1. GeoSIG : Seismic Digitizers, Earthquake Measurement Solutions, Digitizers And Re Welcome to GeoSIG Developers of Measurement Systems and suppliers of Sensors,Digitizers and Recorders, Alarms, Switch Systems, Satellite Imagery. http://www.geosig.ch/

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2. Measurement Of Earthquakes Earthquake Magnitude Richter Scale. earthquake measurement. earthquake measurement is not a simple problem. http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/CITE/earthquakes_measurement.htm

Featured in October 2001 Elementary Themes Measurement of Earthquakes Earthquakes Theme Main Theme Page History of Seismology Would you believe that giant snakes, turtles, catfish, or spiders live underneath the ground, and it is their movements that create earthquakes? Maybe you wouldn't, but your ancestors did. Ancient peoples had many fanciful explanations for earthquakes, usually involving something large and restless living beneath the earth's surface. Seismometers, Seismographs, and Seismograms The mainstay of volcano monitoring is the continuous recording of seismic activity. Virtually all Hawaiian eruptions are preceded and accompanied by an increase in the number of shallow earthquakes. New Technology to Help Measurement and Study of Earthquakes Ground Motion: The Shaky Foundation of Earthquake Measurements The science of seismology was founded upon the observation of ground motion. Well before instrumental recording of earthquakes began, people learned to classify earthquakes by the strength of the shaking involved. This was, after all, the element of any earthquake that mattered most to anyone living in the vicinity. Richter Magnitude Scale Scientists have begun installing a network of 250 Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that will continuously measure the constant, yet physically imperceptible, movements of earthquake faults throughout southern California. This information should help researchers forecast future earthquake hazards in the greater Los Angeles area.

3. EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES students learn about the history of earthquakes, the formation of continents, and earthquake measurement and prediction. http://lasker.princeton.edu/ScienceProjects/curr/eqmag/eqmag.htm

Contents for Earthquake Magnitudes Goals and Objectives Activity 1. Introduction to earthquake magnitudes Activity 2. Calculating your own earthquake magnitudes Activity 3. Powers of Ten (Orders of magnitude) ... Research Ideas for Earthquake Magnitudes Target Class Grades 9-12, Earth Science Goals and Objectives To learn that there are many ways to calculate earthquake magnitudes, and to become familiar with some different scales scientists have developed to calculate magnitudes. Use the Seismic Wave Analysis Program (SWAP) to calculate PEPP earthquake magnitudes. Understand powers of ten (orders of magnitudes). Understand that averaging magnitude calculations over many seismic stations gives a better estimate of earthquake magnitude than using one or a few stations. Explore the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the energy released by an earthquake. Study wave properties, such as wave propagation, using magnitude determinations. Back to Table of Contents Activity 1. Introduction to Earthquake Magnitudes Objective: Use the PEPP Learning Library to become familiar with the different ways scientists calculate earthquake magnitudes.

4. Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports D.; Moser, Michael A. and Peng, ChiaYen (1984) Strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph. http://caltecheerl.caltech.edu/documents/disk0/00/00/01/57

5. Antony C. Fraser Smith, Research Interests area, they enable ULF magnetic field fluctuations along a substantial section ofthe San Andreas fault to be monitored (see map of earthquake measurement sites http://www-star.stanford.edu/~acfs/fraser-smith-research.html

6. StudyWeb: Mathematics:Weights & Measurement:Earthquake Measurement StudyWeb ® Mathematics earthquake measurement Measurement of the Kobe earthquakeAn actual measurement of the Kobe earthquake (May 27, 1995). http://seismo.um.ac.ir/education/StudyWeb MathematicsWeights & MeasurementEarthq

Directory Index Select Site Index Agriculture Animals Architecture Business Communications Composition Computer Science Crafts Criminal Justice Culture Education Family Finance Fine Arts Garden Geography Government Grammar Health History Home Improvement Homeschooling Literature Mathematics Medicine Mental Health Music Mysticism Nutrition Pets Philosophy Politics Prof. Development Reference Religion Science Social Studies Sports Teaching Resources Transportation Writing No Frames Site Index HomeWork Help Online Please Visit Our Sponsors to Keep StudyWeb ... Mathematics Earthquake Measurement Background Briefing - Earthquake Richter Scale Gives step by step info on how to measure an earthquake with the Richter Scale. http://www.backgroundbriefing.com/earthqke.html CVO Website - Richter Scale You can learn about the history of the Richter Magnitude Scale and other earthquake information. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Seismicity/description_richter.html

7. Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper Translate this page http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/gallery/fig3-118f.htm

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8. Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper earthquake measurement with moving recording poper by Karl KREIL(1855). document last modified (mm/dd/yyyy) © HEAT Editors. http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/gallery/figures3/fig3-118g.htm

Earthquake measurement with moving recording poper by Karl KREIL (1855) document last modified (mm/dd/yyyy):

