61. Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Russian Revolution Site. Back to Index. The Russian Revolution WEB Russian Revolutionon the Web Guide; WEB history of Russia and the former ussr; WEB http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook39.html

Halsall Home Ancient History Sourcebook Medieval Sourcebook Modern History Course Other History Sourcebooks: African East Asian Indian Islamic ... Pop Culture See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections. Contents The Tsarist State Russian Revolution The Development of the Opposition Lenin 1905 Party Programs Bolshevik Rule to 1924 Stalinism The Tsarist State Count von Moltke: The Coronation of Tsar Alexander II , 1855 [At this Site] Alexander II, The Emancipation Manifesto , March 3 1861 [new style][At Durham] Théophile Gautier: The Races on the Neva River , 1870 [At this Site] Mary Antin: A Little Jewish Girl in the Russian Pale , 1890 [At this Site] Prince Ukhtomskii: Russia's Imperial Destiny , 1891 [At this Site] Sergei Witte, On the tasks for economic policy , 1900 [At Durham] Commander Vladimir Semenoff: Coaling at Sea , 1905 [At this Site] The adventures of a Russian ship on its way to the Russo-Japanese war. Lindon Bates, Jr.: In a Tartar Tent , c. 1909 [At this Site] Back to Index The Russian Revolution WEB Russian Revolution on the Web Guide WEB History of Russia and the former USSR WEB The Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Internet Archive [At Marx.org]

62. Liquid Crystal Display Materials And Related Technologies Throughout its long and tormented history, many important scientific in TheoreticalPhysics that also effectively documents former ussr contributions (Landau http://www.wtec.org/loyola/displays/c2_s3.htm

HISTORY OF FSU CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHYSICS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS Throughout its long and tormented history, many important scientific contributions to the fundamental knowledge of natural phenomena in general and liquid crystal research in particular have emerged from Russian scientists. One thinks first of the world-celebrated series of books, the Landau and Lifshitz Course in Theoretical Physics that also effectively documents former USSR contributions (Landau and Lifshitz 1986). In History of Liquid Crystals , Kelker (1973) places the first development of a continuum theory for liquid crystals, including the effect of external fields, in the period 1922-1933 (Oseen 1929). During this time, outstanding contributions to the understanding of physical and material properties of liquid crystals were made by Freedericksz' group in Leningrad. Indeed, Freedericksz is most famous for the Freedericksz transition, which is the basis for the operation of liquid crystals in electronic displays (Freedericksz and Zolina 1933). Freedericksz disappeared in the early forties, a particularly difficult time for the former USSR, when many people disappeared for reasons that may never be known. The "outstanding intensity and continuity of research in the Freedericksz school in Leningrad" reached a new peak in the late thirties and early forties through the works of Zvetkoff. For example, he measured the diamagnetic susceptibility of nematic liquid crystals by suspending a liquid crystal sample from a quartz thread into a rotating magnetic field (

63. Martial Arts: Judo & Sambo - Sambo History history. The correct, official Internationally recognized English transliteratedspelling is SAMBO. Sambo originated in the former Soviet Union (ussr). http://martialarts.boom.ru/sambo.html

home judo sambo books ... Combat Sambo Note! Buy Sambo videos here. History Sambo wrestling is a composite style of jacket wrestling originally developed in Russia to serve as a common form of sport wrestling for the fifteen different republics of the former Soviet Union, each of which had one or more of its own distinct styles of folk wrestling, with widely varying rules. It was also used as a form of hand-to-hand combat preparation and training by Soviet military for use in unarmed combat. Sambo today is practiced in two flavors: Sport Sambo, the third style of international wrestling and a globally popular form of submission grappling; and Combat Sambo, a method of self-defense training. The term SAMBO is an acronym for the Russian phrase "SAM ozashchita B ez O ruzhiya " or in English language, " Self-defense Without Weapons ." Until the official adoption of the term "SAMBO" the sport had also been referred to as SAM, and then later SAMOZ. The correct, official Internationally recognized English transliterated spelling is SAMBO. Sambo originated in the former Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). It is considered to have been born on November 16, 1938, the date it was officially accepted as a sport by the National Committee of Physical Culture of the USSR. The roots of Sambo go back to ancient times, however, with techniques drawn from the many folk styles of wrestling that existed in the fifteen republics of the former Soviet Union. Sambo was further developed by the Soviet military and extensively taught as a form of hand to hand combat for soldiers.

