21. Finland History Short History of Finland for Bridge Players. History Some important dates in the historyof Finland 1155 The first missionaries arrive in Finland from Sweden. http://www.bridgeguys.com/International/FinlandHistory.html

Short History of Finland for Bridge Players x Geography Climate The climate in Finland is milder than in many other areas of the same latitude and it is marked by cold winters and warm summers but temperatures in winter are moderated by the influence of the Baltic Sea and west winds from the Atlantic warmed by the Gulf Stream. The mean annual temperature in the capital, Helsinki is 5.3 degrees Celsius. The highest daytime temperature in Southern Finland during the summer occasionally rises close to 30 Celsius. During the winter months, particularly in January and February, temperatures of minus 20 Celsius are not uncommon. In the far north, beyond the Arctic Circle, the sun does not set for about 73 days, producing the white nights of summer. In the same region, during the dark winter period, the sun remains below the horizon for 51 days, creating the polar night known in Finnish as kaamos. The population of Finland is approximately 5,132,000. Population density is a modest 16 persons per square kilometer (40 per square mile). Languages The Finnish language is a member of the Finno-Ugric linguistic family that includes, in one branch, Finnish, Estonian and number of other Finnic tongues and, in the other, Hungarian, by far the biggest language of the Ugric group. The official languages of Finland are Finnish and Swedish, the latter now spoken as a mother-tongue by about 6% of the people.

22. Heart Of The Arrowhead, Finland, Minnesota, USA - Family Vacation Fun! Main Page. Maps. Members. Weather. This site is ©19972002 Heart of the ArrowheadProudly crafted by Lake Superior Explorer, Inc. Visit Email. finland history. http://www.finlandmnus.com/history.html

Heart of the Arrowhead Association P.O. Box 578 Finland, MN 55603 Phone: Email: FinlandHOA@yahoo.com URL: FinlandMNUS.com Latest News Attractions Guest Book ... Heart of the Arrowhead Proudly crafted by Lake Superior Explorer, Inc. Visit Email Finland History Finland Minnesota is nestled in the Baptism River Valley, surrounded by rugged hills and cliffs from the same ancient geological process that forged the beautiful Sawtooth Mountains, which form the barrier separating Finland from the north shore of the world's largest lake, Lake Superior. Although Finland is now a completely modern community, its rugged isolation made it one of the last areas of Minnesota to be settled. It wasn't until the late 1890's that the first Finns and other Scandinavians began to file for homesteads ( picture to right: Homesteaders, Finland, MN ) in this remote section of Lake County. These first settlers, who found the area strongly reminiscent of their rugged homelands, endured great hardships in order to claim their land. All supplies came by ship or were carried on the backs of the settlers to their homesteads. The first homes were one-room log cabins which housed the family and provided shelter for anyone else that had need of a place to stay. Mail came by sailboat or steamship in summer and dogsled in winter (

23. Finland History The summary for this Japanese page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www.aa.alpha-net.ne.jp/shihofin/finland/finhis.htm

Finland History ƒtƒBƒ“ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhl‚̃‹[ƒc ƒXƒEƒF[ƒfƒ““Ž¡‰ºŽž‘ã ƒƒVƒA“Ž¡‰ºŽž‘ã ‹¤˜a‘i“Æ—§jŽž‘ã

24. History Teaching In Finnish Comprehensive And Senior Secondary S - Virtual Schoo In finland history teachers teach civics, too. Among the optional subjects and coursesthere are also some extra courses in history which pupils can choose. http://www.en.eun.org/eun.org2/eun/en/vs-history/content.cfm?lang=en&ov=4696

25. History Of Kyudo In Finland History of Kyudo in Finland. by Leif Bagge. (The author apologisesfor the long time without updating. This will change.). http://www.kolumbus.fi/fikyfe/kyudo/historyfin.html

