41. Life History And Ecology Of The Phaeophyta Phaeophyta Life History and ecology. Though there tide. Kelp forests.Pictured above is a kelp bed located near Monterey, California. We http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/browns/phaeolh.html

Phaeophyta : Life History and Ecology Though there are a few rare freshwater species, the brown algae dwell almost exclusively in marine (or coastal) environments. Members of the group dominate many benthic marine biotas, sometimes reaching from the ocean floor to its surface. In general, they are not free-floating organisms, but are attached to rock, coral, or other firm surfaces. The group is found primarily in colder waters of the northern hemisphere, with the largest forms occurring in cooler waters, rather than in the tropics. Many familiar species, such as rockweed, are intertidal , and are exposed to the air at low tide. Kelp forests Pictured above is a kelp bed located near Monterey, California. We will have more on these important communities at a later time. The Sargasso Sea The Sargasso Sea is a free-floating ( pelagic ) kelp-dominated ecosystem in the western North Atlantic. It is bounded by the Gulf Stream, the Canaries Current, and other currents which together produce an ever circulating boundary. The local pattern of distribution appears to also be affected by both wind and thermal fronts, and more broadly may be affected by the action of storms. Attempts to quantify the amount and distribution of Sargassum in the Atlantic have met with many difficulties, including changes with seasonality and regional patchiness. Two species constitute the majority of the algae here, primarily

42. Ecology Of Ancient And Old Growth Forests You may wish to take a virtual walk on the Blueberry ecology Trails to get a feelfor old growth forests and forest ecology, or read An Overview of Ancient http://www.ancientforest.org/ecology.html

Ecology How You Can Help Resources Ancient Forest Ecology "It is easier to put a person on the moon than it is to manage one acre of forest. Putting a person on the moon is a process in black and white; you either hit it or miss it. But managing a forest acre is all gray." - Chris Maser, 1990 Ancient Forest is forest that has never been managed, or signifigantly changed by humans, and it is increasingly rare and precious. But quite apart from its beauty or spiritual value, untouched forest gives us insights into how natural forests work. When we manage forests we can never fully understand, or anticipate, the outcome unless we can compare it to natural forest. Natural forests also give us insight into how global changes in climate, air pollution, diseases, and other wide-ranging changes are affecting our forests. Ancient forests are a valuable asset that have often recieved surprisingly little study, and are fast being lost. Ancient Forest and Old Growth The most studied kind of ancient forest is called "old-growth forest". Old-growth forests differ from younger forests in three main ways. First, they have trees that are much older than the average age for the tree species. Second, they generally have greater numbers of snags, or dead standing trees, than younger forests. And third, they have a large number of logs on the forest floor compared to younger forests. In some old-growth forest ecosystems, there are numerous logs across streams which tend to form debris dams that are less common in younger forests.

43. The Finnish Clearing-House Mechanism - Biodiversity Projects CHM BIODIVERSITY IN BOREAL forests ecology AND DYNAMICS OF SPECIES IN COMPLEXLANDSCAPES. 3. Landscape ecology in highly fragmented boreal forests. http://www.vyh.fi/eng/environ/bdclearh/bitumi/proje/Hanski.htm

BIODIVERSITY IN BOREAL FORESTS - ECOLOGY AND DYNAMICS OF SPECIES IN COMPLEX LANDSCAPES A Project of the Finnish Biodiversity Research Programme FIBRE Ilkka Hanski, University of Helsinki Introduction and aims Natural forests have practically disappeared from southern Finland and their area has drastically declined in northern Finland. Populations of numerous forestdwelling species have declined or the species have already gone locally extinct. Very substantial changes are needed in forest conservation and management to prevent the extinction of hundreds of species. The primary aim of the project was to increase the currently lacking scientific knowledge of the ecology and dynamics of forest-dwelling species, especially old-growth forest species, on which effective management and conservation plans could be based. The project was structured into five distinct tasks: 1. Population biology of the trembling aspen ( Populus tremula ) and the taxa associated with it in boreal forests. 2. The significance of reserve networks, ecological corridors, stepping stones, and source-sink dynamics in maintaining biodiversity in boreal forests.