64. Russia MAPS Russia the former Soviet Republics MAP Soviet Union Population DensityIllustrated history of Russia and the former ussr Illustrated history of St. http://www.teacheroz.com/russia.htm

The Last of the Romanovs: L to R: Olga, Marie, Nicholas II, Alexandra, Anastasia, Alexei, Tatiana Updated February 5, 2002 Did you know? People in Siberia often buy milk frozen on a stick. Welcome to Slavic Research Center Internet Resource for Russian Studies Russian History Russia: from revolution to counter-revolution ... Russian Cities - Special Collection - America Online site. Exploring Russia / Moscow Background Notes: Russia - Find out about U.S. Russian foreign and economic relations! Greek to Cyrillic Russian Calendar History Russian Study Materials Russian Rulers ... History of Modern Russia For more on Russia, check out my Country Information page! TIMELINE OF RUSSIAN HISTORY History of Russia: important dates TIMELINE: Historical Mongol Empire Kievan and Appanage Periods: 860 - 1698 THE IMPERIAL PERIOD, 1698 -1917 ... Related Chronologies in Russian History RUSSIAN SYMBOLS, MAPS, IMAGES Soviet National Anthem in English MAP: Commonwealth of Independent States MAPS: Russian Empire MAP: Soviet Union Population Density ... Portraits of Soviet and Russian Political Leaders RUSSIAN AR Russian Art More Russian Art The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia Powered by IBM

65. Russian And Soviet History - Internet Resources (1) General Russian history on the Web by Marshall Poe; history of Russia andthe former ussr - by Douglas Hartman, a US Military Foreign Area Officer; http://www.slavweb.com/eng/Russia/history/hisgen-e.html

SRC Home General Russian History on the Web - by Marshall Poe History of Russia and the former USSR - by Douglas Hartman, a US Military Foreign Area Officer H-Russia Russian History - Bucknell University A Brief History of Russia and the Soviet Union - Defense Language Institute (Russian,CP866) History Directory of the CMU English Server Materials of Russian History - Solovyov,Klyuchevsky,Karamdin - in Russian IISH - Social History and Russia Journals (with online issues) Mezhdunarodnyi istoricheskii zhrunal - in Russian Mir Istorii - electronic journal , in Russian Acta Slavica Iaponica - in English / Russian Slavic Review H-RUSSIA (message : subscribe H-RUSSIA your name) RUSARCHIVE-L - hosted by the Center for European and Russian Studies at UCLA (message : subscribe RUSARCHIVE-L firstname lastname) RUSHIST (message : subscribe RUSHIST your name) ECRSA (Eighteenth Century Russian Studies Association Listserv) ESSA-L (Early Slavic Studies Association Listserv) Newsgroup Search on Russian History Russian and Soviet Archives ArcheoBiblioBase - Archives in Russia - by Patricia Kennedy Grimsted Federal Archives Under Rosarkhiv Archives Under Federal Agencies Other Than Rosarkhiv Major Moscow and St Petersburg Archives Researching Russian Roots - Russian Archives - by Mikhail Kroutikhin Archives of the Russian Federation - alphabetical list - in Russian (not updated and inaccurate) The Former Communist Party Archives in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Provisional Assessment - by Leo van Rossum Access and Working Conditions in Libraries and Archives - IREX

66. Lena, TS From Kiev (Ukraine, Former USSR) Anyway, history does not accept subjunctive mood . Documents are very importanthere this is the former ussr and totalitarian habits survive. http://lena.kiev.ua/

KOI WIN LAT About me - English version ïÂÏ ÍÎÅ ÐÏ-ÒÕÓÓËÉ / Russian version ... ëÁË ÕÓÔÒÏÅÎ ÜÔÏÔ ÓÁÊÔ (ÄÌÑ web-ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÓÔÏ×) June 2000 January 2000 July 1998 ðÏ-ÒÕÓÓËÉ / Russian version TG support group in Kiev Situation for TSs in Ukraine Hello, I am a woman with transsexual past, was born in 1963, am living in Kiev (population 2.6 millions) - the capital of Ukraine (48 millions), it's in European part of former USSR, northward of Black Sea. I never was married, haven't a child, am single child for my parents. I'm living with mother, it's widespread in former USSR. By profession I'm a computer-technician and a system programmer. My hobby now is the Internet. I began to crossdress in about 1974; learnt that SRS is real in USSR in about 1987; took first self-"prescribed" hormonal pill in 1989; cleared chest, arms and hands by electrolysis mostly in 1992-1993; said my mother that I'm a (then non-op) TS in January 1993; began intensive HRT without breaks in October 1996; began facial electrolysis in December 1996 (totally had for the present 525 hours of electrolysis); went out en femme for the first time (and said my mother that I intend to undergo SRS) on May 3, 1997; went androgynous gradually in the summer 1997; went almost full-time (about 98% of time because legal name/gender change is possible here now only after SRS) in the summer 1998; underwent obligatory for all TSs here month long evaluation in a psychiatric hospital in August 1998; got permission for SRS on November 30, 1998; underwent SRS on January 11, 1999 (surgeons Alexandr Hoholya and Sergey Galich, here in Kiev); legally changed name/gender in April-June 1999.

