1. Ethiopia: Government Attacks Universities, Civil Society (Human Rights Watch Pre ethiopia government Attacks Universities, Civil Society. (New York,May 10, 2001) Ethiopian security forces have used excessive http://www.hrw.org/press/2001/05/ethiopia0510.htm

Africa Americas Asia Europe/Central Asia ... HRW World Report 2001: Academic Freedom FREE Join the HRW Mailing List Ethiopia: Government Attacks Universities, Civil Society (New York, May 10, 2001) Ethiopian security forces have used excessive force in dealing with student protests and are using the protests as an excuse for cracking down on all government critics, Human Rights Watch charged today. Attacks by security forces on Addis Ababa University, in Ethiopia's capital, have led to forty-one deaths, hundreds of injuries, and the detention of over two thousand students and scores of government critics since April 17. Related Material Academic Leaders Urge Ethiopia To Release Detained Eritrean Exchange Students HRW Press Release, July 29, 1998 Ethiopia: Human Rights Developments HRW World Report 2001 "The attacks on academic freedom have now degenerated into a wholesale assault on civil society in Ethiopia." Saman Zia-Zarifi Human Rights Watch's Academic Freedom Director "The government's heavy-handed tactics have enflamed what began as a peaceful local student protest into a violent national crisis," said Saman Zia-Zarifi, Human Rights Watch's Academic Freedom Director. "The attacks on academic freedom have now degenerated into a wholesale assault on civil society in Ethiopia." On the morning of May 8, armed security forces arrested Prof. Mesfin Woldemariam and Berhanu Nega, both prominent academics and human rights activists. Prof. Mesfin, who was fired from his teaching position in 1991, was a founder of the Ethiopian Human Rights Council, a monitoring organization. His detention follows that of several dozen members of civil and political groups critical of the Ethiopian government. Authorities claim these opposition figures instigated the recent student protests.

2. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo FREE Join the HRW Mailing List. ethiopia government Attacks Universities, Civil Society http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html

ETHIOPIA - A Country Study Search Ethiopia Include word variants Use only words as entered. ETHIOPIA Acknowledgments Preface Country Profile ... Glossary

3. Human Rights Watch: Ethiopia Overview and current reports.Category Regional Africa Ethiopia Society and Culture Human Rights...... May 22, 2002 Press Release ethiopia government Attacks Women Lawyers Human RightsWatch Letter Your Excellency, We are writing to express our deep concern http://www.hrw.org/africa/ethiopia.php

Africa Americas Asia Europe/Central Asia ... More... Ethiopia Citizens and residents expelled by both Ethiopia and Eritrea during their 1998-2000 border war should be offered repatriation and the restoration of citizenship, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. January 30, 2003 Press Release The Horn of Africa War Mass Expulsions and the Nationality Issue January 30, 2003 Report Download Here Purchase online ISBN: A1503 Lessons In Repression: Violations Of Academic Freedom In Ethiopia This report focuses on three major abuses: repeated, unjustified use of lethal force by security forces to put down political protests by students; continued repression of the independent Ethiopian Teachers' Association, whose members include many of Ethiopia's most distinguished professors; and the stifling of independent thought through denial of university autonomy and government control of activities on university campuses. The government of Ethiopia, the ruling party of which has its roots in a student movement, has repeatedly failed to hold those responsible for these violations accountable. January 24, 2003 Report

4. AllAfrica.com -- Ethiopia: Ethiopia: Government Defends Press Law ethiopia government Defends Press Law, Email This Page Print This PageVisit The Publisher's Site. UN Integrated Regional Information Networks. http://allafrica.com/stories/200301270094.html

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tomé and Principé Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Ethiopia: Government Defends Press Law Email This Page Print This Page Visit The Publisher's Site UN Integrated Regional Information Networks January 27, 2003 Posted to the web January 27, 2003 Addis Ababa The Ethiopian government has hit back at claims that it is trying to push through draconian press laws aimed at restricting the country's fledgling media. The government said in a strongly worded statement that the private press often abuses its position and the new draft law will create "strong, responsible" media. The comments come after widespread criticism among international journalists' organisations and the Ethiopian Free Press Journalists' Association. They claim that the new law - which could come into force later this year - would restrict freedom of expression and prevent journalists from doing their work.

