61. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries fossil fuels. Table of Contents Introduction coal Petroleum NatrualGas Bibliography. Introduction. fossil fuels are some of the most http://library.thinkquest.org/17531/fossil.html

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, Powering the World: The Energy that Fuels Us , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Powering the World: The Energy that Fuels Us click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... Powering the World: The Energy that Fuels Us click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 1998 Entry Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption This is a basic, elementary page that covers the various sources of electrical energy that make our lives possible. It explains fossil fuel, hydroelectric, wind, solar, and nuclear energy. A test to prove mastery of each unit is provided as well, in a section with lesson plans for the teacher. You can also learn about an actual hydroelectric power plant, a virtual hydroelectric power plant, and a virtual windmill. Students T Charles Ben Davis High School IN, United States

62. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries fossil fuels include coal, natural gas, and oil. All three coal. Thesefossil fuels are cleaner than coal, and easier to transport. Also http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Science/fossil_fuel_resources.html

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, The Environment: A Global Challenge , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to The Environment: A Global Challenge click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... The Environment: A Global Challenge click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 1999 Entry Click image for the Site Awards Received Platinum Languages : Site Desciption "The Environment: A Global Challenge" is a comprehensive site providing information on many aspects of the environment. There are 400 articles in twelve content sections [ Current Events, Economics, Environmental Problems, Health Concerns, History, Organizations, Science, Statistics and World Outlook]. Articles are interlinked and multimedia and links to outside information often accompany the text. Integrated into each content section and spread out through various other sections are many interactive features, such as simulations, interviews, streaming multimedia, a scientific experimentation center, and systems for adding links and new content enable visitors to experience what they are learning about. Educators can easily and instantly involve their entire class in the site by creating accounts in our Classroom Connection database. Students Michael Kantonsschule Pfäffikon/Nuolen

63. Bioenergy Feedstock Characteristics fossil fuels, coal (low rank; lignite/subbituminous), N/A, N/A, N/A. fossil fuels,coal (low rank; lignite/sub-bituminous), 15-19, 5-20, 1.0-3.0, 0.02-0.3, ~1300. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/biochar_factsheet.html

Bioenergy Feedstock Characteristics Jonathan Scurlock, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bioenergy Feedstock Development Programs, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407 Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. Click here for PDF version (12 k) Summary The table overleaf shows some "typical" values, in many cases a typical range of values, for selected compositional, chemical and physical properties of biomass feedstocks and liquid biofuels. Figures for fossil fuels are provided for comparison. Sources for further information: US DOE Biofuels Program database: http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/properties_database.html PHYLLIS - database on composition of biomass and waste: http://www.ecn.nl/phyllis/ European Agriculture and Forestry Biomass Network: http://www.vtt.fi/virtual/afbnet/ Nordin, A. (1994) Chemical elemental characteristics of biomass fuels. Biomass and Bioenergy Selected "typical" properties of certain common bioenergy feedstocks and biofuels, compared with coal and oil N/A = not applicable COMPOSITION cellulose hemi-cellulose lignin Bioenergy Feedstocks corn stover sweet sorghum sugarcane bagasse sugarcane leaves hardwood softwood hybrid poplar bamboo switchgrass miscanthus Arundo donax Liquid Biofuels bioethanol N/A N/A N/A biodiesel N/A N/A N/A Fossil Fuels Coal (low rank; lignite/sub-bituminous)

64. Fossil Fuels Research & Technology In Ohio At OhioTechNet.org Register for Updates. Links and Resources. Help. Contact Us. Username Password.Subcategories. fossil fuels - coal (1). fossil fuels - Natural gas (3). http://www.ohiotechnet.org/texis/vortex/otn/viewSubCat.html?mainCat=Fossil Fuels

65. Cosmiverse Reference Library transformed into hydrocarbons. The most commonly used fossil fuels arepetroleum, coal, and natural gas. These substances are extracted http://www.cosmiverse.com/reflib/Fossil Fuels.htm

66. VCR Inc. - Sector List Utility (11); Electricity Retail (1); Electricity - TransmissionUtility (1); Forestry (22); fossil fuels - coal (3); fossil fuels http://www.vcr-mvr.ca/sectorlist.cfm

67. Online NewsHour: Fossil Fuels -- May 23, 2001 But certainly as the vice president said, the future at least for the foreseeablefuture is going to be in fossil fuels whether it's gas or oil or coal. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june01/fossil_5-23.html