67. History Computer Science Books Boris Malinovsky, The books about history of computer science andtechnology in the former ussr by professor Boris N. Malinovsky http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/FRAME/books-fr.htm

The main ICFCST page Computer museum Ukrainian Russian Boris Malinovsky The books about history of computer science and technology in the former USSR by professor Boris N. Malinovsky: The history of computer technology in personalities (in Russian language), Kyiv, 1995, 380 p., 130 photos, Academician Lebedev Sergey (in Russian language), Kyiv, 1992, 126 p., 30 photos, ISBN 5-12-003975-8 Academician Glushkov V.(in Russian language), Kyiv, 1993, 140 p., 50 photos, ISBN 5-12-003983-9 Essays on history of Computer Science and Technology in Ukraine (in Russian language), Kyiv, "Feniks", 1998, 452 p., 210 photos, ISBN 5-87534-218-8 English version of the book "The history of computer technology in personalities", named latter as "Soviet computer pioneers" (380 p., 130 photos) is avaliable. Extract, from Chapter 3 Contents of the "Soviet computer pioneers" book: SOME PHOTOS FROM THIS BOOK: INSTEAD OF A PREFACE FROM THE AUTHOR WAY TO IMMORTALITY Founders of Soviet Computer Technology (Pioneers among Pioneers) Creative Rivalry The First Computing Center "It Will Be a Good Machine !"

68. AAS Abstracts: Korea Session 144 Korea's history as an integral part of Korean history. The availability of new sourcesfor historical research in China and the former ussr, greater access to http://www.aasianst.org/absts/1997abst/korea/k144.htm

Session 144: North Korea as History (Sponsored by NEAC) Organizer and Chair: Chungmoo Choi , University of California, Irvine The Manchurian Guerrilla Struggle and the Origins of the DPRK Haruki Wada , Tokyo University, Japan In the 1930s and early 1940s, the anti-Japanese guerrilla struggle in Manchuria was the most active armed resistance against Japanese colonialism involving Koreans. Kim Il Sung and other major leaders of the DPRK were participants in this movement, and in its official histories the DPRK has given great importance to this period and to Kim Il Sung's alleged leadership in the Manchurian struggle. In recent years, newly available sources, primarily from China and the former USSR, have made possible a much clearer picture of this experience than was previously the case. Utilizing these sources as its basis of interpretation, this paper will examine the Manchurian guerrilla struggle and its significance for the formation of the North Korean regime, the DPRK's internal political dynamics, and North Korea's world outlook. Toward a Post-Division Historiography of Contemporary Korea Man-gil Kang , Koryo University With the possibility of Korean unification apparently close at hand, the pressing task facing historians in South Korea today is how to negotiate the intensely political terrain of narrating the history of a divided Korea since 1945. Only recently have historians in South Korea attempted to write the history of North Korea. The inclusion of North Korea in the new 27-volume

69. The History Of The Wolf In Russia In spite of the wolf's history in the former ussr and Russia, there are remarkablescientists and researchers who are studying wolves in currentday Russia. http://www.wolfsongalaska.org/wolf_russia_history.html

A History of Wolves in Russia By: Evgeni Okhtin, Chief of the Russian Independent Research Group I n September 1998, Wolf Song of Alaska entered into an exchange of information about wolves in Russia and the former Soviet Union. Our Executive Director, Tom Talasz, began a dialog with Evgeni Okhtin, Chief of the Russian Independent Research Group. Very little is known about wolves in Russia, so we wanted to share portions of exclusive conversations with the visitors to our web site. The translation of this particular conversation, from Russian to English, is as close to the original text and interpretation as possible. Evgeni Okhtin... "In spite of the fact that scientific studies about the wolf in Russia appeared long before the twentieth century, questions about the ecology of the wolf and the relations between the wolf and humans have not been reviewed in Russia in current times, as they have been discussed elsewhere. Some researchers in Russia have studied the wolf in relation to biology, behavior, habits, intelligence, and its relevance to nature. One of the