44. Search By Interest Results For 'Ecology - Forests' - Meet People - ICQ.com Meet People Search by Interest Results for 'ecology - forests',Modify Your Search. Personal Interests Category 60's, http://web.icq.com/whitepages/interests/search_results/1,,,00.html?int=122&keywo

45. Ecology, Conservation And Utilization Of Tropical Forests - A Course A course of. ecology, conservation and utilization of tropical forests.October 913, 2000 University of Turku, Finland. The lectures http://fibre.utu.fi/bullets/001009-tropicalkurssi.htm

A course of Ecology, conservation and utilization of tropical forests October 9-13, 2000 University of Turku, Finland The lectures of the course will cover various topics, e.g. geological history of South America and its relevance to biogeography the abundance, growth and mortality of rainforest trees the influence of environmental conditions on distribution patterns of plants geological and ecological knowledge used in conservation and utilization of tropical forests non-timber forests products ethnomycology biodiversity protection in Madagascar Students can receive one credit point by giving an oral presentation or by writing a summary of the lectures. Teachers: Place: Archipelago Research Institute, at the island of Seili (Nauvo) (see the web site: http://www.utu.fi/erill/saarmeri/en/ There is no course fee, but the participants are expected to pay their own travel and other costs. The fee at the Archipelago Research Institute is 43 FIM per day for students, which includes accommodation and meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, evening meal). Please, register as soon as possible, but no later than 25th of September. Send your name, address, phone, fax, and e-mail address, and also the title of the presentation.

46. MSRO > Miombo Forests -- An Example Of Tropical Fire Ecology MSRO . Miombo forests An example of tropical fire ecology. A seminarpaper by Maria Haanpää (1998) Seminars on Agriculture and http://www.lodestone.org/people/maria/misc/miombo.html

MSRO Miombo forests An example of tropical fire ecology A seminar paper by Seminars on Agriculture and Forestry in Developing Countries (MH31) 15th April, 1998 Department of Forest Ecology, Unit of Tropical Silviculture; University of Helsinki, Finland Contents Introduction Functional characteristics of miombo forests Occurrence of fires Soils ... References Figures and tables: Figure 1. Distribution of miombo forests Figure 2. Miombo seasons Table 1. Selected statistics of the "miombo countries" Next page http://www.lodestone.org/users/maria/misc/miombo.html

47. ECOLOGY, PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL MOIST ecology, PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL MOIST forests OF THE WESTERNGHATS, MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA AN INTRODUCTION. RANWA,PUNE,1994. http://www.ecopune.com/tmfabs.htm

48. CAEE > Ecology > Ecosystems > Forests Content. http://boto.ocean.washington.edu/americacentral/eng/ecology/ecosystems/forests/

Central America Ecology Ecosystems Forests Content Maps of forest areas from Univ. Maryland/AVHRR Maps of forest areas from IGBP/AVHRR Links to relevant web sites Maps Forest Cover from Univ. Maryland Raster land cover (vegetation) map at a nominal 1 km resolution, derived by researchers at the University of Maryland from AVHRR satellite data. 13 land cover types were derived (plus water). Regional Zooms Select region and size of image Big Med Small Big ... Small Central America Larger Maps: Big (86 KB) Med (44 KB) Data Source: University of Maryland AVHRR Land Cover Map at 1 km. Forest Cover from IGBP Raster land cover (vegetation) map at a nominal 1 km resolution, derived by USGS and IGBP from AVHRR satellite data. 16 land cover types were derived (plus water). Regional Zooms Select region and size of image Big Med Small Big ... Small Central America Larger Maps: Big (77 KB) Med (41 KB) Data Source: IGBP AVHRR Land Cover Map at 1 km.