History of Kyudo in Finland by Leif Bagge (The author apologises for the long time without updating. This will change.) The Beginning The Early Days The Beginning In the 1970ies Pentti Nieminen from Uusikaupunki was practising Judo in Kodokan in Tokyo. While visiting the Budokan he saw Kyudo displaid and he got really interested of it. Back in Finland he found out that there was no kyudo in this country. About 10 years later a german friend of him brought him some german budomagazines. In one of them was german kyudokas. One of them was named: Feliks F. Hoff. Pentti tried to get in contact with mr Hoff but did not succeed until in 1984 when Pentti persuaded Peter Schild, a german man living in the town of Porvoo to try to find mr. Hoff. Mr. Hoff accepted the invitation to introduce Kyudo in Finland. The date and place were yet to be fixed. At that time Mr.Leif Bagge, also from Porvoo, got involved with it. He persuaded his judo club Porvoon Judo to act as arrangers for the first introduction. Leif contacted mr. Hoff and agreed on the date. It was set to 23-24.11.1984. The place was a new schools gym. Leif sent 168 letters to all judo, karate and aikido clubs in Finland with an invitation to that historical weekendseminar. 22 guys from all over the country showed up. Mr Hoff held a good seminar telling that this Ryu-ha that he was representing was Heki Ryu Insai Ha and it´s grand master was Inagaki Genshiro Yoshimichi. Some weeks later Leif found the first kyudoclub in Finland. Then he sent an invitation to those 22 who had participated in the seminar. They were invited to participate in the founding of the Finnish Kyudo Federation. Meanwhile some participants from Helsinki got together and found a club in Helsinki. The founding meeting for the federation took part in the Olympic Stadion in Helsinki on the 26.th of january 1985. Leif Bagge was elected to be the first president.

26. History Of Finland - Wikipedia History of Finland. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This isthe history of Finland. See also the history of Sweden, history http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Finland

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help History of Finland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the history of Finland . See also the history of Sweden history of Russia history of Europe history of the European Union , and history of present-day nations and states The origins of the Finnish people are still a matter of conjecture, although many scholars argue that their original home was in what is now west-central Siberia . The Finns arrived in their present territory thousands of years ago, pushing the indigenous Lapps into the more remote northern regions. Finnish and Sámi (Saami) the language of Finland's small Lapp minority are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather than the Indo-European family. The closest related language still widely in use is Estonian. Swedish influence on Finland was remarkable even during pre-Christian times the Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of

27. SCOUTING IN ALBANIA History of Scouting and current status of national Scouting organizations. http://n2zgu.50megs.com/FIN.htm

Free web page hosting :: 50megs.com SCOUTING IN FINLAND SUOMEN PARTIOLAISET/FINLANDS SCOUTER R.Y GUIDES AND SCOUTS OF FINLAND The Guides and Scouts of Finland has about 88,000 members. 11% of the 7-10 year olds and 13% of the 10-14 year old Finns are members of the organization. The Girl Scouts represent 56% of the total. There are about 900 Scout troops. The Guides and Scouts of Finland merged in 1972, forming the largest youth organization in the country. This present organization is one of the few in the world where all scouts, boys and girls, belong to the same merged organization. This includes both Finnish and Swedish speaking sections. About 40% of all Scout units are co-educational. Scouting first came to Finland in 1909 and the official founding is in 1910. Finland has been one of the founding members of the World Organization (WOSM) in 1922. Scouting is one of the most popular hobbies in Finland. To live with nature, act according to its conditions and protecting and honoring it, is one of the cornerstones of Finnish Scouting. Another important objective is to learn social abilities. Finnish Scouts and Guides learn how to become knowledgeable and active citizens, at ease with foreign countries and cultures. In this country of thousands of lakes and abundance of green forests, hikes and camps are a vital part of Scouting. Outdoor activities really put the knowledge and skills of the Scouts to the test. Winter camps and skiing tours in the midst of the snow is a thrilling experience.