70. Centre For Political Thouhgt - Poland And Poles Living In The Former USSR. Looki book we are going to assess a balance of achievements and failures of Polishresearch on the history and present day of our Diaspora in the former ussr. http://www.omp.org.pl/paplitfu.htm

Main page Projects Poland and Poles living in the former USSR. Looking for the model of policy The program is carried out under the auspices of Prof. Alicja Grze¶kowiak, the Marshall (President) of the Polish Senate. The project message The political changes started in 1998 created a possibility for the institutions of Poland to give attention to Poles living in the former USSR. Unfortunately, as it seems, throughout the last years we have failed to find a rational conception of policy towards our fellow countrymen. The answers to many fundamental questions have not been found (for instance, the problem of repatriation of Poles or ways of bringing help to them in their present homes). This situation is distressing from the point of view of the Polish State interest, and at the same time it is embarrassing when we realise how intensive our Western politics is. And still, the experience of some countries proves that a rational policy towards Polish Diaspora in the former USSR not only can be found, but it can also be carried out. CPT focused on this problem many times. The project Between Germany and Russia that has been run since 1996 is a good example. Also, the CPT members and co-workers were dealing with the situation of Polish people behind the eastern border in their research projects.

71. Kyiv-history K YIV. history and Nova Days. It was the former ussr's third largest city whichentitled it to many economic benefits other former ussr cities did not have. http://www.ukrainetour.com/tourinfo/Kyiv_history.htm

K Y I V History and Nova Days Kyiv was first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 860. Its name is believed to be derived from that of its legendary founder, Prince Kiy. From 860 to 1169, Kyiv was the capital of Kyivan Rus, a state that was the historic ancestor of both Russia and Ukraine. Its rulers were converted to Orthodox Christianity in the 10th century, had the whole city baptized in the Dnepre river, and thus the city became a great religious and cultural center of the eastern Slavic peoples, as well as a major trading center of eastern Europe. Kyiv's gradual decline after the capital was transferred to Vladimir in 1169, ended in the devastating Mongol invasion of 1240. In the 14th century it was taken by Lithuania, and later passed under Polish rule until it was annexed by Russia in the 17th century. Under Russian and Soviet rule it reemerged as an important commercial city. With the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, it became the capital of a newly independent Ukraine. Kyiv is Ukraine's political, industrial, and cultural center along with being a major transportation hub and river port. It was the former USSR's third largest city which entitled it to many economic benefits other former USSR cities did not have. These benefits would include the most modern of hotels, a large international airport Boryspil, and direct passenger rail service to most parts of Eastern Europe. Kyiv's population

72. The Global Nuclear History The Global Nuclear history With Australia's Key Involvement 1986, Massive reactorexplosion at Chernobyl, former ussr, leaving hundreds of thousands exposed to http://www.sea-us.org.au/timeline.html

The Global Nuclear History With Australia's Key Involvement Year Event Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-rays. Henry Becquerel discovers radioactivity Marie and Pierre Curie isolate radioactive elements polonium and radium. Albert Einstein theorises that matter can convert to energy. Ernest Rutherford proposes that atoms have a nucleus with electrons in orbit. Ernest Rutherford discovers the proton. James Chadwick discovers the neutron, which can penetrate the atom. Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman split uranium atoms. Frederick Joliot-Curie shows extra neutrons released when atoms split, making possible a chain reaction. Manhattan Project for production of A-bomb started in USA. USSR commences its A-bomb development. A-bomb Trinity exploded at Alamogordo, USA. A-bombs Little Boy and Fat Boy destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki (respectively) in Japan. A-bomb exploded by USSR. Stockholm 'ban the bomb' petition signed by 500 million people all over the world. H-bomb exploded by USA on Eniwetak, Marshall Islands. USSR explodes H-bomb. Nuclear electricity supplied to town in USSR for first time.

