1. JapanBiomedical.com: Exchange Rate History ¥/$ currency history Japan ¥/ US$. Foreign Exchange Rate Japan (Yen/US$),Average of daily figures Noon buying rates in New York http://www.japanbiomedical.com/currency_history.html

Japan daily news Japan medical news from local papers Japan medical news (JMR) Weather Report ... translate this page! um diese Site auf Deutsch anzusehen, klicken Sie hie r Per osservare questo luogo in italiano, scattarsi qui! Para ver este local em Portugese, estale aqui! Search Database: by company by product by news article (JMR) Japan Medical Review ... company profiles b2b opportunities: distributors AVAILABLE distributors WANTED SUBMIT your company info for listing Corporate ADVERTISING information ... privacy JapanBiomedical.com Foreign Exchange Rate: Japan (Yen/US$), Average of daily figures Noon buying rates in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies Source: G.5 Release Federal Reserve Board of Governors (For a list of H.10 Historical Data of Japan Yen/ US Dollar Foreign Exchange Rates [as certified by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for customs purposes,] click on the hyperlink below: Click here for DAILY Yen/Dollar EXCHANGE RATE HISTORY from 1990 to present Year.Mo Rate Year.Mo Rate

2. Maras Banka \ currency history, Site map. Maras Banka currency history. CurrencyCAD Month Jul, 2001. http://www.marasbanka.lv/index.php?cat=038&lan=en

3. Panama Currency History Panama currency history. For nearly 300 years, the stone paved, CaminoReal, connect Panama on the Pacific coast to Porto Bello, on http://bellsouthpwp.net/r/u/ruiz_b/Colonial_Currency/currency_history.htm

Panama Currency History For nearly 300 years, the stone paved, Camino Real , connect Panama on the Pacific coast to Porto Bello , on the Caribbean was the highway, over which most of Spain's commerce passed. At one time, Porto Bello was the most important commercial city for the Spanish New World. Traders came from Spain with all good from all over Europe, to trade with the American merchants from Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua. When the Treasure Fleet arrived in Porto Bello, there was a fair, that would last up to 40 days, as the traders went about there business. The population of Porto Bello would swell, as thousand converged in the city. While slaves unloaded the merchandize brought from Europe, others were loading the native products; gold, silver, cotton, tobacco, cocoa, etc., into the Royal Treasury Building. The gold and silver ingot were stacked in large piles, like firewood. Just before the Fleet arrived in Porto Bello, the government would start moving all of the goods stored in Panama, by mule train across the isthmus. Besides all of the merchants, the town will fill with the hundreds of mule skinners, slaves, etc, that was used to transport the treasures to Porto Bello. When all the trading and negotiations were completed, the goods were loaded on the ships, for transport back to Spain.

4. 100% C.G.A Graded Currency currency history. The rich history of the United States of America can be followedthrough the hobby of collecting currency of this great country. http://www.gradedcurrency.com/grading_history.htm

CURRENCY HISTORY Here's how it all started: One of the fastest growing areas of interest for numismatic collectors is in United States paper money. Originally issued by the colonies prior to the American Revolution, the beginnings of the United States currency predate the birth of the nation. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was among the first issuers of currency in 1690, used to pay the troops for a military venture into Canada. South Carolina, New York, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New Jersey , Rhode Island and North Carolina followed suit soon afterward to compensate their military personnel for defending their frontiers against the American Indians. In 1775, the Continental Congress authorized the issue of Continental Currency, backed by the anticipated revenue to be derived from taxation. These notes soon became devalued to the point of being virtually worthless. In 1785, the Continental Congress decreed that the monetary system of our fledgling country would be based on the dollar, but the first dollar coin was not to be issued until 1794. Nonetheless, the system of measurement was established. In 1836. about 1,600 privately owned banks operating under state charters were authorized to issue currency, under a very minimal amount of regulation. This resulted in mass confusion with over 30,000 variations in design. Confusion became even worse after the failure of some of these institutions.