5. AllAfrica.com -- Ethiopia: Government Offers Ports For Food Aid To Ethiopia a humanitarian crisis of huge proportions and because it has no desire to penalisedestitute populations in Ethiopia for the wrongs done by their government . http://allafrica.com/stories/200211180294.html

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tomé and Principé Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Government Offers Ports for Food Aid to Ethiopia Email This Page Print This Page Visit The Publisher's Site UN Integrated Regional Information Networks November 18, 2002 Posted to the web November 18, 2002 Asmara The Eritrean government has announced it will allow the use of its Red Sea ports of Massawa and Assab for the delivery of emergency food aid to Ethiopia. Some 14 million Ethiopians are facing food shortages due to a prolonged drought in the region that has affected much of the Horn of Africa. Similarly, in Eritrea the government estimates that some 1.4 million people will face food shortages in the near future. A statement released by the foreign ministry last week said Eritrea was making the gesture as it was "conscious of its humanitarian obligations in the midst of a humanitarian crisis of huge proportions and because it has no desire to penalise destitute populations in Ethiopia for the wrongs done by their government".

6. Ethiopia Government Ethiopia is an emergy democracy with a parliamentary form of government. The Presidentis the Head of State and the Prime Minister is head of the government. http://www.nationbynation.com/Ethiopia/Gov.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. GEOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT ... ETHIOPIA Ethiopia is an emergy democracy with a parliamentary form of government. The President is the Head of State and the Prime Minister is head of the government. Ethiopia has a bicameral parliament and an independent judiciary. CURRENT GOVERNMENT President Negasso, Gidada Prime Minister Meles, Zenawi Dep. Prime Min. Kassu, Ilala Min. of Agriculture Ketema, Seifu, Dr. Wolde, Michael Chamo Min. of Defense Teferra, Walewa Ghirma, Biru Min. of Education Genet, Zewde Min. of Finance Sufian, Ahmed Min. of Foreign Affairs Seyoum, Mesfin Min. of Health Adem, Ibrahim Min. of Justice Wolde, Werede Hassan, Abdella Izzedin, Ali Hassan, Abdella Kassahun, Ayele Dirir, Mohamoud Min. of Water Resources Shiferaw, Jarso Haile, Assegide Governor, National Bank Teklewold, Atnafu Ambassador to the US Berhane, Gebre-Christos Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Fisseha, Yimer

7. Ethiopia: Government Attacks Women Lawyers (Human Rights Watch Press Release, Ne ethiopia government Attacks Women Lawyers Human Rights Watch Letter.New York, October 17, 2001 The Prime Minister Mr. Meles Zenawi http://staging.hrw.org/press/2001/10/ethiopia-1017-ltr.htm

Africa Americas Asia Europe/Central Asia ... HRW World Report 2001: Women's Human Rights FREE Join the HRW Mailing List Ethiopia: Government Attacks Women Lawyers Human Rights Watch Letter New York, October 17, 2001 The Prime Minister Mr. Meles Zenawi The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Your Excellency, We are writing to express our deep concern regarding the recent suspension from operation of the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA), a leading local nongovernmental women's rights organization. We call for an immediate and unconditional reinstatement of EWLA. On August 23, the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association, the only organization actively engaged in advocacy work on women's human rights in Ethiopia, publicly criticized the Ministry of Justice for its failure to effectively investigate, arrest and prosecute the known perpetrator in an ongoing case of domestic violence. On August 25, the Minister of Justice alleged that EWLA was suspended for "engaging in activities different from those it was mandated by law" without substantiating its allegations. We understand that the EWLA has met all legal requirements for nongovernmental organizations in Ethiopia. Further the Minister of Justice unilaterally announced the suspension of the organization through local television, without making efforts to inform the staff of EWLA and hear their response. The Minister of Justice's decisions in this respect are arbitrary and contrary to the requirements of Ethiopian law.