73. History Of Chess Since 1927, most good chess players have been citizens of the former ussr, and includeTal, Alekhine, Petrosian, Spassky, Smyslov, Anatoli Karpov, and Gary http://math.uww.edu/~mcfarlat/177hist.htm

SOME IMPORTANT EVENTS AND NAMES IN CHESS The game of chess is thought to have originated in what is now northern India or Afganistan sometime before 6OO AD: the oldest written references to chess date from then, but there are unverified claims that chess existed as early as 100 AD. The KING at the right is part of a set of pieces dating from about 1200 AD found in a robbers' stash on the Isle of Lewis, northeast of Scotland. Interest in chess followed early trade routes out of India. One variation of chess (called Shogi ) is now popular in Japan; another variation is played in China . Many local variations in chess rules persist even today in isolated rural areas, for example in India. The variation familiar to Europeans and Americans traveled through Iran (Persia) to the main commercial centers of Italy and Spain by about 1000 AD. A bit later, sea-faring Vikings carried the game into Scandinavia and Iceland. By 1100-1200 AD, the game became known in central Europe, and was well-established across all of Europe by 1400 AD, with the game rules which we use today. However, Russia's dominance of chess is recent, dating from the communist revolution of 1917, after which government schools for talented chess players were established. The modern design of chess pieces, such as those offered for sale from USCF at the beginning of this semester, bears the name Staunton, who was an English master in the mid-18OO's. It is now used in all tournaments worldwide.

74. Carlisle, Masssachusetts - History Study Sites Historic Philadelphia How has change affected the former ussr? of Soviet SocialistRepublics (ussr) ceased to PBS OnLine history PBS OnLine history Interact http://www.carlisle.org/history.htm

Carlisle, MA Homework Helper History Study Sites Thomas Paine - Common Sense WBUR Feature Story Paine in the USA American Revolution, 225th Anniversary Minuteman Park Lexington ... The Renaissance Explore the Renaissance and discover the forces that drove this rebirth in Europe, and in Italy in particular. The Battle of Hastings 1066 This is the story of the Battle of Hastings that was fought on the 14th October 1066. An event so significant, that it totally changed the course of English history. To speak about this battle without recourse to the events that led up to it, would be an injustice to the people of this island who have fought and died for and against her. What makes this event so important to the English, is that it was the last time any foreign power was to conquer her. Historic Mount Vernon Start your tour outside the Mount Vernon Mansion, at the east front. Historic Philadelphia On December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ceased to exist. In its place are the Russian Federation (Russia) and 14 independent countries. PBS OnLine History - Interact with the past.

75. HISTORY June 14, 1992 The referendum on withdrawal the army of the former ussr in 1992.July 21, 1992 The change of the Government. A. Abisala became Prime Minister. http://neris.mii.lt/history/history2.html

Cultural Timeline The Period of Formation of the Lithuanian State The name of Lithuania was first mentioned in the Latin chronicle "Annales Quedlinburgenses" (Annals of Quedlinburg). Crusaders began their expansion to the Baltic area. Crusaders began conguests of Lithuanian tribes in the West of Lithuania. Lithuanians gained victory over the Knights of the Sword (at Siauliai). Mindaugas rule. Mindaugas did a lot for Lithuania. He managed to join many small duchies into one large and strong state, introduced Lithuania to the European countries. Mindaugas ruled all Lithuanian territorial units. Mindaugas was christianized and crowned the King of Lithuania. Prussians and other Western Lithuanian tribes rose in rebellion against the Teutonic Order. The rebellion was led by Herkus Mantas. Dominance of Lithuania. Advance of Grand Dukes. Gediminas' rule. Gediminas laid the foundations for his dynasty and Lithuania's might. 1387 Aukstaitija (the Highlands of Lithuania) was christianized. Vilnius was granted the right of Magdeburg. Vytautas the Great ruled Lithuania.

76. History Of Russia Czars Lobby PBS The Face of Russia Internet Resource for Russian Studies Historyof Russia and the former ussr Revelations from the Russian Archives http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/Russia.html

History of Russia How to do Research using the Navigation Aids: 1. By clicking on the Hotlinks, you will be taken directly to the exact location where the Topic is located on the page. 2. When you click on a site located under a topic, another browser window will open automatically for you on top of this page. With your mouse, pull that window down below the Topic you are researching. Every time you now click on a site, the material will appear in this window. This will allow you to quickly and easily read the material and go through each site listed without losing this page. Remember to cite the "web sites and their authors" given below as your information "sources" in your paper or presentation for citation/bibliographic purposes. Hotlinks: Table of Contents: Ancient Russia Brezhnev Catherine the Great Chernobyl ... Wars of the Soviet Union Main Sources Library of Congress: Country Studies: Former Soviet Union Introduction to the The Library of Congress Soviet Archives - newly opened documents Soviet Archives Exhibit History of Russia ... Current Moscow Weather Time Lines Russian History: 860-1698 Russian History: 1698 - 1917 Soviet Chronology (1917 - 1990) Post-Soviet Chronology ... Russian Empire, 1895-1910: Photographs