5. Finnsih Currency History frame, read index.html! http://www.hut.fi/u/jmickels/en/banner.html

6. Civil War Currency History Civil War currency history Civil War. Historic Note graphic. Raregold certificate, payable in gold coin, with the head of Lincoln. http://www.civil-war-token.com/civil-war-currency-history.htm

BEST COIN Civil War Currency History Civil War Rare gold certificate, payable in gold coin, with the head of Lincoln. In 1861, to finance the Civil War, Congress authorized Demand Notesthe first issue of paper money by the government since the Continentals. These Notes were printed in $5, $10, and $20 denominations, redeemable in coins on demand, and green in colorhence the name "greenbacks." A total of about $10 million was issued, a relatively small series. These notes, and all paper money issued since 1861, are still valid and redeemable in current cash at face value. While most early money is now in the hands of collectors or museums, it is important to note the record of currency stability which this represents. In 1862, Congress discontinued issuing Demand Notes and issued Legal Tender Notes, also known as United States Notes. These new notesissued in denominations from $1 to $1,000 (later $5,000 and $10,000)were the first national currency used as legal tender for most public and private debts. The design of these notes incorporated a Treasury seal, fine-line engraving, intricate geometric lathe work patterns, and later incorporated various forms of distinctive cotton and linen papers with embedded red and blue fibers. Confidence in the notes waned somewhat when the Treasury stopped redeeming them in coins during the Civil War to save gold and silver. However, redemption resumed in 1879 following the war.

7. Currency History currency history. The currency history screen is displayed showinghistory for Australian Dollars. Exchange rates used by the system http://www.labrecque.com/CURHistory.htm

CURRENCY HISTORY The currency history screen is displayed showing history for Australian Dollars. Exchange rates used by the system are date sensitive and utilize the exchange rate history to determine the appropriate rate for each transaction. HOME TOP OF PAGE and is best viewed with Contact WebMaster

8. History Of Currency Bank of Papua New Guinea. Home Currency currency history. CURRENCYHISTORY. Papua New Guineans had been living in rural areas as http://www.bankpng.gov.pg/kinatoea/history.htm

Bank of Papua New Guinea Home Currency CURRENCY HISTORY Papua New Guineans had been living in rural areas as subsistence farmers where a family or clan is self sufficient in producing what they need for for their own consumption. Goods they could not produce or make themselves were exchanged for goods they had in abundance. However during, the colonial period PNG evolved from a subsistence to a markedly monetary economy. The transition from a subsistence based to a modern exchange economy was part of the inevitable cultural and social changes which occur within a society over time. In this transformation of economic processes PNG became urburnised, industrialised and monetised. This was the era in which the people learnt to use money in its different traditional forms until it finally became the Kina and Toea we know today. TRADITIONAL MONIES In PNG where there are more than 700 different languages and traditional cultures, there are also many different types of traditional monies used for exchange of goods. These included the Tabu shells, pig tusks, kinas and toeas. Many of this traditional monies or currencies functioned as a means of payment, as an accepted standard of value and as a store of wealth. It was amongst all this traditional monies used up in the highlands, in the coastal areas and along the New Guinea Islands regions that the name Kina and Toea was selected for our national Currencies. The word 'Kina' in found in both Pidgin and Kuanua languages and it refers to the caluable pearl shell used widely for trading in both the Coastal and Highlands areas of PNG. This shell is traded from the coastal areas into the highlands and is a traditional store of wealth.

9. History Of Australian Currency History of Australian currency. Since the early days of British Colonialismand following Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia http://wi.essortment.com/currencyaustrali_rjug.htm

History of Australian currency Since the early days of British Colonialism and following Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, the currency of Australia had been the cumbersome British Sterling system with its pounds, shillings and pence with twelve pence to the shilling and twenty shillings to the pound. Compounding an already complicated system was the Guinea with twenty-one shillings to the pound. All that changed in February 1966 when the Australian Government introduced decimal currency. The Prime Minister of the time, Sir Robert Menzies, was a staunch Royalist with a strong loyalty to the British Crown and all it stands for. He announced the basic coinage was to be changed from the ‘Pound’ to the ‘Royal’. The uproar in objection to this name was almost universal and it was decided to name the new currency the ‘Dollar’ in line with many other worldwide currencies. bodyOffer(30540) There were four note denominations in the first issue. The old ten-shilling note was converted to a one-dollar note and the pound to a two-dollar note. There was a five-dollar note and a ten-dollar note to replace the old five-pound and ten pound notes. The paper money was very colourful and each note was slightly larger than its lesser-valued companion. The coins all had an image of Queen Elizabeth the Second of England on the obverse side and a native Australian animal on the flip side. The coin of least value was the one-cent piece. The next in value was a two-cent coin. Both were manufactured in a copper based alloy and placed the halfpenny and penny. The threepence; sixpence, shilling, florin (two-shillings) and crown (five-shillings) were replaced with silver alloy one-cent, two-cent, five-cent, ten-cent and fifty-cent coins. The fifty-cent coin initially was a round coin in almost pure silver but in a short time this was replaced with a silver alloy and was moulded with twelve sides.