FOSSIL FUELS May 23, 2001 After a background report , experts debate the Bush administration's energy proposals focusing on fossil fuel supplies. Online Specials Energy and the Environment Power and Deregulation May 22, 2001 A debate over nuclear power May 18, 2001 Governors discuss Bush's energy plan May 17, 2001 Energy and environment experts discuss Bush's proposal May 17, 2001 Outlining Bush's energy plan and initial reactions May 14, 2001 Rising gasoline prices May 9, 2001 California talks with electricity producers April 17, 2001 Christine Whitman on the Bush administration's environmental policy moves April 5, 2001 Wind an alternative energy source March 29, 2001 President Bush and the environment March 19, 2001 California's energy crisis and the agricultural industry March 14, 2001 President Bush decides against stricter CO2 emissions standards Feb. 26, 2001

68. Missouri Department Of Natural Resources - Outreach And Assistance Center - Ener fossil fuels in Missouri, 19901999. Missourians lean heavily on fossilfuels – coal, petroleum and natural gas – for energy use. http://www.dnr.state.mo.us/energy/eia-fossilfuel.htm

Divisions and Programs Administrative Support Air and Land Protection Air Pollution Control Environmental Services Hazardous Waste Land Reclamation Solid Waste Mgmt. Administration Dam Safety Geological Survey Land Survey Water Resources Energy Center Environmental Assistance State Historic Preservation State Parks and Historic Sites Public Drinking Water Water Pollution Outreach and Assistance Center Energy Center OAC Home Environmental Assistance Energy Center Historic Preservation ... Urban Offices Missouri Fossil Fuel Use at a Glance Increase in Consumption of Fossil Fuels in Missouri, 1990-1999. Missouri has very limited fossil fuel resources. Nearly all the coal, petroleum and natural gas used in Missouri are imported from out of state. During these years, coal use increased at an average annual growth rate of 2.7 percent, followed by petroleum at 2.6 percent and natural gas at 1.2 percent.

69. Alliant Energy's PowerHouse: Home Comfort Tips - The Facts About Fossil Fuels, E utility industry met the explosion in demand for electricity without real knowledgeof the environmental impact of using fossil fuels. When coal, natural gas http://www.powerhousetv.com/basics/renewable/fossilfuels.php3

Renewable Energy Topics: The Facts About Fossil Fuels The Facts About Renewable Energy The Challenges to Renewable Energy You Can Make a Difference Hydro Power ... Resources Energy Basics: Renewable Energy The Facts About Fossil Fuels Coal, oil and natural gas are called fossil fuels - they were formed deep under the earth millions of years ago from the decomposition of plant and animal matter. Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity because they're widely available, inexpensive, easy to transport, easy to use, and the power plants can be located almost anywhere. Coal is the most commonly used fossil fuel because it burns extremely hot for a long period of time, and it can be stored for future use. Big increase in demand Our dependence on fossil fuels grew during and after World War II. Prior to the 1940s, hydro power was becoming the dominant technology, with dozens of federally-funded hydroelectric plants constructed during the Great Depression. The demand for electricity suddenly increased with the advent of World War II, and continued to increase over the following decades. The only way utilities could keep up with the demand was to build power plants. The environmental impact The utility industry met the explosion in demand for electricity without real knowledge of the environmental impact of using fossil fuels. When coal, natural gas or oil are burned, they release gases into the atmosphere:

70. A Question Of Energy: Fossil Fuels, Renewable Resources And Wind Greenhouse gases generated by burning fossil fuels like coal and oilare now contributing significantly to global warming. Estimates http://www.fathom.com/feature/190165

Login or Register Media Index Biodiversity: An Economic Approach From: London School of Economics and Political Science Free Seminar Environmental Game Changers: The Future of Energy and Contamination From: RAND Free Seminar View all learning in this topic Fathom Environmental Science A Question of Energy: Fossil Fuels, Renewable Resources and Wind Ben Russell EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION ne major question is currently perplexing engineers and scientists. There are more and more people in the world, consuming more and more energy. We currently rely on fossil fuels and nuclear power to provide the vast majority of the energy we consume. However, this approach is increasingly unsustainable as reserves are exhausted and global warming, caused by carbon dioxide emissions, begins to impact on our everyday lives. How should the energy requirements of the world's population be met in a sustainable way? The current situation The bulk of world energy demand is currently met by four main energy sourcescoal, oil, gas and nuclear power. What have been the main trends in the use of these energy resources, and what problems have they created?

