1. Transaction Net: Complementary Community Currency Systems Susan MeekerLowry's The Potential of Local currency in Z on a New Economy presentsarticles on sustainable economics. Local monetary Reform - Do It Yourself! http://www.transaction.net/money/community/

How Money Systems Work Publications Payment Methods Glossary of Terms ... The Money Conference Currency Systems Backed Currencies Ithaca HOURS LETS National Currencies ... Time Dollars Complementary Currencies Complementary Community Currency Systems and Local Exchange Networks Benefits How Issued Unit of Account Exchange Rate ... Interact Benefits How Issued Unit of Account Exchange Rate Incentives ... Interact Benefits of complementary currency models: When a full spectrum of currencies are available, people will complete more transactions, enabling more people to meet their needs and create trading relationships. Backed currencies such as e-gold can be issued (or barter exchanges completed) by whoever owns a commodity or service. These systems thus do not require a central authority to guarantee the currency and manage its supply. Money created as mutual credit (like LETS ROCS , and Time Dollars ), as well as fiat money that does not bear interest (such as Ithaca HOURS ) is in sufficient supply , thus encouraging cooperation among participants. Demurrage currencies also discourage hoarding and encourage longer-term planning and sustainable investment.

2. Index2 currency boards and dollarization, but all monetary systems. Why currency Crises Happen A staff report monetary economics A Reading List - Aimed at graduate http://users.erols.com/kurrency/

CURRENCY BOARDS AND DOLLARIZATION: www.dollarization.org Site maintained by Kurt Schuler Hot topics and new research Currency boards - general material Currency boards - country proposals ... Miscellaneous Except where indicated, I have written or co-written everything listed on this page. Some material requires an Adobe Acrobat PDF reader. Hot topics and new research New! Tables of Modern Monetary Systems: Africa - The first installment in a planned worldwide compilation of basic institutional information on the history of national monetary systemsnot just currency boards and dollarization, but all monetary systems. Read the essay on African monetary history; the explanation of the tables; country listings ; and references and tables . The file of country listings is around 300 printed pages long. The files are also available in more aesthetically PDF format by writing me, but I didn't post them because they take up so much space. Comments welcome. St. Helena - Steve Hanke and Matt Sekerke review the history of one of the least known currency boards. An essay on dollarization by Mexican professor Carlos Encinas (in English).

3. Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems And International Monetary Reform - Robert currency Areas, Exchange Rate systems and International monetary Reform. RobertMundell C. Lowell Harriss Professor of economics Columbia University http://www.columbia.edu/~ram15/cema2000.html

Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems and International Monetary Reform Robert Mundell C. Lowell Harriss Professor of Economics Columbia University Introduction The Pre-Eminence of the Dollar The Fate of the Gold Standard Currency Areas and Currency Unions ... References Paper delivered at Universidad del CEMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, on April 17, 2000 1. Introduction Charles Rist, French economist and central banker, once said that "democracy killed the gold standard." A nice phrase he was a very good economist. What I think he meant was that democracy results in an increase in social demands and redistribution programs that governments have to supply or else be ejected at the next election. In the effort to finance the new programs governments raise taxes to the limit and then engage in borrowing and deficit financing from the central bank, leading to a breakdown of convertibility and the collapse of the gold standard. The gold standard will no longer act as the "Golden Brake." Rist's idea was very prophetic, but I think it does not provide the right clue as to what destroyed the gold standard. We have to look elsewhere. Strong currencies are the children of empires and great powers. The dollar became the greatest currency of the 20

4. DIRECTORY.TERADEX.COM - Business/Economics/Financial/Currency And DIRECTORY.TERADEX.COM Business/economics/Financial/currency and Money/Alternative monetary systems http://directory.teradex.com/Business/Economics/Financial/Currency_and_Money/Alt

5. Local And Interest-Free Currencies, Social Credit And Informal Credit Systems Links to information sources on LETS, local community currencies, interest free money, social credit, Category Science Social Sciences Alternative monetary systems...... countries which have no convertible currency now and the replacement of the existingmonetary system by New economics Foundation The New economics Foundation http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/local.html

Local and Interest-Free Currencies, Social Credit and Microcredit This page of links to resources on microcredit systems, local and interest-free currencies is one of a number of pages on Money - Past, Present and Future maintained by Roy Davies . Virtually all civilizations, except the Incas , developed some form of money. Today our currencies and banking systems increasingly extend beyond national boundaries. However, co-existing with that movement there has been a revival of interest in alternative financial systems. For business-to-business mutual credit organisations see the web page on barter Microcredit and Credit Unions The Virtual Library on Microcredit An excellent source of information on the subject of credit for low-income households. It is international in its coverage. Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest A major source of information on microfinance. The website includes the Microfinance Gateway which consists of thousands of documents, abstracts, and case studies, etc. Muhammad Yunus 1994 World Food Prize Laureate A biography of the founder and managing director of the Grameen Bank.