9. Parkfield CA Earthquake Measurement Parkfield CA earthquake measurement. Here are some links to the earthquakemeasurement/prediction experiment mentioned in the Earth Revealed video http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/7639/internal/prkfld.htm

Announcements and News: Click here to read the announcements with a non-Java enabled browser Site Navigation: - Page Info - Title: Page address: File created:     Apr 5, 2002 Last modified: Apr 5, 2002 Definitions: Double-click on any word Parkfield CA Earthquake Measurement Here are some links to the earthquake measurement/prediction experiment mentioned in the Earth Revealed video: http:// www.geophys.washington.edu/ SEIS/ PNSN/ INFO_GENERAL/ eq_prediction.html http:// www.seismo.berkeley.edu/ seismo/ annual_report/ ar97_98/ node15.html#SECTION04340000000000000000 http:// www.usgs.gov/ public/ press/ public_affairs/ press_releases/ pr447m.html http:// kilauea.stanford.edu/ jrmurray/ Parkfield.html ... http:// quake.wr.usgs.gov/ research/ parkfield/ index.html (Return to top of page) This page hosted by Get your own Free Home Page Page address:

10. EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES there is information about a different kind of earthquake measurement call the Mercalli Index, which is an eye witness http://www.gns.cri.nz/quaketrackers/curr/eqmag.htm

Contents for Earthquake Magnitudes N.Z. Version, 1998 Goals and Objectives Activity 1. Introduction to earthquake magnitudes Activity 2 . Powers of Ten (Orders of magnitude) ... Research Ideas for Earthquake Magnitudes Goals and Objectives To learn that there are many ways to calculate earthquake magnitudes, and to become familiar with some different scales scientists have developed to calculate magnitudes. Understand powers of ten (orders of magnitudes). Explore the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the energy released by an earthquake. Study wave properties, such as wave propagation, using magnitude determinations. Back to Table of Contents Activity 1. Introduction to Earthquake Magnitudes Objective: Use the PEPP Learning Library to become familiar with the different ways scientists calculate earthquake magnitudes. Introduction We all want to know the size of an earthquake, but what does the size of an earthquake mean and how do we measure it? We have a sense that earthquakes can be bigger or smaller, but what do we mean by big or small If a large earthquake occurs in a populated region, the people in the area will feel it. A seismic station located at the epicentre might be used to determine what the size of the earthquake is. But the intensity of ground shaking and damage diminishes the farther you move away from the epicentre. We cannot simply measure the displacement or amplitude of the P wave, as a measure of earthquake size, because this amplitude decreases as we move further from the epicentre. Thus we must also know the distance between the earthquake and the seismometer.

11. 068-Seafloor Seismic Data Study The program focused on the use of the seafloor earthquake measurementSystem (SEMS) to collect and store seafloor seismic events. http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/068.htm

Project Number Date of Summary July 31, 1997 Subject Seafloor Seismic Data Study Performing Activity Sandia National Laboratories Principal Investigator Mr. Ron Franco Contracting Agency Minerals Management Service Estimated Completion Complete Description The objective was to analyze seafloor earthquake motion data for seismic active areas of southern California and the Arctic. The program focused on the use of the seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS) to collect and store seafloor seismic events. Offshore ground motions may differ from onshore motion in several aspects: (1) Attenuation factors may be different in saturated soft and/or gassy seafloor soils; (2) wave reflection within the water column may alter site-specific wave column; (3) the wave reflection pattern may differ due to soil profiles; and (4) the sediment profile may cause a focusing or defocusing of the seismic waves. The results of this project will be used to evaluate the earthquake hazards of energy development and to provide data on design parameters. Progress Complete. The instruments were turned over to the State of California to continue gathering data. This data will be made available to the MMS.

12. Geotechnical Seafloor earthquake measurement System (SEMS), Phase IV was performed by the SandiaNational Laboratories to analyze seafloor earthquake motion data for http://www.mms.gov/tarprojectcategories/geotechn.htm

Content: Kurt Stein Pagemaster: Marcia Oliver Last updated: 03:15 PM G eotechnical Monitoring earthquakes offshore Scientists prepare a seismic probe for installation off the California coast Seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS), Phase IV was performed by the Sandia National Laboratories to analyze seafloor earthquake motion data for seismic active areas of Southern California and the Arctic. The SEMS uses a tethered underwater cable to connect the seafloor probe to a seismograph on an offshore platform. The data collected will help the MMS verify and modify models of soil response to seismic activity. The data will also aid in the design and regulation of offshore structures in seismically active areas. A network of three probes was installed along the southern California coast. The MMS is in the process of transferring the instrumentation and data collection operations of the sensor array to the State of California. An additional product of this project is a probabilistic seismic hazard map of the entire offshore area of the State of California. is funded jointly by the MMS and the California State Lands Commission. The work is being performed by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The project results are used by the MMS to develop regulations covering the evaluation of applications to re-license existing oil platforms subject to potential seismic impacts in the Federal waters of the Santa Barbara Channel. The final project report characterizes local earthquake sources within the channel as well as the onshore areas of the Western Transverse Ranges. There is also a description of a ground motion model for the region and the preliminary hazard analysis at three selected sites. Further research by the LLNL will be sponsored by the California State Lands Commission. The LLNL will develop hazard maps of ground motion expected to exceed the structural design capacity for platforms in the entire Santa Barbara Channel.