28. Finnish History On The Internet Resource offers a brief history of the country and provides links to related sources of information. A Web history of finland. Up to Y2K http://ky.hkkk.fi/~k21206/finhist.html

A Web History of Finland Up to Y2K Edition 2.3 (2000) likely to include few omissions and mistakes. Foreword Other resources and literature History by Chronological Order Pre-history before 1100 A.D. ... Post-war Era since 1945 Current Map of Finland Source CIA World Factbook Search the web history page. Foreword This page is a modest attempt to help foreign readers, and possibly Finnish too, to learn basic Finnish history. There exists few other attempts too, but I hope this will provide an integrated story with both actual history and relevant links. It has evolved around my non-professional historical perspective, history is one of my favorite hobbies. I have utilized other sources on the web, suitable links are provided, and literacy to produce a concise but comprehensive Finnish history, possibly letting my own interests show in the composition. I've been critical to source information but further caution may be needed especially behind the links; ordinary mistakes, personal views and opinions may blur the writings. Moreover, I've tried to stick to well known facts but the facts need sometimes a little uncertain glue in between. Also, some names may not have their correct English form. Thus, absolute correctness of all information is not guaranteed. All written is not true and all trues are not written. I thank all the persons and institutions who helped to make this page possible. The text can be linked to and quoted as long as the reference is given. The pictures on this page cannot be further used without the permission of the original source

29. "Main Outlines Of Finnish History" Main Outlines of Finnish history. Written for Virtual finland byby Dr. Seppo Zetterberg,professor of history, University of Jyväskylä. The Swedish reign. http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/histeng.html

Mainpage NewsRoom Site Map Contact us About this site Search: Articles General information National symbols History International relations Way of life Famous Finns Picturebook Events in Finland Travel information Main Outlines of Finnish History The Swedish reign Until the middle of the 12th century, the geographical area that is now Finland was a political vacuum, and interesting to both its western neighbour Sweden and the Catholic Church there, and its eastern neighbour Novgorod ( Russia) and its Greek Orthodox Church. Sweden came out on top, as the peace treaty of 1323 between Sweden and Novgorod assigned only eastern Finland to Novgorod. The western and southern parts of Finland were tied to Sweden and the Western European cultural sphere, while eastern Finland, i.e. Karelia, became part of the Russo-Byzantine world. As a consequence of Swedish domination, the Swedish legal and social systems took root in Finland. Feudalism was not part of this system and the Finnish peasants were never serfs; they always retained their personal freedom. Finland's most important centre was the town of

30. History Of FinlandGuide Provides A Collection Of Resources Documenting The Histo Finnish professor of history provides an article outlining the important developments in finland's history crossreferenced with related links. Genealogical Research in finland. history of Finnish Roads. A Brief history of Helsinki http://www.pp.clinet.fi/~pkr01/historia/history.html

Updated on 24 March, 2003 A selection of events and documents on the history of Finland Document language: Urkunder till Finlands historia History of Finland - Swedish rule c. The arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland, as pictured in 1591 on the pedestal of Gustav Vasa's tomb in Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden. Pope Innocentius IV's Letter of Protection to the Confessors of the Christian Faith in Finland 27 August 1249. A Letter of Protection by King Birger Magnusson for womankind in Karelia on Oct. 1, 1316. A letter (1539) by Martin Luther to the Swedish king Gustavus Vasa, original in Latin with a Swedish translation. The king searched a tutor to his son, and Luther recommends also the Finn Michael Agricola, who later in 1548 translated the New Testament ( excerpt ) into Finnish. April 20, 1539. The first printed Bible in Finnish. (Helsinki University Library). Georg North's short description about Finland. Printed in London, 1561. The Peace Treaty between Sweden and Russia May 18, 1595. The Duchy of Estonia was recognized to belong to Sweden and the eastern border of Finland was defined through this treaty. Even though its final signatories, the Russian Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (died 1598) and the Swedish King Sigismund (deposed 1599) never signed the treaty, it was put into effect right after the negotiations. Parallel old Swedish text included.

