21. Bolerium -- The Llanos Frontier In Colombian History 1830 - 1930. Site Map. Rausch, Jane M The Llanos frontier in colombian history 1830 1930. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 1993, xii http://www.bolerium.com/cgi-bin/bol48/47629.html

Browse by Category Abolitionism Abortion Advertising catalogue Afghanistan AFL-CIO Africa African American Agriculture AIDS Alabama Alaska Albania Alberta Algeria American Civil Liberties Union American Federation of Labor American Indians American Revolution Americana Anarchism Animal Rights Anthropology Anti-Fascist Anti-Semitism Anticatholic Anticommunist Antiques-Craft-Furniture Apartheid Arab Arabia Archaeology Architecture Argentina Arizona Arkansas Armed struggle Armenia Art Art Young Asia Asian American history Assassinations Astronomy Atlantic alliance Atmosphere; weather Atomic energy Australia Australia/New Zealand Austria Autobiography Automobile Aviation Baja California Banking history and economics Banned books baseball Basque Beatniks Ben Shahn Bibliography Bicycle, velocipede, skate Biography Birth Control Black Panthers Blues Bohemia Bolivia Books about books boxing Boy Scouts Brazil Bridgebuilding British Columbia British Israelism Brooms (mfg., etc) Building Trades Bulgaria Bullfighting Burma Business Business history, theory Buttons California California - Southern Calligraphy Canada Cannibalism (imputed) Caribbean Cartography Celebrities Censored material Ceylon Charles Kerr Publishing Company Chemical and biological warfare Childbearing Chile China Chinese American Christian Identity Movement CIA Cinema Circumcision Circumcision / infibulation Circus Civil Rights Civil War Classics Clowns Co-Operative Commonwealth Federation Co-operatives Coal mining Codes Coffee, tea, caffeine

22. Hispanic Cultures - Mexico Pre-Colombian History FRAMED Click here! PreColombian Mexico Hispanic Cultures DirectoryMexico, the dominant Mesoamerican nation, mother of Mesoamerican http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Cafe/5618/llmexico1.html

FRAMED Click here! Pre-Colombian Mexico Hispanic Cultures Directory Founding of Mexico - Tenochtitlan Viewed as beginning and end. Begins the great Aztec Empire whose glorious center was the Valley of Anahuac (in the water) At its height the Empire stretched from the Pacific ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, from Honduras to the Tropic of Cancer. The Aztec pilgrimage, starting in their year Ce Tecpatl (1 gemstone) 1116 AD ended in Ome Calli (2 houses) 1325 AD. It began in their native Aztlan (white place) traditionally Tenochtitlan, an island north of Mexico, where their god commanded the Aztecs to search for a promised land whose exact location the god would indicate with a sign. The island of Mexcaltitlan, in the lagoon of the San Pedro River in the state of Nayarit, has all the known characteristics. Although not officially recognized, the island is traditionally Mexico's cradle. Their pilgrimage took the Aztecs through Mexican states Michoacan, Guanajuato, Hidalgo and Mexico, establishing a settlement in Tollan (place of flowers) today Tula Hidalgo, to better continue their quest towards the lake in the Valley of Anahuac. Aztec settlements established en route include Zumpango, Xaltocan, Ecatepec, Tulpetlac, Pantitlan, Popotla, Chapultepec, and others. July 18 1325 on a Lake Texcoco islet, there appeared an eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake. On this spot the Aztecs built an altar to the sign from their god and officially founded the City of Mexico - Tenochtitlan. Mexico honoring Mextli (Xlote or son of Maguey) which name translates "where Mextli is" - a priest transformed after death into the god Huitzilopochtli.

23. World History Archives: History Of Colombia History of Colombian Culture. Resources for colombian history. Attack on ColombianLabor Monitor From Colombian Labor Monitor, 21 September 1999. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/42/index-d.html

History of Colombia Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives History of South America in general Documents for the Political history of Colombia Documents for the Economic history of Colombia Documents for the Labor history of Colombia Documents for the Social history of Colombia History of Colombian Culture Singer Manu Chao NPR Weekend Edition: A dialog between anchor Scott Simon and reporter Rolando Arrieta, 3 April, 1999 Retrospective history of Colombia Revolution in Colombia, part one: historical background By Louis Proyect, 24 July 1999. From Simon Bolivar to Colombian congress in 1947. Resources for Colombian history Attack on Colombian Labor Monitor From Colombian Labor Monitor, 21 September 1999. Citations of oppositional groups.