71. WESTERN FUELS, CEED PROPOSE MODEL DISCLOSURE FOR COAL-FIRED GENERATION IN ARIZON Over the last century, electricity has replaced fossil fuels, including coal,as the source of energy for a wide variety of residential, commercial and http://www.westernfuels.org/news/021999.htm

WESTERN FUELS, CEED PROPOSE MODEL DISCLOSURE FOR COAL-FIRED GENERATION IN ARIZONA DEREGULATION RULE In joint comments filed with the Arizona Corporation Commission earlier this week, Western Fuels Association and the Center for Energy and Economic Development (CEED) provided the Commission with a model "disclosure for coal-fired electric generation" to consider as part of a package intended to implement electric utility deregulation in Arizona. While taking no position as to whether or not deregulation is desirable in Arizona, Western Fuels and CEED believe that if the Commission adopts a deregulation rule that it should be competitively neutral as to fuel and resource selection. The model disclosure statement and other positions advocated by CEED and Western Fuels (in Commission Docket No. RE-00000C-94-0165) are intended to assure restructuring does not favor any one method of generating electricity over another or one type of fuel for generation over another. One aspect of the proposed rule which attracted Western Fuels’ and CEED’s attention is a requirement for consumer information labels intended to reveal the electricity supplier’s "fuel mix characteristics" and related "emissions characteristics." While arguing that restructuring will make the market for electricity so dynamic as to make it impossible for suppliers to track the diverse sources of electricity supplied to consumers, CEED and Western Fuels argue that providing meaningful emissions information is even more problematic.

72. Operative Units - Department Of Fossil Fuels. CIEMAT In particular, activities linked to the use of fossil fuels (petrol refineries,gas stations, coal mining basins, etc.) are responsible to a large extent for http://www.ciemat.es/eng/departamentos/dep_comfos.html

73. Origin Energy Fossils Gallery The origin of fossil fuels. Microscopic plants that are trapped, crushed and heatedin these sedimentary deposits can become layers of coal, oil or gas. http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/fossils/fgw6.htm

The origin of fossil fuels Sand and mud deposited in low-lying basins, such as seas or lakes, build up in layers that can eventually form sedimentary rocks like sandstone. Microscopic plants that are trapped, crushed and heated in these sedimentary deposits can become layers of coal, oil or gas. Commercial natural gas from the Otway Basin in the South East of South Australia had its source in the organic material trapped within cracks in folded rocks and sandstones such as the Pretty Hill Formation. The gas has been trapped below the shales of the Laira Formation and is extracted from wells north west of Mount Gambier. Other oil and gas reserves in South Australia come from the Cooper Basin. They are found in the 250 million year old rocks deep in the Great Artesian Basin which lie below the Eromanga Basin. The gas comes from coal deposits that formed in cool, high-latitude forests and swamps in the early Permian Period. Coal formation ended with an ice age that covered much of southern Australia with glaciers. The evidence of this Permian ice can be seen at Hallett Cove, south of Adelaide, where glacial pavements and glacial sediment is exposed on the coast. LINKS Friends of Hallett Cove Conservation Park About Origin Energy Layers of Earth History in South Australia This cross-section shows a simplified record of the sedimentary formations deposited in South Australia over hundreds of millions of years. These layered sedimentary rocks record the history of changes in sea-level and climate through time. Geologists study these rocks using surface outcrops, drill holes and seismic records to locate the likely sources of petroleum and mineral resources.

74. 13 May 2001—Let’s Use Our Coal Campaign. fossil fuels, especially coal and oil, are politically incorrectbecause they contribute to air pollution. But alternative http://www.pacificresearch.org/press/opd/2001/01-05-13sh.html

Choose One... Voters Legislators Press Students Donors Awards Scholarships Education Reform Entrepreneurship Environment Health Care ... Women's / Children's Issues You are here: Press Room Op-Eds St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 13, 2001 by Steven Hayward There are still major gains to be made in reducing pollution from coal and other fossil fuels. The experience of the last generation shows that we can have reasonably priced energy from fossil fuels and reduce pollution at the same time. Steven Hayward is senior fellow at the Pacific Research Institute in San Francisco, and the author of the Index of Leading Environmental Indicators . Neither Mr. Hayward nor the Institute receives any funding from the coal or electric utility industry. He can be reached via email at hayward487@aol.com You are here: Press Room Op-Eds