31. WorldGenWeb "Family History Finland" -chRISTOpher Rumbaugh Postal history from finland 1889 1918 http//hjem.get2net.dk/jon/ Site Map finland 1889 - 1918 the Russian-type stamp issues Russian stamps used in finland Russification and the Protests Russian Fieldpost and Censorship during WW1 Want list Postal http://www.open.org/rumcd/genweb/finn.html

Our aim is to help the Family Historian with their Finnish ancestry and to network the 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation Finnish-Americans with their serkuksia (cousins) in Finland. If you have your Finnish ancestry on the WWW, we would like to add your site to the list! Kiitos for stopping by! Place a Finnish genealogical query in our Guestbook! Place a Finnish Genealogical Query Read a Finnish Genealogical Query Finnish Genealogy Sites Sukutietotekniikka ry Hiski - HISKI: Sukutieto's parish record extract search.GREAT!!! The Genealogical Society of Finland Finnish Surname/Farmname Sites Esa Aro's Surnames - Lots of Finnish Ancestry Michael Clay's Surnames - Some Finnish Ancestry Berndt Holmström's genealogy - Mostly SwedeFinns Steve Johnson's Surnames - Focusing on Mytty and Halme Juntunen Family History Project - Juntunen family information Hans-Erik Krokfors - SwedeFinns in Karleby and elsewhere Christopher Rumbaugh's Surnames - Alavus, Kuortane and Kruunupyy families Saari Family Research Interests - From the Kaustinen and Veteli parishes Finnish Genealogy FAQs Beginner’s Guide to Finnish Family History Research Tutorial—Finnish Surnames and Farm Names Taxation, Court, and Military Records

32. Virtual Finland — Information About Finland — Facts About Finland A selection of illustrated articles on the history of finland written by leading academic expertsCategory Society history By Region Europe finland...... important personalities; A selection of documents and events in thehistory of finland; National Board of Antiquities; CG Mannerheim; http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/hist.html

Mainpage NewsRoom Site Map Contact us About this site Search: Contents General information National symbols History International relations Way of life Famous Finns Picturebook Events in Finland Travel information This page is devoted exclusively to the making of Finland A Chronology of Finnish History Main Outlines of Finnish History The Prehistory of Finland Finland 500 years on the Map of Europe ... Lessons of the Winter War information nerve centre of the Winter War Finland, Stalin and Germany in the 1930's Finlands Relations with the Soviet Union The Many Karelias Forests and Finnish culture ... Helsinki's Senate Square - A Unique Urban Work of Art Photographing the Wreck of the Vrouw Maria - a Part of Europe's Cultural Heritage Suomenlinna Links: Finnish History on the Internet National Biography of Finland - 100 important personalities A selection of documents and events in the history of Finland National Board of Antiquities C.G. Mannerheim

33. Finland Postal History Wanted. finland. Postal history, comersially used items from the period of 1891 1918 is of special interest http://home.online.no/~naam

Postal history Updated October 22 2001 Postal history Austria to Faroe Island Finland France to Luxemburg Mauritius to Yugoslavia Austria, #4 Registered sample wrapper Great Britan/Natal, #14 Double card to Austria Italy, #6 Registered postcard 1924 Chekoslovakia, #1 "From mailbox", Exprés Prices, if stated, are for information. Items are listed by country. US$1=NOK9 Wanted Finland Postal history, comersially used items from the period of 1891 - 1918 is of special interest All kind of postally used item's from prephilately and up to 1945 Used and unused stamps, 1856-1992 Postal stationary, 1845-1992 Christmas seals, 1908-1992 Stamps of North Ingermanland (Pohois Inkeri), used and unused Norway Postcards from Otta 1958-62 Olav V 25-90 öre denomiations on covers/cards, etc. Dovrebanen (Eidsvoll-Støren) Forsendelser, postkort, stempler, etc søkes. Kjøp/bytte. Skriv eller ring til Bernt Braastad, Ammerudveien 29D, 0958 Oslo. Tlf. 22 25 01 43. Denmark Rodger in Berlin. More Finland Also visit my friend Jon Iversen's site about Finnish postal history 1891-1918 and more. Postkort fra Otta og omegn Her kan du finne listet en del småformat postkort fra Otta og omegn.