6. Economic/Monetary Systems - Systems - Themepark Economic/monetary systems. How do principles of economics affect their dailyoperations? He knows everything about coins and paper currency. http://www.uen.org/themepark/html/systems/economic.html

Ecosystems Solar System Human Body Systems Government Systems ... Miscellaneous Systems Economic/Monetary Systems Consumers, producers, supply, demand...these are components of our system of economics. We are an important part of this systemconsumers keep the economy going. Everytime we buy something, we are sending a message to a manufacturer that we like the product and that they should keep making it. Sample some of the following activities to learn more about economic systems. Places To Go People To See Things To Do Teacher Resources ... Bibliography Places To Go The following are places to go (some real and some virtual) to find out about economic systems. Check out money lesson plans, kid's clubhouse, and interactive money games at H.I.P. Pocket Change , a new web site all about coins. Visit a retail store. How do principles of economics affect their daily operations? What are the costs and benefits to running a business? Take a virtual tour of the Federal Reserve Bank.

7. EconPapers: Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems And International Monetary Ref currency Areas, Exchange Rate systems and International monetary Reform. Journal of Applied economics, 2000, vol. http://econpapers.hhs.se/article/cemjaecon/v_3_y_2000_n_2_p_217-256.htm

Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems and International Monetary Reform Journal of Applied Economics , 2000, vol. III, pages 217-256 Robert A. Mundell nobel@fondue.dse.uqam.ca Abstract: I. Introduction II. The Pre-Eminence of the Dollar III. The Fate of the Gold Standard IV. Currency Areas and Currency Unions V. The Importance of Monetary Rules VI. Monetary Arrangements in Free Trade Areas and Customs Unions VII. Central Banks, Dollarization and the Maastricht Conditions VIII. Exchange Rate Volatility and Internal vs. External Stability IX. Towards a World Currency Keywords: power configuration currency areas monetary rules financial integration ... world currency (search for similar items in EconPapers) JEL-codes: (search for similar items in EconPapers) View list of references Downloads: http://www.cema.edu. ... /volume3/mundell.pdf application/pdf Access Statistics for this article More articles in Journal of Applied Economics from Universidad del CEMA Series data maintained by Valeria Dowding ( ved@cema.edu.ar This site is part of RePEc and all the data displayed here is part of the RePEc data set. Is your work missing from RePEc? Here is how to

8. The Work Of Robert A. Mundell - Major Works exchange crises, the crisis problem, and multiplecurrency systems. have raged inthe economics profession since to integrate real and monetary phenomena was http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=International Economics

9. Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems And International Monetary Reform Home Journals List Journal of Applied economics CurrencyAreas, Exchange Rate systems and International monetary Reform. http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/WoPEc/data/Articles/cemjaeconv:3:y:2000:n:2:p:217-256.htm

mirrored in Providing the latest research results since 1993 Search tips: title=fiscal or author=levine Working Papers Series Journals Authors JEL Classification ... Journal of Applied Economics >> Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems and International Monetary Reform Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems and International Monetary Reform Robert Mundell Homepage (Columbia University ( web site Author(s) registered at HoPEc ROBERT A. MUNDELL Journal of Applied Economics web site (RePEc:cem:jaecon:v:3:y:2000:n:2:p:217-256) Abstract: I. Introduction II. The Pre-Eminence of the Dollar III. The Fate of the Gold Standard IV. Currency Areas and Currency Unions V. The Importance of Monetary Rules VI. Monetary Arrangements in Free Trade Areas and Customs Unions VII. Central Banks, Dollarization and the Maastricht Conditions VIII. Exchange Rate Volatility and Internal vs. External Stability IX. Towards a World Currency Keywords: power configuration; currency areas; monetary rules; financial integration; world currency Pages: 217-256 Volume: III Month: November Year: 2000 Related papers by JEL classification: Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)