49. WileyEurope :: Ecology And Management Of Central Hardwood Forests WileyEurope Geography Earth Science Forestry ecology andManagement of Central Hardwood forests. Related Subjects, http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471137588|desc|2765,00.html

Shopping Cart My Account Help Contact Us By Keyword By Title By Author By ISBN By ISSN WileyEurope Forestry Ecology and Management of Central Hardwood Forests Related Subjects Landscape Design Ecology Geology Geomorphology ... Earth Science Special Topics Related Titles Forestry Forest Stand Dynamics, Updated Edition (Paperback) Chadwick D. Oliver, Bruce C. Larson Forest Nutrition Management (Hardcover) Dan Binkley Forest Ecology, 4th Edition (Hardcover) Burton V. Barnes, Donald R. Zak, Shirley R. Denton, Stephen H. Spurr How to Make Money Growing Trees (Hardcover) James M. Vardaman Fire Ecology: United States and Southern Canada (Hardcover) Henry A. Wright, Arthur W. Bailey Forestry Ecology and Management of Central Hardwood Forests Ray R. Hicks ISBN: 0-471-13758-8 Hardcover 432 Pages November 1998 Add to Cart Description Table of Contents Author Information A comprehensive guide to effective hardwood forest management Extending 235,000 square miles from New York to Georgia and from Virginia to Missouri, the Central Hardwoods Region harbors the most extensive concentration of deciduous hardwoods in the world. As harvests in the Pacific Northwest decline and timber prices rise, the maturing stands of mixed species in this central U.S. region are a rich and valuable resource that is increasingly vulnerable to exploitation. This timely book examines all of the key ecological, social, and economic management considerations essential to utilize and sustain these vital woodlands effectively.

50. KLUWER Academic Publishers | Functional Ecology Of Woodlands And Forests Books » Functional ecology of Woodlands and forests. Functional ecologyof Woodlands and forests. Add to cart. by JR Packham Emeritus http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-412-43950-6

Title Authors Affiliation ISBN ISSN advanced search search tips Books Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests Add to cart by J.R. Packham Emeritus Professor of Ecology, University of Wolverhampton, UK D.J.L. Harding Woodland Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK G.M. Hilton Woodland Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK R.A. Stuttard Woodland Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK Functional Ecology of Woodlands is firmly based on the factors which govern the composition of woodland communities, but goes on to explore the dynamics of interactions between various ecosystem components. This is an authoritative text on the functioning of forest ecosystems, which will also assist readers to reach informed decisions about issues such as the greenhouse effect, acid precipitation, the greening of cities and agroforestry. Contents Review(s) Very readable ... recommendable to a wide audience. Bulletin of the British Ecological Society I found the book to be a good introductory overview of these ecosystems. As a university professor who teaches classes in plant ecology, I found the book to be equally good as a textbook. The Quarterly Review of Biology This is quite the best forestry textbook that has been published for a long time. Its comprehensive yet concise treatment of all aspects of woodland ecology is stimulating to read...Despite being a comprehensive textbook full of information, it is clearly written with an excellent economy of words. Unlike many multi-author books, it is a truly joint work with the presentations consistent throughout so that one has no sense of different writers...Diverse examples of relevant worldwide research findings are skilfully drawn together...if the book is used merely for reference...it has a place on every woodland manager's bookshelf...

51. KLUWER Academic Publishers | Functional Ecology Of Woodlands And Forests Books » Functional ecology of Woodlands and forests. Functional ecologyof Woodlands and forests. Kluwer Academic Publishers is pleased http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-412-44390-2

Title Authors Affiliation ISBN ISSN advanced search search tips Books Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests Kluwer Academic Publishers is pleased to make this title available as a special Printing on Demand (PoD) edition. PoD books will be sent to you within 6-9 weeks of receipt of your order. Firm orders only!: returns cannot be accepted as PoD books are only printed on request. Add to cart by J.R. Packham Emeritus Professor of Ecology, University of Wolverhampton, UK D.J.L. Harding Woodland Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK G.M. Hilton Woodland Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK R.A. Stuttard Woodland Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, UK Functional Ecology of Woodlands is firmly based on the factors which govern the composition of woodland communities, but goes on to explore the dynamics of interactions between various ecosystem components. This is an authoritative text on the functioning of forest ecosystems, which will also assist readers to reach informed decisions about issues such as the greenhouse effect, acid precipitation, the greening of cities and agroforestry. Contents Review(s) Very readable ... recommendable to a wide audience.