34. XF - Xiangqi Finland - Chinese Chess In Finland - History, Tournaments, Articles Chinese Chess in finland by Ari Luiro. This site introduces Chinese chess in finland,its history, tournament results, rules in Finnish, articles and so on. http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4272/engli.htm

XF - Xiangqi Finland September 2002 Contacts Links Photos Results ... Tournaments Chinese Chess in Finland by Ari Luiro This site introduces Chinese chess in Finland, its history, tournament results, rules in Finnish, articles and so on. All the results of the Finnish Chinese chess tournaments in 1993 - 2000 are included. The five matches between the Finnish team and the Chinese Embassy in Helsinki have been warm and friendly ( more in Finnish POPULARITY Chinese Chess players in Helsinki, Oulu and Järvenpää are very keen and their clubs have relatively much activity. Some of the players are savvy both in Xiangqi and Western Chess. The peak of the popularity of Chinese chess has been in 1994 to 1996. A little rural county, Lapinjärvi, some 80 km east of Helsinki, has been quite important in the history of Chinese chess in Finland. In 1993 - 2000 all the Finnish Championship tournaments have been organized by Lapinjärvi Xiangqi Club. INTERNATIONAL ACTION Finnish Chinese chess players have taken part in Xiangqi tournaments throughout the world, including World Championship Tournaments. Xiangqi has brought people together from different part of the world. The Finnish Team took part at the Internet Chinese Chess Team Tournament 1997 and received a Sportmanship Award. In 1994 Uwe Frischmuth from Hamburg (Germany) won the Finnish Championship. In Europe the most important co-operative countries for Finnish Chinese chess players are France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy. Finnish Chinese chess players have had a number of contacts with many Xiangqi players, national Xiangqi leagues and clubs from many European, Asian, Australian, North American and South American countries.

35. MapZones.com History finland, history, Back to Top. The first people arrived in finlandabout 9,000 years ago. They probably represented several groups http://www.mapzones.com/world/europe/finland/historyindex.php

Country Info Finland Introduction Finland General Data Finland Maps Finland Culture ... Finland Time and Date Finland History Back to Top The first people arrived in Finland about 9,000 years ago. They probably represented several groups and tribes, including the ancestors of the present Sami. Lured by the plenitude of game, particularly fur-bearing animals and fish, they followed the melting ice northward. The first people perhaps came to hunt only for the summer, but gradually more and more of them stayed over the winter. Apparently berries played a significant role in their diet. Another group probably arrived some 3,000 years later from the southeast. They possibly spoke a Finno-Ugric language and may have been related to the ancestors of the present Finns, if they were not actually of the same group. Other peoples—including the ancestors of the Tavastians—followed from the southwest and central Europe, eventually adopting the Finno-Ugric tongue. The earliest traces of human habitation in Finland date from about 8000 bc, when the most recent of the Ice Ages was retreating. These primitive hunters and gatherers probably arrived from the east. Pottery making characterized another type of Stone Age culture (starting 3000? bc) known as the Comb-Ceramic; its practitioners were of a different origin. The succeeding Battle-Ax culture (1800-1600 bc) may have been brought to Finland by an Indo-European people from a more southerly Baltic region; these people were able navigators and also introduced agriculture. A merger of the Battle-Ax people and the previous dwellers resulted in the so-called Kiukainen culture (1600-1200 bc).

36. World Wide Web Virtual Library - Finnish History Index - WWWVL You will find Virtual Resources produced in finland together with worldwideResources if they are dealing with the history of finland. http://vlib.iue.it/hist-finland/Index.html

World Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue WWW-VL Search Facility. WWW-VL Main History Index and Sites Maintainers ... European University Institute's Library and Web Sites. Finnish History Index Reference Libraries and Library Resources Electronic Journals and Resources Archives, Archival Resources and Museums ... History Departments and Scientific Associations Chronological Periods Ancient Medieval Modern ... Contemporary Topical Social Women Cultural Political ... Economic Other Finnish Search Engines Finland and the European Union Finland and the Nordic Countries Finnish News ... Search all the VL Search only the EUI European History Project Search only one word on the WWW VL EUI European History Project : The WWW VL EUI European History Project could be searched only for one word through the WhatUseek Network , Site Level Search (143 Cadycentre, Suite 220 - Northville, MI 48167 - USA).