10. Focused Research Area From ‘One Country, Two systems’ to monetary Integration?” at the HKIMR on30 January 2002. Prof. SK Tsang gave a talk currency Board economics and the http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~sktsang/fra.html

Focused Research Area Currency Board Economics and the AEL Model Introduction Outside almost everyone's predictions, the speculative currency attacks in East Asia in the second half of 1997 resulted in unprecedented financial and economic turbulence in different regions of the world. The "contagion effect" spread to Hong Kong in late October 1997. Hong Kong's linked exchange rate regime, as a variation of the "currency board system", was successfully defended, but at considerable costs in terms of high and volatile interest rates. Difficulties including negative economic growth, high unemployment rate and dramatic asset deflation rapidly unfolded. In its Report on Financial Market Review released in April 1998, the Hong Kong SAR Government rejected the major proposals by the academics. Intense speculation on the Hong Kong dollar was again seen from mid-1998 onwards. In response, the Government made a historical move by intervening in the stock and futures markets. On 5 September 1998, the HKMA announced the "seven technical measures", of which the first, and the most important one, was the "convertibility undertaking" on the aggregate balance of banks with the HKMA, a key element of the monetary base. It represented a partial adoption of the AEL model that Tsang had been advocating.

11. Links To Related Sites Warren Mosler's Softcurrency economics Website. Steve Forbes's A Case for SoundMoney (Durrell Journal of economics); The Lustre of monetary systems (Ben Best http://www.bufferstock.org/links.htm

C OMMODITY BUFFER STOCK Links INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION (FAO) Economics and Social Department of FAO Commodities and Trade Division (ECS) Global Food Prices and Stocks Monitor ... Commodity Trade and Price Trends, 1989-1991 U.S. GOVERNMENT SITES U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC) Economics and Statistics Administration (ESA) Commodity Flow Survey of the U.S. Department of Transportation STAT-USA of the Deparment of Commerce (requires subscription) U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 and the US Code Title 7 (Agriculture) History of American Agricultural Programs, 1776-1990 Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) of USDA (see also Food Purchases Section Economics Research Service (ERS) of USDA USDA Economics and Statistics System (at Cornell) Farm Service Agency Commodity Operations National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) - including historical data World Agricultural Outlook Board - Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)

12. Economics Essays - Economics Of OECD Countries - Fixed Exchange Rate Systems either through the evolution of a single world currency (at best, a the problemsof uncertainty and credibility through forms of regulated monetary systems. http://www.geocities.com/lylbf/essays/bretwood.html

Why did the Bretton Woods system break down? Did the ERM of the EMS fail for the same reasons? Return to Essay Index Return to Homepage This page hosted by Get your own Free Home Page

13. EconPapers: Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems And International Monetary Ref currency Areas, Exchange Rate systems and International monetary Reform.Journal of Applied economics, 2000, vol. III, pages 217256. http://econpapers.hhs.se/article/cemjaecon/v_3A3_3Ay_3A2000_3An_3A2_3Ap_3A217-25

Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems and International Monetary Reform Journal of Applied Economics , 2000, vol. III, pages 217-256 Robert A. Mundell nobel@fondue.dse.uqam.ca Abstract: I. Introduction II. The Pre-Eminence of the Dollar III. The Fate of the Gold Standard IV. Currency Areas and Currency Unions V. The Importance of Monetary Rules VI. Monetary Arrangements in Free Trade Areas and Customs Unions VII. Central Banks, Dollarization and the Maastricht Conditions VIII. Exchange Rate Volatility and Internal vs. External Stability IX. Towards a World Currency Keywords: power configuration currency areas monetary rules financial integration ... world currency (search for similar items in EconPapers) JEL-codes: (search for similar items in EconPapers) View list of references Downloads: http://www.cema.edu. ... /volume3/mundell.pdf application/pdf Access Statistics for this article More articles in Journal of Applied Economics from Universidad del CEMA Series data maintained by Valeria Dowding ( ved@cema.edu.ar This site is part of RePEc and all the data displayed here is part of the RePEc data set. Is your work missing from RePEc? Here is how to