13. Strong-motion Earthquake Measurement Using A Digital Title, Strongmotion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph.Date, 198401. Subject, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory. http://arc.cs.odu.edu:8080/dp9/getrecord/oai_dc/oai:caltechEERL:00000157

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16. Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports.Strongmotion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph. http://caltecheerl.library.caltech.edu/documents/disk0/00/00/01/57/

17. Research Products Boore, DM and CE Smith, 1999, Analysis of earthquake recordings obtained from theSeafloor earthquake measurement System (SEMS) instruments deployed off the http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/publications/research_products.html

HOME ABOUT NSMP DATA PROCESSING RECENT EVENTS ... LINKS RESEARCH PRODUCTS Recent (1997-2002) strong-motion products are grouped below by topic (principal researchers listed after topic): Earthquake Engineering Near-Surface Lithologic and Seismic Site Characterization NEHRP/UBC Site Amplification Factors, Predictive GIS Maps of Ground Shaking, and Anelastic Wave Propagation Strong-Motion Prediction ... Surface-Wave Site Characterization Earthquake Engineering M. Çelebi Çelebi, M.,1997, Response of Olive View Hospital to Northridge and Whittier earthquakes: Journal of Structural Engineering, April 1997, p. 389-396. Çelebi, M., 1997, National strong-motion program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Joint Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, 29th, Tsukuba, Japan, May 12-25, 1997. Çelebi, M., and Liu, H-P., 1997, Before and after retrofit - Response of a building during ambient and strong-motions: National Conference on Wind Engineering, 8th, Proc., Baltimore, MD. Çelebi, M., 1998, GPS and/or strong and weak motion structural response measurements case studies, American Society for Civil Engineering (ASCE) Conference, San Francisco, July 1998.

18. Troubled Times: Earth Waves The first thing I have to explain to you is the earthquake measurement problems.The most common measurement scale is the Richter Magnitude scale. http://www.zetatalk.com/shelter/tshlt08e.htm

Earth Waves I recently e-mailed a number of geologists and asked their opinion of how an underground structure would fare in a severe earthquake and here's the response I got. Here's what I wrote: To whom it may concern: I am doing a research project and was wondering if you could help me. How do you feel an underground structure would fare against a major earthquake? By major I mean at least 9 on the Richter scale. This underground structure would be made of reinforced materials, and be constructed in a dome or geodesic dome shape, because of it's amazing strength. Do you feel such a structure would fare better or worse than an above-ground structure? Also, if you do feel it could survive a 9 point earthquake, do you think it could also survive a 15 point quake? Thank you for your help. Here's the response I got: Hi there. Interesting question. The first thing I have to explain to you is the earthquake measurement problems. The most common measurement scale is the Richter Magnitude scale. On the Richter scale, quakes of 2.0 or less are usually not felt by people. The largest quakes in the world have had magnitudes of 8.8 to 8.9. Although there is no limit to the upper end of the Richter scale, the theoretical limit is about 9.5 simply based on the fact that rocks experiencing enough pressure to break that violently will actually bend or melt before they break. The Seismic Moment measurement is becoming the more often used (and more accurate) form of measurement. The largest known quake on this scale measured at 9.6. There is no scale or measuring method which could result in a "15 point quake" as you suggest.

19. STORYBOARD Kate will also distinguish between various types of earthquake measurement and carefullydistinguish magnitude from intensity. 830 850 Narrator transition. http://www.gg.caltech.edu/~jibarry/Crotty_Storyboard.html

STORYBOARD FOR "MONITORING EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA" Time Frame Recommended Content Return to Contact and Illustration Page

20. Kate's Dialgue Kate also distinguishes between various types of earthquake measurement andcarefully distinguishes magnitude from intensity. Receipt of data .. http://www.gg.caltech.edu/~jibarry/ScientistWebPages/KateHutton/ExtendedDialogue

Kate Hutton - extended dialogue page Receipt of Data Location Magnitude Saving Data ... Intensity Kate Hutton of Caltech discusses the receipt of data in the lab, how these data are interpreted as location of the earthquake, its magnitude, causative fault and other information. There is particular emphasis on the process to determine magnitude and location. Kate also distinguishes between various types of earthquake measurement and carefully distinguishes magnitude from intensity. > >Receipt of data .. Every bit of the data the comes from the remote stations via telemetry is saved for seven days. Immediately after it arrives, a computer program called a P-Picker looks through it for sudden increases in signal strength that might indicate the P-wave, or beginning of an earthquake. Another computer program, the Associator tries to fit all the P-Picker's results together and associate them into earthquakes. A third program, the Locator , figures out the best time, latitude, longitude, and depth to explain the data.

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