24. Uribe-Uran, Honorable Lives Colombian specialists, regardless of their discipline, will find muchto ponder in this reinterpretation of colombian history. . . . http://www.pitt.edu/~press/2000/uribe-uran.html

Pitt Latin American Series 6 x 9-1/4 Home Order Form Honorable Lives Victor M. Uribe-Uran "This admirable study of Colombian lawyers and their institutions in the late-colonial and early-republican periods challenges the notion that the chaotic history of the period was completely dominated by rogue caudillos engaged in an endless struggle for power. . . . It adds greatly to our understanding of the role of lawyers in the important transitional events between colony and independence." -Colonial Latin American Review "Uribe-Uran has penned an important book that crosses the 'Independence divide,' an oft-recommended passage, but one that few scholars are bold enough to take. . . . By focusing upon the social, regional, and political activities of this critical social section, Uribe-Uran makes a significant contribution to our understanding of Colombia's early national political culture and the importance of lawyers throughout Latin America. . . . A gold mine of genealogical and familial information." -The Americas "Creates a vital connection between group biography and local politics, giving us a social history of late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Colombian politics. By highlighting both lawyers' political actions and the consequences of those actions in the crucial transition period from colony to nation, Uribe-Uran makes a wonderful contribution to our understanding of the process of nineteenth-century modernization."-Susan Socolow, Emory University

25. Center For Latin American Studies At UC Berkeley Professor Charles Bergquist Department of Latin American and Labor Studies Universityof Washington The Left and the Paradoxes of Modern colombian history . http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu:7001/Events/series/colombia/spring2002.html

Colombia 2002 Spring 2002 Events Professor Charles Bergquist Department of Latin American and Labor Studies University of Washington "The Left and the Paradoxes of Modern Colombian History" Charles Bergquist is a professor of history, specializing in labor and Latin America, at the University of Washington. He has directed the University of Washington Latin American Studies Program and held the Harry Bridges Chair in Labor Studies. He is former Director of International Studies at Duke University and has on several occasions taught at the National University of Colombia in Bogota. He is author of Coffee and Conflict in Colombia and Labor in Latin America , and co-editor of Violence in Colombia, 1900-2000 Moderated by Professor Margaret Chowning, Department of History, UC Berkeley Thursday, February 14, 4:00 p.m. CLAS Conference Room, 2334 Bowditch Street

26. List Of Reports On Plural-World.com : Rubric Info Country Colombia) Administrative division The 26 swiss cantons (Switzerland) A look backon history (Tunisia) A look back on the colombian history (Colombia) A look http://www.pluralworld.com/pages/L2/aboutpw/rubriquesreportages/14rubriqueinfopa

Site map Books Reviews Multimedia ... Info practical Tunisia Geographical marks Tunisia A look back on history Colombia Colombian economy Colombia Transportation and networks in Colombia Africa America Asia Europe ... Oceania The swiss population (Switzerland) List of reports Info country Administrative division of Colombia (Colombia) Administrative division : The 26 swiss cantons (Switzerland) A look back on history (Tunisia) A look back on the colombian history (Colombia) A look back on the swiss history (Switzerland) Colombian economy (Colombia) Colombian diplomatic representatives (Colombia) Colombian famous personalities (Colombia) Colombian geography (Colombia) Communications and medias of Colombia (Colombia) Festival times in Colombia (Colombia) Food pleasures in Colombia (Colombia) Geographical marks (Tunisia) National natural parks of Colombia (Colombia) Political Parties of Colombia (Colombia) Swiss diplomatic representatives (Switzerland) The colombian government (Colombia) The colombian population (Colombia) The swiss national anthem (Switzerland) The swiss population (Switzerland) Transportation and networks in Colombia (Colombia)