52. Conservation Ecology: Ecological Sustainability Of Birds In Boreal Forests. Mönkkönen, L. Venier, and D. Welsh. 1998. Ecological sustainabilityof birds in boreal forests. Conservation ecology online 2(2) 17. http://www.consecol.org/vol2/iss2/art17/

2): 17. Available from the Internet. URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol2/iss2/art17 Synthesis Ecological Sustainability of Birds in Boreal Forests Gerald Niemi JoAnn Hanowski Pekka Helle Robert Howe ... Lisa Venier , and Daniel Welsh University of Minnesota Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute University of Wisconsin University of Oulu, Finland Canadian Forest Service Abstract Introduction Boreal Bird Communities Status of Programs on Sustaining Boreal Bird Populations ... Literature Cited ABSTRACT KEY WORDS: birds, boreal, conservation, disturbance, forests, forestry, natural resources, Nearctic, Palearctic, sustainability, trends. INTRODUCTION The northern boreal forest, or taiga, an area dominated by forests, peatlands, and water, is one of the largest and youngest biomes in the world (Shugart et al. 1992, Helle and Niemi 1996). The current condition of the boreal forest varies from areas that have received intensive management for wood production (such as in northern Europe and Canada) to large, pristine forest areas that have never been logged (such as in central Siberia and in Alaska). The dominant natural disturbance of the boreal forest is fire (Heinselman 1973, Zackrisson 1977, Wein and MacLean 1983), although insect outbreaks, wind, and other animals (e.g., beaver, Castor spp.) are also significant disturbances in many areas (Pastor et al. 1996).

53. Conservation Ecology: Sustainability Science For Tropical Forests Pandey, DN 2002. Sustainability science for tropical forests. ConservationEcology 6(1) r13. Copyright © 2002 by the author(s). Published http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/resp13/

The following is the established format for referencing this article: Pandey, D. N. 2002. Sustainability science for tropical forests. Conservation Ecology (1): r13. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/resp13 Response to Elmqvist et al. 2001. "Tropical forest reorganization after cyclone and fire disturbance in Samoa: remnant trees as biological legacies" Sustainability Science for Tropical Forests Deep Narayan Pandey Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal Responses to this Article Acknowledgments Literature Cited Published: June 4, 2002 Tropical forests are vital for social, economic, and ecological reasons. They play an important role in ecosystem processes (such as the biogeochemical and hydrological cycles), they provide habitat for wildlife and serve as sources of biodiversity, and they offer protection against soil erosion (Kremen et al. 2000, Sala et al. 2000, Pandey, 2001, Condit et al. 2002). In this era of global warming (Forest et al. 2002), tropical forests help mitigate the effects of climate change (Phillips et al. 1998, Schimel et al. 2001), and maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (Loreau et al. 2001). However, in spite of their obvious value, human activity is causing unprecedented threats to tropical forest ecosystems (Noble and Dirzo 1997). Therefore, the study by Elmqvist et al. (2001) on the essential components of spatial resilience in tropical forest ecosystems is useful and timely. Although I agree with Elmqvist et al. (2002) that active management of tropical forests that have been exposed to large-scale disturbances should focus on the management of remnant trees, refugia, and vertebrate dispersers, I would, however, suggest that we need broader strategies to maintain the resilience and regenerative capacity of these tropical forests to ensure their sustainability. The regenerative capacities of disturbed, fragmented, or harvested tropical forests provide hope, and a clear message about how to prevent further species loss (Chazdon 1998).

54. Forest Ecology: Succession In Forests Forest ecology. People, Funding, Collaborators, Readings. The Changing Forest Thoughthey often appear static, forests are actually very dynamic, changing on a http://www.serc.si.edu/forest_ecology/forest_ecology_succession.htm

Forest Ecology People Funding Collaborators Readings Home Canopy Structure Microclimate Succession Production Trees in the Landscape SERC Home Page Smithsonian Institution The Changing Forest Though they often appear static, forests are actually very dynamic, changing on a variety of time scales. They respond to disturbances, like storms or pest outbreaks, to annual cycles of climate, especially the deciduous forests typical of the SERC region, and over the long term - the development sequence from a young stand through the mature or old-growth stage, also called "succession". Much of the differences between forests in the SERC region is related to the age of the stand, how long they have grown since the land was logged or abandoned from orher uses. We have studied these patterns using a network of study sites in forests of different ages in the main forest type around SERC (the "tulip poplar" association). When we assemble our observations from short-term measurements in these stands into a single picture, we see some general developmental patterns. As this forest ages, it loses many stems, but increases in the amount of leaves, the height, the biomass, and the complexity of canopy organization. Early stages have abundant fast-growing sweetgums and tulip poplars, in later stages slower-growing oaks, hickories, and beech are dominant [refer to figure].