8. Africast.com - Ethiopia Government Principal Government Officials President Negasso Gidada Prime Minister MelesZenawi Mesfin Source Bureau of African Affairs Back to Ethiopia Information. http://www.africast.com/country_government.php?strCountry=Ethiopia

9. ETHIOPIA: Government Accused Of Intellectual Repression SBO/ Radio. Liberating the Oromo People for Stability and Development in theHorn of Africa. ethiopia government accused of intellectual repression. http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/IRIN 2003 HRW Report.htm

SBO/ Radio Liberating the Oromo People for Stability and Development in the Horn of Africa ETHIOPIA: Government accused of intellectual repression NAIROBI, 24 Jan 2003 (IRIN) - The Ethiopian government is muzzling educators and students with a policy of harsh repression, Human Rights Watch (HRW) said in a report released on Friday. This policy included extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, and widespread denials of freedom of opinion and association, it said. "Ethiopia's security forces have targeted students and teachers, because they are among the most politically active elements of Ethiopian society," Saman Zia-Zarifi, the academic freedom director for HRW, is quoted as saying. "Ethiopia is on the brink of another famine, and it needs educated people to lead the country out of this disaster." The report, entitled "Lessons in Repression: Violations of Academic Freedom in Ethiopia", documents what it calls "an ongoing pattern of impunity among federal and state security forces", accusing them of using excessive lethal force to disperse protests by unarmed high school students and the other civilians. It cites the killing, last year, of five high school students who were protesting against economic conditions in Oromiya State, and the arbitrary arrests of hundreds of students, teachers and other intellectuals. The report also cites the killing of more than 40 Addis Ababa University (AAU) students in April 2001. The students had boycotted classes, demanding academic freedom, including the right of the students' union to meet and publish a newspaper.

10. Enouph Is Enouph Stressing that the Boundary Commission had given Ethiopia land that did not belongto it, President Isaias stated that its government was obstructing the http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/Enouph_Eritrea.htm

SBO/ Radio Liberating the Oromo People for Stability and Development in the Horn of Africa Ethiopia should be told "enough is enough" President Isaias: Ethiopia should be told "enough is enough" By Shaebia Staff Eritrean president Isaias Afwerki called today on the international community to condemn Ethiopia's unabated attempt to change the decision of the Boundary Commission on the delimitation of its borders with Eritrea. Speaking at the opening session of the Sixth Congress of the National Union of Eritrean Women, the President characterized Ethiopia's action as a "dangerous precedent, which cannot be tolerated." Stressing that the Boundary Commission had given Ethiopia land that did not belong to it, President Isaias stated that its government was obstructing the demarcation process, because it did not "wrest Badme." He revealed that Addis Ababa was not only accusing the Boundary Commission, but it was also engaged in an intense diplomatic effort to change the decision, which the Commission has reaffirmed as "final and binding." President Isaias noted that the TPLF regime was attempting to win international sympathy for its dangerous position by alluding to its internal political problems. But, he emphasized that responsibility for solving its problems lies with the TPLF itself, adding that it should in no way be linked with the decision of the Boundary Commission.