75. Climate Change Fact Sheet 25 Most GHGs are released during the burning of fossil fuels. Oil, coal, and naturalgas supply the energy needed to run automobiles, heat houses, and power http://unfccc.int/resource/ccsites/senegal/fact/fs025.htm

Energy and greenhouse gas emissions The energy sector is the biggest contributor to man-made climate change. Energy use is responsible for about three-quarters of mankindâs carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, one-fifth of our methane (CH4), and a significant quantity of our nitrous oxide (N2O). It also produces nitrogen oxides (NOx) hydro-carbons (HCs), and carbon monoxide (CO), which, though not greenhouse gases (GHGs) themselves, influence chemical cycles in the atmosphere that produce or destroy GHGs, such as tropospheric ozone. Most GHGs are released during the burning of fossil fuels. Extracting, processing, transporting, and distributing fossil fuels can also release greenhouse gases. These releases can be deliberate, as when natural gas is flared or vented from oil wells, emitting mostly methane and carbon dioxide, respectively. Releases can also result from accidents, poor maintenance, or small leaks in well heads and pipe fittings. Methane, which appears naturally in coal seams as pockets of gas or "dissolved" in the coal itself, is released when coal is mined or pulverized. Methane, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are emitted when oil and natural gas are refined into end products and when coal is processed (which involves crushing and washing) to remove ash, sulfur, and other impurities. Methane and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons are released from leaks in natural gas pipelines. Hydrocarbons are also released during the transport and distribution of liquid fuels in the form of oil spills from tanker ships, small losses during the routine fueling of motor vehicles, and so on.

76. NCPA - Environment - New Clean Coal Technology Allows Us To Tap Our Reserves Wit fossil fuels, especially coal and oil, are politically incorrect becausethey contribute to air pollution. But alternative renewable http://www.ncpa.org/bothside/krt/krt051001a.html

Environment New Clean Coal Technology Allows Us To Tap Our Reserves Without Harming Environment SAN FRANCISCO The nation's troubled energy situation soaring natural gas prices, rolling blackouts in California, and gasoline pump prices heading north again ¾ has revived the old arguments about how we should supply our energy. Environmentalists stress conservation and "renewable" sources of energy such as wind and solar power. The Bush administration and other voices urge stepped up production of traditional fossil fuel energy. At first glance this appears to be a rerun of the original energy crisis of the 1970s, when we were told that it was urgent for us to develop alternative "renewable" sources of energy because we were running out of fossil fuels any moment now. Today we are told just the opposite ¾ we must develop renewable sources of energy because we aren't running out of fossil fuels fast enough. Proven reserves of oil, gas, and coal have increased over the last two decades, contrary to the dire predictions of the late 1970s. Natural gas reserves, for instance, have risen four-fold over the last 30 years, while the world's proven reserves of coal could last over 1,000 years at current rates of use.

77. Residential Coal Consumption, Fossil Fuels; TBtu Multiple Series Charting Excel File / Copy Paste Format / CSV.Series Title Residential coal Consumption, fossil fuels; TBtu. http://www.economagic.com/em-cgi/data.exe/doeme/coimucl

Econo magic .com: Economic Time Series Page Browse Data Titles Books Charts Excel ... Change Defaults Series Title: Residential Coal Consumption, Fossil Fuels; TBtu For this series: Numerical Data Source Forecast GIF Chart ... Reverse this series WW DD YY ww q Y Q rr bb CC hh VV ee x UU SS Q S bb GG kk NN qq mm a HH YY kk GG dd ss ss WW bb AA nn qq ss YY cc ii qq KK MM tt GG uu UU DD xx kk uu mm EE xx vv FF FF MM aa nn qq vv KK KK bb FF zz UU xx YY cc OO ee HH PP QQ PP KK OO tt cc ZZ CC cc NN YY GG hh YY TT VV ss pp HH cc qq SS NN XX HH MM xx WW yy ff bb OO II DD GG PP yy rr dd ii JJ NN xx b ll EE JJ LL ww FF JJ rr rr aa pp zz bb PP DD KK mm gg KK MM KK YY DD rr tt TT CC DD EE hh FF ww gg AA yy bb PP ZZ XX ff DD ii rr KK BB tt WW kk FF QQ pp QQ QQ MM tt RR rr ww zz nn hh PP WW oo MM LL ww EE AA QQ ZZ LL MM kk UU DD aa xx ZZ LL zz ee II Series Title: Residential Coal Consumption, Fossil Fuels; TBtu For this series: Numerical Data Forecast GIF Chart PDF Chart ... by Dr. Alexander Elder Buy it now! Subscriber Login Subscription Info Turn Advanced Features On Change Defaults ... Contact Us Econo magic .com: Economic Time Series Page US Macro 1 US Macro 2 Canada Japan ... Building Permits Price and Cost Indices: Consumer Producer Employment Cost Retail Sales ... Electric Power Use Labor Force: US by categories by State by MSA (City) Nonfarm Employment by categories: US by State and City Stock Price Indexes Bridge/CRB Spot Indices