27. Washington & Colombian Repression Z At one point, Garcia Marquez described the event in colombian history in which hundredsof striking United Fruit workers were massacred in the town of Cienega http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Human_Rights/ColombiaRepression_Wash.html

Washington's Role in Colombian Repression The myth and the reality by Matthew Knoester Z magazine, January 1998 The Macondo Garcia Marquez describes is a spiraling history of his native Colombia. Macondo reveals an official Colombian history, surrounded by a whirlwind of myth. The official history becomes "magic." It erases the government repression in Colombia from history, just as Bogota daily newspapers misname those who are at fault for daily homicides, disappearances, and the hundreds of thousands of displaced people in Colombia. Today Colombia suffers from the worst human rights record in the hemisphere. Throughout the century, myths about Colombia have endured with rhetoric about the oldest functioning "democracy" in Latin America, a booming economy for the Colombian people, and perhaps a slight problem with drug trafficking which requires military assistance from the United States. But in Macondo, official history is myth, only human dreams are real. Let us take a look at today's "mere dreams" in Macondo, which happen to be documented in the U.S. State Department's Human Rights Report of 1997, among other places. Since 1986 more Colombians have been killed at the hands of the military and their "paramilitary" allies each year than throughout the entire 17 years of political repression in Chile under the Pinochet dictatorship. Father Javier Giraldo, the Jesuit director of the Intercongregational Commission of Justice and Peace in Bogota, estimates that the military and paramilitary are responsible for 70 percent of the killings in Colombia. This amounts to over 14,000 people since 1986, if Amnesty International's figures are correct. And, as is well documented, even by the U.S. State Department's Human Rights Report of 1997, the impunity rate in Colombia rests between 97-99.5 percent.

28. WFP Travel Programs: Colombia rebel groups. However, colombian history seems to indicate that lastingpeace will require more than a firm hand. Since at least http://www.witnessforpeace.org/tools/colombia_oped.html

SEND IN THIS OP-ED TO YOUR LOCAL PAPER! This was written by the Witness for Peace Colombia Team, but we encourage you to sign your name to it and have it published in your local paper- feel free to make any relevant changes. If it's printed, be sure to send us a copy... and send one to your Representative and Senators in DC. They are getting a *lot* of lobbying on the other side. The Bush administration is going all out in its efforts to increase US military involvement in Colombia and we must also go all out to stop it and take control of the national debate! Please help out by placing this op-ed and watching our website for more developments and resources! OP-ED: Counterinsurgency Just Won't Work in Colombia! The nature of the current conflict also creates a powerful disincentive to fight it militarily. The insurgents are largely Colombian peasants who inhabit the vast jungle or mountainous terrain. Their most effective weapons are not sophisticated missiles or expensive helicopters but crude bombs made from household gas tanks. To "win" this counterinsurgency war would require such draconian civilian repression by the state and its armed forces that it would effectively sow the seeds of the next insurgency group. Colombian peace advocates point to the last time there was a major counterinsurgency campaign in Colombia under the "soft dictatorship" of Rojas Pinilla in the 1950's. Rather than bringing lasting peace, that era of counterinsurgency led to the founding of both major guerrilla groups currently active in Colombia, the FARC and the ELN.

29. Modernization In Colombia The Laureano Gómez Years, 1889-1965-James D. Henderso bloody violence. Thus he shows that much of recent colombian historyis rooted in developments from the Gómez years. Few Colombians http://www.upf.com/Spring2001/henderson.html