37. World Wide Web Virtual Library - Finnish History Index - WWW VL Western finland (history of Uusikaupunki) eg http//www.wakkanet.fi/~mari/raatih.htm;Western finland (history of Kokkola, Ostrobothnia http://vlib.iue.it/hist-finland/topical.html

World Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue WWW-VL Search Facility. WWW-VL Main History Index and Sites Maintainers ... European University Institute's Library and Web Sites. Finnish History Index Historical Topics Reference Libraries and Library Resources Electronic Journals and Resources Archives, Archival Resources and Museums ... History Departments and Scientific Associations Chronological Periods Ancient Medieval Modern ... Contemporary Topical Social Women Cultural Political ... Economic Other Finnish Search Engines Finland and the European Union Finland and the Nordic Countries Finnish News TOPICAL: Social: Helsinki Department of Social and Economic History: http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/yhis/taso.htm Agricola Web, Links: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/talous.html Links on Migration and Demographics: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/vaesto.html Associations and Political Parties: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/jarjesto.html History of Medicine and Health Care: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/terveys.html History of Workers: http://www.utu.fi/agricola/hist/aihe/tyovaki.html

38. Järvi-Espoon Eräpartiolaiset Ry Includes program information, history, contacts, and events. http://www.lpk.partio.fi/papa/jarea/

39. Class And Language In Finland's History (s.c.nordic Texts) The home pages for the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.nordic FAQrelatedtexts. Class and language in finland's history. Subject http://www2.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/niggers.html

The home pages for the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.nordic [ This page was initially edited in a version suitable to get printed [ Check if Lysator's faster www-server is up and running? ] FAQ-related texts Class and language in Finland's history Subject: Finnish "niggers" and Swedish "massas" From: Antti Lahelma Timo Paakkunainen wrote: > Swedes were the rulers, the higher class, and Finns were the > lower class, the poor, they were good as taxpayers (and what they > got back for that - a glory to fight for the Swedish king in the > wars). Swedes even state arguments that their status was based on > God's will and won't be changed (which actually wasn't surprising in > those days). It is obvious that language has no good chances to > survive in those circumstances as a minority language in Sweden. > But Swedish as a minority language in Finland had totally different > status. Swedish was the language of administration, justice, > schools, etc. If a Finn made or wanted to make any progress in his > "career" in the society, he had to change his language to Swedish > and "become a Swede". Swedes had no stress or need to change their > language in Finland, but Finns had it in both Finland and Sweden. This I would like to dub the "nigger theory" of Finnish history. The "nigger theory" states roughly that Finns were but "niggers" working on the cotton fields of Swedish "massas", singin' the blues till eventually one day in the 19th century they broke from the Swedish yoke and a new day dawned.

40. Save The Children Finland - History Save The Children finland´s professional social work. Save the Childrenfinland´s history is a part of the Finnish social history. http://www.pela.fi/who-we-are.htm

Who we are The old logo of Save The Children Finland back Save The Children Finland´s professional social work Save the Children Finland´s history is a part of the Finnish social history. Through its nearly 80 years of operation, the organization has spoken on behalf of the children in difficult situations in Finnish society. It has lived through and worked with changes in society that have affected also the situations of children. Save the Children Finland was founded in 1922 because of pressures dictated by society for a real needs. There were many children without caregivers at the beginning of the 1920s. The resources of the newly independent state were not sufficient to solve their problems without the support of a voluntary non-governmental agency. The scars left by the country's civil war - children left without caregivers because of the illness or death of parents, children born outside of marriage for which the mothers did not receive support from society - all were taken as objects of the new association's work. The organization's founders' slogan, "Every child has the right to grow up in a good home", was completely new in the social thinking of that time. It included the notion of equality for every child, which only decades later began to be considered and realized in the thinking of the society and in its legislation.

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