11. Ethiopia Government 1995 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Res ethiopia government 1995 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources,Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.immigration-usa.com/wfb/1995/ethiopia/ethiopia_government.html

MAIN INDEX Country Ranks Geography People Government Economy Transportation Communications Military ... [TOP] Ethiopia Government 1995 http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1995/ethiopia/ethiopia_government.html SOURCE: 1995 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: local long form: none local short form: Ityop'iya Digraph: ET Type: transitional government note: on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), announced a two-year transitional period Capital: Addis Ababa Administrative divisions: 14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader akababi) Addis Ababa, Afar, Amhara, Benishangul, Gambela, Gurage-Hadiya-Kambata, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray, Wolayta Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years National holiday: National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu regime)

12. ReliefWeb: Ethiopia: Government Imposes New Restrictions On UNMEE ethiopia government imposes new restrictions on UNMEE NAIROBI, 20 May (IRIN) Ethiopiahas imposed new checks on the movements of United Nations peacekeepers http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/9ca65951ee22658ec125663300408599/d590c558407a

13. ReliefWeb: Ethiopia: Government Blamed For Ethnic Conflict ethiopia government blamed for ethnic conflict ADDIS ABABA, 12 March (IRIN) Ethnicconflict is spreading like wildfire in Ethiopia because the government http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/1a81ea16aa8b

14. 1Up Travel > Ethiopia Government - Facts On Government Of Ethiopia Is Here. Wanted to find out info about Government of Ethiopia with respect to Country name,Data code, Dependency status, Government type, Capital, Administrative http://www.1uptravel.com/international/africa/ethiopia/government.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... Travel Reservations and Bookings More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Search 1Up Travel You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Africa Ethiopia ADVERTISEMENT Country Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Country Guide Detailed Maps Hotel Database Country Flag ... Travel Warning GOVERNMENT Ethiopia Government Top of Page Country name: conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conventional short form: Ethiopia local long form: Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik local short form: Ityop'iya former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa abbreviation: FDRE Government type: federal republic Capital: Addis Ababa Administrative divisions: 9 ethnically-based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader): Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa); Afar; Amara, Binshangul Gumuz; Dire Dawa*; Gambela Hizboch; Hareri Hizb; Oromiya; Sumale; Tigray; YeDebub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region) Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years

15. Ethiopia: Government Government. Ethiopia is governed under the constitution of 1994, which providesfor a president as chief of state and a prime minister as head of government. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0858045.html

Encyclopedia Ethiopia Government Ethiopia is governed under the constitution of 1994, which provides for a president as chief of state and a prime minister as head of government. The bicameral parliament consists of the 117-seat Council of the Federation, which represents the ethnic interests of the regional governments, and the 548-seat Council of People's Representatives, whose members are popularly elected and who in turn elect the president. The prime minister is designated by the party in power following legislative elections. Sections in this article: Introduction Land and People Economy Government History Bibliography Economy Ethiopia History AD AD AD AD AD Print this page Cite this page Awards and Press Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search ... Privacy

16. Ethiopia Government 2001 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Res ethiopia government 2001 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources,Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_government.html

2000 INDEX 1999 INDEX 1998 INDEX 1996 INDEX ... People Government Gov. Leaders Economy Communications Transportation ... [TOP] Ethiopia Government 2001 http://www.photius.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_government.html SOURCE: 2001 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Country name: conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conventional short form: Ethiopia local long form: Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik local short form: Ityop'iya former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa abbreviation: FDRE Government type: federal republic Capital: Addis Ababa Administrative divisions: 9 ethnically-based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader): Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years National holiday: National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991) Constitution: ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995 Legal system: currently transitional mix of national and regional courts Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

17. Ethiopia Government Defeats In Eritrea And Tigray - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geogra ethiopia government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography,Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_history_government_defeats_in_