Modernization in Colombia The Laureano Gómez Years, 1889-1965 by James D. Henderson Order this Book now Features Search UPF home ... Contact us The life of Laureano Gómez (1889-1965), Colombia's combative Conservative politician and reviled public figure, serves as the backdrop for this modern history of one of the hemisphere's least understood nations. Tracing the complex process of development in Colombia, James Henderson explores the civil violence that defined the Gómez era even as the country experienced economic growth unparalleled in the rest of the Americas. Gómez was a consummate debater, a spellbinding orator, and an influential newspaper editor. Early in his career he was a thorn in the side of Liberals and Conservatives alike, while in later years he led the Conservative opposition in Congress. He made and unmade presidents, served as president himself, and all the while figured prominently in Colombia's transition to modernity. Henderson gives us the best and worst of Gómez and his adversaries during this era, a time of alternating political peace and progress, punctuated by spells of extremist invective and bloody violence. Thus he shows that much of recent Colombian history is rooted in developments from the Gómez years. Few Colombians can speak calmly of Gómez, and many blame him for the violence that plagued the country from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. Henderson's objective and thorough discussion exposes the myths and assumptions surrounding Gómez and offers especially effective analysis of his writings, speeches, congressional debates, and editorials (as well as his rejoinders, one-liners, and put-downs, classics in the lexicon of Colombian history). Henderson also chronicles the titanic political rivalry between Gómez and Alfonso López Pumarejo, an arch-Liberal, showing how the two men who began their careers as friends became bitter enemies and ultimately led Colombia into the fratricidal civil war known as La Violencia.

30. TUP: Sowell, David: The Early Colombian Labor Movement - Print study in English of nineteenthcentury Latin American artisans and one of the fewtreatments that spans the whole of nineteenth-century colombian history. http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/905_reg_print.html

A unique history of political activity by nineteenth-century Colombian artisans The Early Colombian Labor Movement Artisans and Politics in Bogota, 1832-1919 David Sowell cloth 0-87722-965-1 $64.50, Oct 92, Available 272 pp 6x9 "This important study is...a major contribution to Latin American labor historiography, which has focused not on 19th-century artisans but on industrial workers in the 20th century." Charles Bergquist , University of Washington-Seattle David Sowell traces the history of artisan labor organizations in Bogotá and examines long-term political activity of Colombian artisans in the century after independence. Relying on contemporary newspapers, political handouts, broadsides, and public petitions, Sowell analyzes the economic, social, and political history of the capital's artisan class, a middling social sector with very significant social and political strengths. This is the first study in English of nineteenth-century Latin American artisans and one of the few treatments that spans the whole of nineteenth-century Colombian history. The rise and late decline of artisan class political activity coincided the Colombia's integration into the world market. Initially petitioning for tariff protection, Bogotá's craftsmen in time mobilized to address numerous issues, including industrial education, internal trade order, credit, and better health and educational facilities. Sowell traces the transformation of Colombia's economy and the (mainly negative) effects its evolution had on bogotano artisans. By the end of the nineteenth century, the artisans class was fragmented, their labor leadership replaced by workers associated with industrial production, transportation systems, and the production of coffee.

31. ZNet Commentary: Shalom Interviews Podur / Colombia There's another item in colombian history that's relevant here. But Colombianhistory, and the history of the war, plays a role as well. http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2002-03/09podur-shalom.cfm

USEFUL SUSTAINER LINKS YOUR ACCOUNT INFORMATION ZNET'S TOP PAGE ZNet DAILY ZINE PAGE COMMENTARY AUTHORS ... SUSTAINER PROGRAM FEEDBACK CUSTOMIZE March 09, 2002 Shalom Interviews Podur / Colombia By Justin Podur and Stephen Shalom Steve Shalom. The New York Times ran a story on February 25 by Juan Forero titled "Colombian Rebels Sabotage Peace Hopes." Perhaps you can address some of the questions raised by the article. Let me begin, however, by asking about the political program and values of the guerrilla group, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Latin America has some guerrilla movements, like the Zapatistas in Chiapas, Mexico, who have been an inspiration to North American leftists, and others, like Shining Path in Peru, that are strongly condemned by North American leftists. Where would you place FARC on this continuum? Justin Podur. It is important to understand the FARC's roots. The FARC have their origins in peasant self-defense organizations. They grew out of a fight for survival, against the incursions of the state and against the mercenaries the landlords would hire to displace and kill them. That state-mercenary alliance evolved into the paramilitary forces of today, and the peasant self-defense groups evolved into the guerrilla insurgency. That's still the base of the FARC, I think peasants who are fighting for survival. Any solution to the conflict has to deal with this question: if people have no option but to fight with arms for survival, then they will fight with arms for survival.