55. Subalpine Conifer Forest Of The Colorado Plateau Aplet, GH, Laven, RD and Smith, FW 1988. Patterns of community dynamics in ColoradoEngelmann sprucesubalpine fir forests. ecology 62 312-319. Fall, PL 1985. http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/Biota/subalpine_conifer.htm

Search the CP-LUHNA Web pages Biotic Communities Alpine Tundra Subalpine Conifer Forest Quaking Aspen Forest ... Agents of Biotic Change Biotic Communities of the Colorado Plateau Subalpine Conifer Forest Bristlecone pine stand. At elevations of 10,000 feet to about 11,500 feet on the Colorado Plateau, annual precipitation can be relatively high for this semi-arid region, from 30 to 35 inches a year. Much of this falls as snow during the cooler months, but a significant portion falls as heavy rains during the summer monsoon season, especially along the southern margin of the Plateau. Where lingering snowpacks keep the forest floor moist for much of the year, subalpine conifer forests dominated by Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir occur commonly as small, isolated mountaintop stands. Spruce-fir forests grade into bristlecone pine stands on some treeline sites, particularly on limestone substrates and drier south-facing slopes, and into mixed-conifer forests at lower elevations. Significant stands of

56. Wildfire History And Ecology On The Colorado Plateau Medany, MH and NE West. 1983. Livestock grazing fire regime intervectionswithin montane forests of Zion National Park, Utah. ecology 64 661-667. http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/Biota/wildfire.htm

Search the CP-LUHNA Web pages Biotic Communities Alpine Tundra Subalpine Conifer Forest Quaking Aspen Forest ... Agents of Biotic Change Wildfire History and Ecology Needle-fire in ponderosa pine. Photograph courtesy of Rocky Mountain Research Station, Flagstaff, Arizona. Whether lightning-caused or started by native peoples , wildfires were once common occurences throughout the grasslands and forests of the Colorado Plateau. Frequent fires maintened an open forest structure in the region's middle-elevation forests, prevented tree encroachment into mountain meadows and grasslands, and in some areas replaced forested land with grassland or savannah. Prior to white settlement, fires likely burned through the Plateau's extensive pinyon-juniper woodlands ponderosa pine communities mixed-conifer forests spruce-fir forests atop the highest mountains and plateaus of the region probably went 150 years or more between fires. The historic fire regimes changed dramatically with the arrival and settlement of Anglo-Americans Livestock grazing removed much of the grassy fuels that carried frequent, surface fires;

57. Ecology Of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests Fire ecology of forests and woodlands in Utah. Gen. Cooper, CF 1961. Pattern in ponderosapine forests. ecology 42 493499. Covington, WW, and Moore, MM 1992. http://www.gffp.org/pine/ecology.htm

Ecology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests Moir, William H., B. Geils, M.A. Benoit, and D. Scurlock. 1997. Ecology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests. Pages 3-27 in Block, William M. and D.M. Finch, tech. ed. Songbird ecology in southwestern ponderosa pine forests: a literature review. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-292. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 152 p. What is Ponderosa Pine Forest and Why is it Important? Peleoecology Climate and Soils Vegetation ... Literature Cited WHAT IS PONDEROSA PINE FOREST AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Forests dominated by ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum ) are a major forest type of western North America ( figure 1 ; Steele 1988; Daubenmire 1978; Oliver and Ryker 1990). In this publication, a ponderosa pine forest has an overstory, regardless of successional stage, dominated by ponderosa pine. This definition corresponds to the interior ponderosa pine cover type of the Society of American Foresters (Eyre 1980). At lower elevations in the mountainous West, ponderosa pine forests are generally bordered by grasslands, pinyon-juniper woodlands, or chaparral (shrublands). The ecotone may be wide or narrow, and a ponderosa pine forest is recognized when the overstory contains at least 5 percent ponderosa pine (USFS 1986). At upper elevations ponderosa pine forests usually adjoin or grade into mixed conifer forests. A mixed conifer stand where ponderosa pine has more overstory canopy than any other tree species or there is a plurality of tree stocking, is an interior ponderosa pine forest (Eyre 1980).