14. PKT: Aug97 : Re-monetary Systems And Rationality remonetary systems and rationality. The outrage 'should' be that the monetary systemwas used to force an undesirable Soft currency economics Full Employment http://csf.colorado.edu/forums/pkt/aug97/0055.html

re-monetary systems and rationality Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next message: Derek Sicklen: "Minimum Wages" Previous message: Harry Veeder: "Re: 19th c deflation" Tue, 05 Aug 1997 21:52:16 -0400 Warren Mosler mosler@gate.net Do we all agree that there would be no unemployment as we know it in a non-monetary society? "Full Employment AND Price Stability" begins with the quote from Paul Davidson indicating, I believe, that this is the case, and, therefore, unemployment as we know it is a monetary phenomena. I don't think the general public begins with the notion that the lines of unemployed are a by-product of the operation of the monetary system. They think there is 'natural' unemployment that is either the fault of the unemployed, or perhaps a necessary element of a competitive system. Recognizing that it is the monetary system that drives people from private sector employment to the unemployment line in the first place may be element missing in getting more popular support for elr?

15. PKT: Nov97 : Monetary Systems And Rationality monetary systems and rationality. Soft currency economics,' also on my website,supports the idea of the Fed/state simply paying interest on excess http://csf.colorado.edu/forums/pkt/nov97/0016.html

monetary systems and rationality Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next message: Ric Holt: "Re: Censorship -Reply -Reply" Previous message: Paul Henry Rosenberg: "Re: Militia propaganda / Request For Suggested Venues" Sat, 1 Nov 1997 13:43:21 -0800 (PST) John Vertegaal vertegaa@vcn.bc.ca [Virtually this entire post was written just before my unforeseen departure some six weeks ago, I hope it's still worthwhile to read.] Warren Mosler wrote in reply to the below: Whenever we get down to the nitty-gritty of what the above implies, you seem unable to add anything new to the discussion. If you don't think this is fair comment, why don't you just answer the latest post in which I dealt with that, instead of regurgitating that dogma of yours; as well as respond to the argumentation you have been snipping out of this reply. I have a lot of respect for Abba Lerner, as I have for the other Post Keynesians I've read. The problem, as I see it, is though their paradigm supposedly embraces the "demand constraint" aspect of the economy, not much more than lipservice is being paid to the

16. Searchalot Directory For Alternative Monetary Systems local community currencies, interest free money, social credit, and alternative monetarysystems. International Journal of Community currency Research Online http://www.searchalot.com/Top/Science/SocialSciences/Economics/FinancialEconomic

Home Search News Email Greetings Weather ... Global All the Internet About AltaVista AOL Search Ask Jeeves BBC Search BBC News Business Dictionary Discovery Health Dogpile CheckDomain CNN Corbis eBay Education World Employment Encyclopedia Encarta Excite Fast Search FindLaw FirstGov Google Google Groups Infomine iWon Librarians Index Looksmart Lycos Metacrawler Microsoft Northern Light Open Directory SearchEdu SearchGov Shareware Teoma Thesaurus Thunderstone WayBackMachine Webshots WiseNut Yahoo! Yahoo! Auctions Yahoo! News Yahooligans Zeal Sponsored Links Top Science Social Sciences Economics ... Currency and Money : Alternative Monetary Systems Local Currency Systems Related Web Sites e-gold - Electronic currencies backed by gold, silver, platinum and palladium. Payment system allows transfer of small quantities of metal; site also has extensive statistics on holdings and transactions. Barter - Links to sources of information on barter and a brief account of its history and contemporary relevance. Local and Interest-Free Currencies, Social Credit and Informal Credit Systems - Links to information sources on LETS, local community currencies, interest free money, social credit, and alternative monetary systems. International Journal of Community Currency Research - Online journal for the emerging community currency field.

17. JRI > Economics Dept > RIM primarily at maintaining pegging systems, caused the money supply to grow in proportionto the monetary multiplier, in the period before the currency crisis. http://www.jri.co.jp/research/pacific/RIM-e/2000/RIMe200001moneysupply.html

