Simple Solution To Climate Change - And Quite A Lot The entire economy is built on the combustion of fossil fuels. As Jack Doyle's newbook The Autocrats documents, general Motors designed, tested, and started http://www.urban75.com/Action/news130.html

home action news Ban Fossil Fuels It's the simple solution to climate change - and quite a lot else besides. By George Monbiot , from the Guardian 9th November 2000, If you want to know whether fuel in Britain is too expensive or too cheap, just look at how it's used. One superstore chain lands its fish at Aberdeen and trucks it down to Cornwall to be smoked. Another buys vegetables in Worcestershire, then drives them first to Hereford, then Dyfed, then Manchester before trucking them back to Worcestershire to be sold. Onions are shipped in from Argentina, potatoes from Australia. Every day, aeroplanes, whose fuel, being wholly untaxed, costs only 17 pence a litre, bring lettuces from Kenya and Zimbabwe. Truckers in Britain are in trouble not because diesel prices are too high, but because their own trade associations, being partly controlled by the superstores, have demanded that the government allow ever heavier lorries onto the roads. This means that fewer vehicles are needed to shift the same amount of goods (though they have to travel further), with the result that the sector is now suffering from overcapacity. Their customers are, therefore, able to nail the truckers to the floor. It is a source of enduring mystery to me that farmers, like lorry drivers, are calling for cheaper, rather than more expensive, fuel. Cheap fuel has destroyed British farming. It has allowed produce from the other side of the world to outcompete our own. Within Britain, it enables superstores to centralise their distribution networks, playing farmers off against each other until they find the lowest national prices for the products they want to buy. The concessions Gordon Brown made yesterday will harm the very people who demanded them.

60. Fullerene-Polymer Solar Cells With Kees Hummelen At Univ Of Groningen activities in fundamental and applied research, demonstration projects, monitoringand general awareness activities. Finally, if fossil fuels are still http://www.fwn.rug.nl/solar/general.htm

MM_preloadImages('tudelft.gif','tudelft_over.gif'); HOME PROJECTS PARTICIPANTS PUBLICATIONS ... CONTACT US The inevitable rise of renewable energy By Stefan Wink Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment By the middle of next century, renewable energy sources will play an important role in the world's energy supply. There are various benefits for the actors involved in the switch to renewable energy. Cooperation and coordination between the leading actors: private enterprise, power utilities and government, and commitment to long-term programmes of market introduction are critical success factors. Action is required now, both in industrialized and non-industrialized countries, in view of the long lead times involved in changing energy supply and demand structures, and the strong increase in energy demand in the developing countries. One of the last IIASA scenario studies leads to the overriding conclusion that action is required now, in view of the long lead times involved in changing energy supply and demand structures, and the expected and current increase in energy demand in the developing countries. History shows that the transition to another energy source takes 50 to 100 years. That transition is made easier by starting to use energy as efficiently as possible. The climate change effects of burning the ever-growing amounts of fossil fuel may accelerate the need for changes. "Changed thinking"

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