77. Atrium Books - Destination USSR 19411945 A Social and Economic history of the ussr Reference Data Service of theussr A Series of Russia and Adjacent States (The former ussr) Warships of http://www.atrium.com/destinations/destination-USSR.html

Atrium Books USSR Witness : To Apparitions and Persecution in the USSR : An Autobiography The USSR Olympiad Problem Book : Selected Problems and Theorems of Elementary Mathematics Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature Under Siege The Soviet Experiment : Russia, the Ussr, and the Successor States ... About

78. Culture And Language Studies 2. Two of 6 ch in Russian or East European literature 6 ch in Political Scienceof Russia, the former ussr and Eastern Europe 6 ch in the history of Russia http://www.unbf.ca/arts/Culture_Lang/programs_russian.html

RUSSIAN AND EURASIAN STUDIES PROGRAM Russian and Eurasian Studies is an interdisciplinary major and minor program offered jointly by the University of New Brunswick and Saint Thomas University. A committee drawn from the departments involved in the program administers it. Interested students should first contact the Director who is the representative from the Russian section of the Department of German and Russian. Major in Russian and Eurasian Studies A major in Russian and Eurasian Studies shall consist of a minimum of 30 ch of advanced level courses relating to Russia and the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. To qualify to enter this program, students must first have satisfactorily completed 6 ch in the Russian language at the introductory level (RUSS 1013 and 1023) and 6 ch at the intermediate level (RUSS 2013 and 2023). The 30 ch for the Major will be selected from the list below and must meet the following requirements: 1. 6 ch in the Russian language (RUSS 3013, 3023)

79. Lithuania : History As in several other former Soviet republics, such as Azerbaijan and Georgia, formerCommunists in Lithuania staged a political comeback in the postussr period http://www2.omnitel.net/ramunas/Lietuva/lt_history.shtml

8 April 2003 Search site: Site map Search help General Information Culture ... Shop www.muzikossavaite.lt Music news Lithuania / History HISTORY Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to my site. The following information came from Microsoft Encarta Some scholars believe that Lithuanians inhabited the Baltic area as early as 2500 BC; others believe they migrated to the Baltic area about the beginning of the 1st century AD. The first reference to them by name was in AD 1009 in a medieval Prussian manuscript, the Quedlinburg Chronicle. The Medieval Jogailan Empire With the rise of the medieval lords in adjacent Prussia and Russia, Lithuania was constantly subject to invasion and attempted conquest. As a result, a loose federation of Lithuanian tribes was formed in the early Middle Ages. In the 13th century AD, when the Teutonic Knights, a German militaristic religious order, were establishing their power, the Lithuanians resisted; in about 1260 they defeated the order. About a century later a dynasty of grand dukes called the Jogailans established, through conquest, a Lithuanian empire reaching from the Baltic to the Black seas. The Lithuanian Prince Gediminas occupied Belarus and western Ukraine; his son, Grand Duke Algirdas, added the territory between Ukraine and the Black Sea.

80. IBI RAS History and routine studies in biological sciences. About 4.000 instrumentshave been sold to institutes of the former ussr and abroad. http://www.ibp-ran.ru/History/History_E.htm

Institute for biological instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences Site Our developments About us Address ... Russian version Historical information T he Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBI RAS) was established on the base of NPO "Biopribor" Corporation in May 1994 (formerly Special Design Bureau for Biological Instrumentation of the USSR Academy of Sciences established in 1965). Together with other Academy institutes, it represents an integral part of the Biological Research Center in Pushchino (Moscow region, Russia). For many years the organization has accumulated valuable scientific, technical and production potential. Since 1965 it has developed more than 200 types of instruments for both unique and routine studies in biological sciences. About 4.000 instruments have been sold to institutes of the former USSR and abroad. High technological level and originality of the instruments designed by the Institute are confirmed by more than 450 author certificates and 40 patents in the USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan and other countries. The instruments developed by the Institute were demonstrated many times on various exhibitions including international ones and were awarded by medals of these exhibitions. In 1997 speed spectrophotometer 170 was awarded by gold medal of the Plovdiv fair. In 1977 differential scanning microcalorimeter DASM-1, in 1987 microspectrofluorimeter MSF-2 and in 1988 equipment for biotechnology were awarded by gold medals of the Leipzig fair.

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