58. Wiley :: Ecology And Management Of Central Hardwood Forests Wiley Geography Earth Science Forestry ecology and Managementof Central Hardwood forests. Related Subjects, http://www.wiley.com/cda/product/0,,0471137588|desc|2765,00.html

Shopping Cart My Account Help Contact Us By Keyword By Title By Author By ISBN By ISSN Wiley Forestry Ecology and Management of Central Hardwood Forests Related Subjects Landscape Design Ecology Geology Geomorphology ... Earth Science Special Topics Related Titles Forestry Forest Stand Dynamics, Updated Edition (Paperback) Chadwick D. Oliver, Bruce C. Larson Forest Nutrition Management (Hardcover) Dan Binkley Forest Ecology, 4th Edition (Hardcover) Burton V. Barnes, Donald R. Zak, Shirley R. Denton, Stephen H. Spurr Fire Ecology: United States and Southern Canada (Hardcover) Henry A. Wright, Arthur W. Bailey Sampling Methods for Multiresource Forest Inventory (Hardcover) Hans T. Schreuder, Timothy G. Gregoire, Geoffrey B. Wood Forestry Ecology and Management of Central Hardwood Forests Ray R. Hicks ISBN: 0-471-13758-8 Hardcover 432 Pages November 1998 US $150.00

59. Wiley Canada :: Ecology And Management Of Central Hardwood Forests Wiley Canada, ecology and Management of CentralHardwood forests by Ray R. Hicks. http://www.wileycanada.com/cda/product/0,,0471137588|desc|2765,00.html

Shopping Cart My Account Help Contact Us By Keyword By Title By Author By ISBN By ISSN Wiley Canada Forestry Ecology and Management of Central Hardwood Forests Related Subjects Landscape Design Ecology Geology Geomorphology ... Earth Science Special Topics Related Titles Forestry Forest Stand Dynamics, Updated Edition (Paperback) Chadwick D. Oliver, Bruce C. Larson Forest Nutrition Management (Hardcover) Dan Binkley Forest Ecology, 4th Edition (Hardcover) Burton V. Barnes, Donald R. Zak, Shirley R. Denton, Stephen H. Spurr Fire Ecology: United States and Southern Canada (Hardcover) Henry A. Wright, Arthur W. Bailey Sampling Methods for Multiresource Forest Inventory (Hardcover) Hans T. Schreuder, Timothy G. Gregoire, Geoffrey B. Wood Forestry Ecology and Management of Central Hardwood Forests Ray R. Hicks ISBN: 0-471-13758-8 Hardcover 432 Pages November 1998 US $150.00

60. APFT Pilot Report - English - I - ECOLOGY : THE FORESTS export goods are produced by smallholders (MAC ANDREWS). I ecology THE forests. Only a few quite big tropical islands still have http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Sonja/RF/Ukpr/Report88.htm

THE INDONESIAN ISLANDS The Republic of Indonesia : an archipelago of over 13 667 islands Area : 1 919 443 km Total population : 184,6 million (1989) Independence : 17th August, 1950 (declared in 1945) Official language : Indonesian, but all local languages are respected (art. 4 in the Constitution) Administratively divided into 10 provinces 90% of world market for rattan First world producer of plywood Choice of presentation : the populations which we will discuss in this chapter live in Sumatra, Halmahera and Seram (Moluccas), and in Sulawesi (Celebes). The indigenous populations of Irian Jaya (New Guinea) and Kalimantan (Borneo) will be discussed in the relevant chapters on those areas. Important facts Transmigration is one of the main factors in the destruction of traditional society. The process has proceeded furthest in Sumatra and the Celebes. The predominant type of agriculture in Indonesia (except Java, Madura, Bali) is a mixture of swidden agriculture and cash cropping, and most of the agricultural export goods are produced by smallholders (MAC ANDREWS). I - ECOLOGY : THE FORESTS Only a few quite big tropical islands still have significant amounts of rainforest : Sumatra and the islands of the Mentawai archipelago, Sulawesi and the Moluccas, mainly Halmahera and Seram.

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