RIM January 2000, No.46 Money Supply Fluctuations in the ASEAN Economies Sakura Institute of Research, Inc. Shunsuke Bando Summary Money supply growth has been pointed out as one of the causes of the currency crisis. Exchange rate systems that pegged local currencies against the U.S. dollar caused massive inflows of short-term foreign funds into the ASEAN economies. Meanwhile, there was an oversupply of monetary base in domestic markets because governments failed to implement adequate sterilization policies. A comparison of trends in real GDP and real money supply (M2) reveals that the latter was growing faster than the former in the period leading up to the onset of the currency crisis in July 1997, resulting in excess liquidity. A monetary multiplier analysis of the relationship between the monetary base and the money supply in ASEAN economies suggests that monetary multipliers were constant prior to the currency crisis in all ASEAN economies except the Philippines. This means that the increased monetary base, as a result of dollar-buying support aimed primarily at maintaining pegging systems, caused the money supply to grow in proportion to the monetary multiplier, in the period before the currency crisis. This is confirmed by the balance sheets of the ASEAN central banks. After the onset of the currency crisis, the monetary multiplier was no longer constant. Banks were burdened with non-performing loans and other problems, and changes in their lending stances appear to have pushed down the monetary multiplier and caused fluctuations in the money supply.

18. JRI > Economics Dept > Monthly Review framework for monetary union, as well as the new currency euro itself For the stabilityof the international financial and monetary systems, hopes are that http://www.jri.co.jp/research/archives/MonthlyReview-e/MRe199902outlook.html

Monthly Review Feb 1999 International Economic Outlook for 1999 Sakura Institute of Research, Inc. Center for Pacific Business Studies 1. Overseas Economic Trends to Watch in 1999 1.1 Four Factors Nineteen ninety-nine will conceivably be a crucial year for the global economy and the international financial system alike. Calls for action to buttress the stability of the international financial system, together with the start of the third stage of the grand Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) experiment, are two factors that suggest 1999 is certain to usher in some of the most significant economic, monetary, and financial reforms the world has seen since the post-war formation of the Bretton Woods regime. In terms of following and understanding global economic developments through 1999, at least four key factors, including the two just mentioned above, will deserve close attention; (i) actions to overhaul the international financial system; (ii) the initiation of the third stage of EMU; (iii) the extent of the U.S. economic slowdown; and (iv) the degree of the economic recovery in Japan and other Asian countries. Please refer to the January 1999 Monthly Review (Volume 10, No. 1) and/or SIR site regarding the economic outlook for Japan in FY 1999.

19. Early Warining Systems For Currency Crises Early Warining systems for currency Crises. and a new approach to modelling currencycrises is E42 Macroeconomics and monetary economics - - Money and http://ideas.repec.org/p/fth/nerban/671.html

This file is part of IDEAS , which uses RePEc data Papers Articles Software Books ... Help! Early Warining Systems for Currency Crises Author info Abstract Publisher info Related research ... Statistics Author Info Vlaar, P.J.G. Abstract In recent years, the frequency of currency crises in developing countries seems to have increased. Moreover, the consequences of these financial crises have probably worsened, not only for the country concerned, but also for other countries in the region, due to increased international trade and capital flows. This has encouraged research on the prediction of currency crises. In this paper, this research is summarised and a new approach to modelling currency crises is proposed. Publisher Info Paper provided by De Nerlandesche Bank- in its series Papers with number 671. Length: 21 pages Date of creation: Date of revision: Handle: RePEc:fth:nerban:671 Keywords: CURRENCIES ; MONETARY CRISIS ; INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY Contact details of provider: Postal: DE NETHERLANDESCHE BANK, P.O. BOX 98-1000 AB AMSTERDAM THE NETHERLANDS. Order Information: For technical questions: fethy.mili@umontreal.ca

20. Potentialities And Opportunities Of The Ero As An International Currency as an international currency has often RePEcftheeccco115 Keywords monetary systems. E50 Macroeconomics and monetary economics - - monetary Policy, Central http://ideas.repec.org/p/fth/eeccco/115.html

This file is part of IDEAS , which uses RePEc data Papers Articles Software Books ... Help! Potentialities and Opportunities of the Ero as an International Currency Author info Abstract Publisher info Related research ... Statistics Author Info Benessy-Quere, A. Abstract The possible emergence of the Euro'as an international currency has often been underlined as a by-product of European monetary unification. This report deals with such a possibility both form a positive and from a negative point of view. Publisher Info Paper provided by Commission of the EEC - Ecofin, Economic Papers in its series Papers with number 115. Length: 76 pages Date of creation: Date of revision: Handle: RePEc:fth:eeccco:115 Keywords: MONETARY SYSTEMS Contact details of provider: Postal: The Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Commission of the European Communities, 200 rue de la Loi, 1049 Brussels, Belgium. Order Information: For technical questions: fethy.mili@umontreal.ca (Fethy Mili). Related research Related papers by JEL classification: - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - General

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