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Ethiopia Government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray http://workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_history_government_defeats_in_eritrea_and_tigray.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS In March 1988, the EPLF initiated one of its most successful military campaigns by striking at Ethiopian army positions on the Nakfa front north of the town of Afabet, where the Derg had established a base for a new attack against the insurgents. In two days of fighting, the Eritrean rebels annihilated three Ethiopian army divisions, killing or capturing at least 18,000 government troops and seizing large amounts of equipment, including armor and artillery. Subsequently, the town of Afabet, with its military stores, fell to the EPLF, which then threatened all remaining Ethiopian military concentrations in northern Eritrea. The Ethiopian army's defeat in Eritrea came after setbacks during the preceding week in Tigray. Using the same tactics employed by the EPLF, the TPLF preempted a pending Ethiopian offensive in Tigray with a series of attacks on government positions there in early March. A government attack against central Tigray failed disastrously, with four Ethiopian army divisions reportedly destroyed and most of their equipment captured. In early April, the TPLF took the town of Adigrat in northern Tigray, cutting the main road link between Addis Ababa and Eritrea. The March 1988 defeats of the Ethiopian army were catastrophic in terms of their magnitude and crippling in their effect on government strategy in Eritrea and Tigray. The capability of government forces in both regions collapsed as a result. Subsequently, Ethiopian government control of Eritrea was limited to the Keren-Asmera-Mitsiwa triangle and the port of Aseb to the southeast. The TPLF's victories in Tigray ultimately led to its total conquest by the rebels and the expansion of the insurgency into Gonder, Welo, and even parts of Shewa the following year.

18. Governments On The WWW: Ethiopia Governments on the WWW Ethiopia. Ethiopia Ityopya .Official language Amharic. National Institutions http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/et.html

Governments on the WWW: Ethiopia Home Table of Contents List of Countries Signs and Symbols ... Feedback Ethiopia [ Ityopya ] Official language: Amharic National Institutions: Parliament of Ethiopia Office of the Government Spokesperson Ethiopian Investment Authority Ethiopian Mapping Authority ... Ethiopian Year 2000 National Technical Committee Representations in Foreign Countries: Embassy of Ethiopia in Ottawa, Canada Embassy of Ethiopia in Beijing, China (People's Republic) Embassy of Ethiopia in Cairo, Egypt Embassy of Ethiopia in London, Great Britain and Northern Ireland ... Permanent Mission of Ethiopia to the United Nations in New York Political Parties: All Amhara People's Organization Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Party Tigrian Alliance for National Democracy Western Somali Liberation Front ... Sidama Liberation Front Additional Information: General Information: The World Factbook (by the CIA) Atlapedia Online (by Latimer Clarke Corporation) Information Please: Countries of the World (by Information Please LLC) Political Information: Elections around the world (by Wilfried Derksen) Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members (by the CIA) Political Leaders World Statesmen (by Benjamin Cahoon) Political Resources on the Net (by Roberto Cicciomessere) The Political Reference Almanac (by Keynote Publishing Co.)

19. Ethiopia Government 2002 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Res ethiopia government 2002 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources,Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb2002/ethiopia/ethiopia_government.html

2002 INDEX Country Ranks DEFINITIONS Introduction ... History Government Gov. Leaders Flags Economy Communications ... [TOP] Ethiopia Government - 2002 http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb2002/ethiopia/ethiopia_government.html SOURCE: 2002 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Country name conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conventional short form: Ethiopia local short form: Ityop'iya former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa local long form: Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik abbreviation: FDRE Government type federal republic Capital Addis Ababa Administrative divisions 9 ethnically-based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara, Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch, Hareri Hizb, Oromiya, Sumale (Somali), Tigray, YeDebub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region) Independence oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years National holiday National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)

20. Ethiopia Government 1998 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Res ethiopia government 1998 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources,Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/ethiopia/ethiopia_government.html

2001 INDEX 2000 INDEX 1999 INDEX 1997 INDEX ... People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military ... [TOP] Ethiopia Government 1998 http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/ethiopia/ethiopia_government.html SOURCE: 1998 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Country name conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conventional short form: Ethiopia local long form: YeItyop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik local short form: YeItyop'iya abbreviation: FDRE Data code ET Government type federal republic National capital Addis Ababa Administrative divisions 9 ethnically-based administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader akababi) and 1 federal capital*: Addis Ababa*; Afar; Amhara; Benishangul/Gumaz; Gambela; Harar; Oromia; Somali; Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples; Tigray Independence oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years National holiday National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu regime) Constitution promulgated December 1994 Legal system NA Suffrage 18 years of age; universal

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