10. History And Interesting Facts About U.S. Currency History and Interesting Facts about US Currency. US Currency datesfrom 1861 when Demand Notes were first issued. All US Currency http://www.sanchezcurrency.com/history/brief_history.html

HOME SEARCH BRIEF HISTORY CONTACT US History and Interesting Facts about U.S. Currency U.S. Currency dates from 1861 when Demand Notes were first issued. All U.S. Currency issued from that date until now remains legal tender. Only once in the past has the Government recalled any paper currency. This happened in 1933 when the Gold Reserve Act required all holders of Gold Certificates to exchange them for ordinary currency. Prior to 1861 other forms of paper currency circulated in the United States. Paper currency was used by the colonies while they were still under British rule since coinage was in short supply. Continental Currency was issued to finance the revolutionary war. These early bills seldom held their value and depreciated to a point where it cost more to print them than they were worth. After the Constitution was ratified the coinage system was established and the Government did not have a pressing need for paper currency. Soon after the Civil War began the United States found itself in desperate need of money to finance the war effort. This led to the Act of July 17, 1861 which permitted the Treasury Department to print and circulate money. The Treasury Seals is a distinguishing feature of American Currency. In one form or another it has appeared on every piece of paper money issued by the Treasury Department since 1862. The Treasury Seal appears in several forms and colors. The seal contains a scale resembling the emblem of justice and a key representing official authority. Thirteen stars representing the original colonies separate these two symbols.

11. VIRTUAL MONGOLIA: Kara Korum Magazine Click Here to Print This Page. MONGOLIAN NATIONAL currency history.By Ch.Sumya. MONGOLIA has a prominent history of minting coins http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/virtualmongolia/kara_korum/currency_history.htm

Virtual Mongolia Home Mongolia Traveler Magazine Gobi Magazine Kara Korum Magazine ... Click Here to Print This Page MONGOLIAN NATIONAL CURRENCY HISTORY By Ch.Sumya MONGOLIA has a prominent history of minting coins in the country since the Tureg reign (VI-VIII century), Uighur reign (VIII-XI century), Khitan reign (X-XI century), and the Mongol imperial reign (XII-XIV century). Soon after Chinggis Khaan established the United Mongolian State in 1206, the country started minting the first national form of payment, which were coins. The coins had the image of a warrior on a horse imbedded into the metal substance. In addition, the first paper currency was introduced in 1227. They were called bank-notes and they were also the first form of paper currency in the world. Following the manufacturing of bank-notes, the first bank of Mongolia was established in 1253. Unfortunately however, Mongolia had a devastating money reform. During this reform, several rebel organisations destroyed Mongolia's banking successes such as bank-notes and other forms of currency that contributed to the welfare of human civilisation.

12. Davis: Currency And Banking In Massachusetts Davis's two volume treatise on the currency history of colonial Massachusetts wasthe best piece of historical research done on colonial currency during his http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rwm3n/webdoc7.html

Currency and Banking in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay Andrew McFarland Davis Davis's two volume treatise on the currency history of colonial Massachusetts was the best piece of historical research done on colonial currency during his generation. Originally published in 1900, it was republished by Augustus Kelley in 1970. Volume one of the set covers currency, while volume two covers banking. Converting the work to electronic text is a major job, which is far from finished. The chapters that are finished are accessible below. CURRENCY AND BANKING IN THE PROVINCE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY BY ANDREW McFARLAND DAVIS Volume 1 Currency Chapter I . The Colony Bills. The Province Bills Chapter II. The Massachusetts Coinage, Proclamation Money and Lawful Money Chapter III. The Currency Conflict under Dudley and Shute Chapter IV. The Contest under Dummer and Burnet Chapter V. The Currency, 1702-1750. Depreciation and Remedial Legislation Chapter VI. Enforcement of the Royal Instructions during Belcher's Administration Chapter VII.