78. The Emission Of CO2 From The Burning Of Fossil Fuels Teacher Resource List. Kentucky coal and Our Environment. coal. Considine, DouglasM. to top. WW HOME CLIMATE CHANGE fossil fuels SEARCH FEEDBACK http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/esi/1998/p/energy/

1998 WWLPT Environmental Science Institute: Energy (Fossil Fuels) The Emission of CO from the Burning of Fossil Fuels by: Leah Childers Thomas Dileo Pamela Hall Summary/Abstract ... Extension/Reinforcement/Additional Ideas Summary/Abstract Students will act as problem solvers, researchers and utilize critical thinking skills. Students will be able to explain how global warming and specifically greenhouse gases are dangerous to the earth. Following this experiment students will be able to set up an experiment that measures CO from various types of coal. Using a Bunsen burner, a ring stand and wire gauze, students will burn four types of coal . They will entrap the gaseous material using an inverted funnel and use rubber hosing to transfer the gases to a flask being monitored by a gas censoring device, CBL and graphing calculator. to top Instructor's Objectives: Students will make use of group/cooperative learning. Students will set up their lab following directions. Students will learn how to use the CBL and graphing calculator. Students will determine which coal source produces the most CO Students will be able to construct a data table and a graph.

79. Environmental Decision Making, Science, And Technology The basic reaction of the burning of C is the basis of our largest energy source fossil fuels of various types, including coal, natural gas, and oil. http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml

Introduction History of the Energy System Human Energy Needs Science Notes Energy Transformation Fundamental Forces of Nature Energy and Chemical Stability Chemical Formations ... Printer-Friendly Web Version Science Notes: Chemistry of Fossil Fuels Combustion and Energy Release The chemistry principles previously described can be used to describe the burning of methane (CH , marsh or natural gas), or of carbon in coal. Combustion involves combinations of the fuel with oxygen. Thus, C + O CO CH CO O We can show that these reactions release energy. The basic reaction of the burning of C is the basis of our largest energy source fossil fuels of various types, including coal, natural gas, and oil. Recall the energy in these bonds came originally form the solar energy captured by plants and then "processed" for millions of year (transformed over millions of years) under the pressure in the Earth. Burning of Coal Coal is mainly carbon, water, some hydrogen, and oxygen. There are many different kinds of coal. In addition to H and O, coal also contains some small amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, and some other minerals.

80. Energy Technologies / Fossil Fuels fossil fuels include oil, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. All ofthese fuels are found by drilling wells deep into the ground. http://www.eere.energy.gov/bro/neen/technologies/energytech_fossil.html

Northeast Energy Education NetCenter Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels have been produced over millions of years by the breakdown of mono-carbons. Fossil fuels include oil, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. All of these fuels are found by drilling wells deep into the ground. When a deposit of the fuels is found, the natural gas is extracted first, followed by the crude oil. From refining this oil we derive all the gasoline and oils used in everyday use. Coal, which once was widely used as a fuel, has now been virtually eliminated as a heating fuel in the U.S. because of the toxic smog it produces. It is, however, still used to produce electricity. New technology, including "scrubbers," makes the smoke less toxic. Recent concerns about pollutants produced by the combustion of heating oil and automobile gas has prompted the industry to produce much safer, cleaner fuels. As a result, the amount of toxins in the air has dropped. Web Sites on Fossil Fuels Fossil Energy - This site offers an introduction to energy for students by providing lessons on the basics of energy, coal, gas, and oil. International Petroleum Museum and Exposition - This site gathers, preserves, and interprets artifacts and information in order to educate others concerning the impact and significance of the offshore petroleum industry. This site includes photos, stories, and a history of oil and the industry.

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