13. Historical American Currency Exhibit At The FRBSF Simple currency conversions returned in table format but historical trends are displayed graphically. With links to investing sites. http://www.frbsf.org/currency

Money, Money, Money Index Fun Facts About Money Money hasn't always looked like it does today. Explore the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's American Currency Exhibit online and watch history come alive as you step back in time to our nation's beginning. Learn how our country's rich history is closely tied with our currency. Discover the role the Federal Reserve has playedand continues to playin that history. Select Tour Showcase of Bills to examine highlights from the collection. Select Tour Exhibit by Era to navigate through historical eras, beginning with the Colonial struggle for independence. Your mode of transportation through history ranges from the Colonial horse to the global economy's jet airplane. As you follow the transportation revolution and the evolution of American currency, you'll learn how these events not only reflect our history, but help shape it. So cinch up your saddle or fasten your seatbelt. We think you'll find a rich and fascinating story. After all, who doesn't like stories about money?

14. FRBSF: A Brief History Of Currency (Annual Report) Fact Sheets currency Coins. history of 'In God We Trust' http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/annual/1995/history.html

Home What's New Careers Glossary ... Publications 1995 Annual Report: A Brief History of Our Nation's Paper Money Colonial and Continental Currency Free Banking Era Civil War National Bank Act ... Did You Know? See also: The American Currency Exhibit Fun Facts About Money By Karen Flamme In our society today, money's value is measured by what it can buyits purchasing powernot by its material worth, but it hasn't always been so. American currency has spanned centuries of evolution and numerous transfigurations to reach the size and shape that we carry in our wallets today. It has been an evolutionary process which often came about in times of crisislike the Civil War or Great Depressionor to respond to demand as society struggled to put into place a monetary system that would function smoothly and inspire confidence. This development process is ongoing and continues even now as redesigned currency is issued in 1996. But the legacy of the process is a rich heritage of United States currency that gives us a fascinating, colorful, and reflective glimpse into the growth of our nation.

15. Money In North American History From tobacco and wampum to the Almighty Dollar. The monetary history of the United States from colonies to superpower. beginning as a collection of colonies where currency was in such chronically short supply that all Apart from its intrinsic interest, history can often shed light on current http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/northamerica.html

Money in North American History From Wampum to Electronic Funds Transfer How did the United States develop into the world's richest and most powerful nation from an inauspicious beginning as a collection of colonies where currency was in such chronically short supply that all sorts of substitutes, e.g. tobacco and wampum, had to be used as money? Apart from its intrinsic interest, history can often shed light on current political controversies. Many political disputes revolve around questions of economics and of all the matters that fall under the purview of economic history there is one that has had, and still has, a profound impact on many aspects of everyone's daily life, and that is money. This essay is based on a book on monetary history by Glyn Davies which contains a considerable amount of material on the financial development of the United States. The reference is: Davies, Glyn. A history of money from ancient times to the present day, 3rd ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002. 720 pages. Paperback: ISBN 7083 1717 0. Hardback: ISBN 7083 1773 1.

16. The Canadian Currency Museum Resource for confederate currency collectors. Has a value index, description of all confederate notes and items for sale. is the Only CSA/Confederate currency Site linked to. by the history Channel. http://collections.ic.gc.ca/bank/english

Currency Museum of the Bank of Canada Welcome to the Currency Museum The National Currency Collection contains some 100,000 items consisting of coins, tokens and paper money in the custody of, or owned by, the Bank of Canada. It includes a relatively complete collection of the coins, tokens and of paper money that have been used or are now being used in Canada. The purpose of the collection is to portray the development of money through the ages with particular emphasis on the history of Canada's currency. The Currency Museum displays a considerable portion of the collection in its eight galleries. Six galleries describe the development of money through the past 2,500 years, each gallery focussing on a different phase. Gallery seven displays special exhibits. Gallery eight is the Collector's Corner - the most comprehensive display of Canadian numismatic material in existence. The museum, which opened on December 5, 1980, is housed in the centre block of the Bank of Canada. The barter system, the use of special items for trading purposes, the chronic shortage of coinage during French and British rule, the transformation of ordinary playing cards into paper money - these are intriguing but little-known aspects of the history of money in Canada. Yet this is only a part of the history of money in the world as a whole. More chapters in this fascinating story are yours to discover with a visit to the Currency Museum in Ottawa.

17. HISTORY_INDEX history of Japanese Currencies, *If you click each page number, the screen willchange, and an explanation with photos will appear. *currency Data are here. http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english_htmls/history.htm

IMESBOJ CURRENCY MUSEUM INDEX MUSEUM HISTORY STUDIES ESSAYS World War II Military Currency ... E-MAIL History of Japanese Currencies If you click each page number, the screen will change, and an explanation with photos will appear. Currency Data are here Emergence of Japanese Currency (B.C.-A.D.11) Origin of Japanese Currency First Japanese Currency Copper Coins of Ancient Japan Use of Chinese Coins (A.D.12-16) Use of Imported Chinese Coins Use of Privately Minted Japanese Coins Establishment of Japanese Currency System (16th century to 19th century) Gold and Silver Coins Minted by Local Lords Gold and Silver Coins Minted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi Currency Issued by the Tokugawa Shogunate Government Emergence of Paper Money Gold Coins in Edo Period Minting of Gold Coins Silver Coins in Edo Period Circulation of Gold and Silver Coins in Edo Period Base Metal Coins in Edo Period Oban (thin oval gold coins) in Edo Period Period of the "Yen" (19th century to the present) Paper Money immediately aftter the Meiji Restoration Birth of the "Yen" Government Notes National Banknotes Foundation of the Bank of Japan Bank of Japan Notes Enactment of the "Coins Law" Paper Money under the "Managed Currency System" Currency during World War II World War II Military Currency New Banknotes after the War TO TOP CURRENCY DATA

18. CONTENTS Extensive site with a history of Japanese currency including images.Category Recreation Collecting Paper Money...... (, The history of Japanese currency, ), will show you the historyof the currency from ancient times to modern times with photos. http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english_htmls/

IMESBOJ CURRENCY MUSEUM Welcome to the Currency Museum! For JAPANESE CONTENTS Go to the Bank of Japan Go to the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies Go to the Currency Museum HOME An outline of the Currency Museum The history of Japanese currency Research on the currency ESSAYS World War II Military Currency Messages [ E-Mail ] An outline of the Currency Museum -will tell you in brief about the foundation of the museum, the main features of the display, and visiting hours. The history of Japanese currency -will show you the history of the currency from ancient times to modern times with photos. Research on the currency -will show you abstracts of the papers published. ESSAYS -will give you short essays on monetary history. -will give you miscellaneous information. World War II Military Currency -will tell you information on military notes. Messages -Your opinions are welcome. Links to other Sites Printing Bureau, Ministry of Finance, Japan The Mint Bureau Economics Library Gallery, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo American Currency Exhibit ... a free cultural information resource center on the Web. TO TOP

19. N.C. Confederate Currency - History Provides history of stateissued currency and national-issued currency of the Confederacy, with an Category Society history Wars Civil War Confederacy......Brief history of NC Civil War currency. With the outbreak of the CivilWar, North Carolina and the other southern states that left http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/cwcur.html

Brief History of N.C. Civil War Currency With the outbreak of the Civil War, North Carolina and the other southern states that left the Union were no longer bound by the United States Constitution's restrictions on the production of state-issued currencies. Though fiercely loyal to the "southern cause," the Tar Heel State and each of the other rebelling states closely guarded its own independence, especially in economic affairs. This independence was recognized and underscored by the Confederate Constitution, which guaranteed the allied states the right to print their own money. Along with the various state governments, the national government of the Confederacy (in Montgomery, Alabama, and later in Richmond, Virginia) issued massive amounts of paper currency to finance the war. The wide variety of notes only added to the chaos caused by the South's inability to absorb this huge money supply. The Confederate treasury alone issued at least 72 types of notes during the war, amounting to an estimated two billion dollars. A $5 note printed by the Confederate Goverment; State Capitol at Richmond, Va., C .G. Memminger at right, Richmond, 1864; NCC specimen CK.56.927

20. Historical American Currency Exhibit At The FRBSF Explore the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's American currency Exhibit online and watch history come alive as you step back in time to our nation's beginning. Learn how our country's rich history is closely tied with our currency. http://www.frbsf.org/currency/index.html

Money, Money, Money Index Fun Facts About Money Money hasn't always looked like it does today. Explore the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's American Currency Exhibit online and watch history come alive as you step back in time to our nation's beginning. Learn how our country's rich history is closely tied with our currency. Discover the role the Federal Reserve has playedand continues to playin that history. Select Tour Showcase of Bills to examine highlights from the collection. Select Tour Exhibit by Era to navigate through historical eras, beginning with the Colonial struggle for independence. Your mode of transportation through history ranges from the Colonial horse to the global economy's jet airplane. As you follow the transportation revolution and the evolution of American currency, you'll learn how these events not only reflect our history, but help shape it. So cinch up your saddle or fasten your seatbelt. We think you'll find a rich and fascinating story. After all, who doesn't like stories about money?

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