32. History (non-U.S.) Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 295286054 Lecturing/Research TwentiethCenturycolombian history; colombian history of the 1990s National University http://www.cies.org/usdir00/Hist21.htm

History (non-U.S.) Atkinson, Ronald R. Associate Professor, Department of History, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 Research: Becoming Bagwere: The Development of a Bagwere Identity in Eastern Uganda, ca.1675-1995 Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda September 2000 - April 2001 Bay, Edna G. Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Lecturing/Research: Gender in Africa; The Cultures of Post- Emancipation African Immigrants to Nineteenth-Century Jamaica University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica January 2001 - May 2001 Brown, Leon Carl

33. Social Studies Sociales covers the understanding of the economy, government and laws of Cali,Valle, and colombia, and of precolombian history and native Indian cultures. http://www.colegiobolivar.edu.co/Social_studies_dept/social_studies.htm

Home Up Science Math ... Spanish [ Social Studies ] PE Computers Music Art General Objectives Preprimary The social studies program is the basis for instruction in K-4 and K-5. Concepts in math, language, science, and the Life Curriculum are built on the various units of the social studies program. The curriculum is constantly revised as are the ways in which student progress is assessed. Parents' input is encouraged and is often made part of the educational process. In preprimary the program allows the children to progress and master objectives as they mature and explore their environment. The teachers closely monitor the students' progress in the given curriculum objectives Primary Starting from the 2nd grade, the minimal requirement for social studies is three 45 min. periods a week. "Sociales" is taught by a specialist, independently from social studies, during 19 periods a year. Social studies encompasses the study of ecology (water, air, soil, and recycling) integrated with science; of basic geography (with emphasis on map skills), of geographical features and of native American cultures. ""Sociales" covers the understanding of the economy, government and laws of Cali, Valle, and colombia, and of pre-Colombian history and native Indian cultures Social studies and "sociales" teachers complement their teaching with readings, field trips, reports, and art projects. Students observation (anecdotal), tests, and quizzes are frequent means of evaluation.

34. Bienal - Official Artists - Colombia - José Alejandro Restrepo historical issues integrating them within a specific space and tries to unravel whatis the role of myths in the nonofficial colombian history, replacing them http://www.uol.com.br/23bienal/paises/ipco.htm

Quiasma 1995. Video installation Quiasma (detail) 1995. Video installation José Alejandro Restrepo by Maria Elvira Ardila Room for Resistance We could say that Jose Alejandro Restrepo is the most important video-artist of Colombian fine arts. He was one of the first artists to explore this media due to his personal interest in the multiple and complex relationships between image, sound, music and the position of the body. The artist has shown fine intellectual skills and sensitivity in his work, together with a rigor in his research and a keen erudition. In his video installations he includes historical issues integrating them within a specific space and tries to unravel what is the role of myths in the nonofficial Colombian history, replacing them in their context so as to insert them again in our environment. Works like Anaconda (1993), Musa Paradisiaca (1994), Iconomia (1996) and Quiasma (1995), which will be shown at the Bienal internacionalde São Paulo fills out the most disembodied and even rude myths that exist in our social context. Restrepo re-creates the Amazonian myth: The Anaconda called the "Unending Serpent" by the hitoto indians. In the drawings on the skin of the Mother Anaconda is written all her history as well as that of the xamãs, the only ones that master the knowledge that allows them to interpret the myths. Thus, the artist tries to rewrite our history using a technological media: the serpent folds and unfolds itself on the screens of the monitors.

35. The Sacramento Bee -- Sacbee.com -- Colombian Paramilitary Leader Denies Terrori Radio. The AUC has been blamed for some of the bloodiest massacres incolombian history in its fight against leftist rebels. Castano http://www.sacbee.com/24hour/world/story/750237p-5433476c.html

Some features on this site require that JavaScript be turned on. Newsletters Site Map Subscribe to the Print Edition Traffic ... Search Archives or News Sports Business Politics ... Yellow Pages Sacbee: 24-Hour News / World Powered by: accessBee Internet for just $13.95 Sections: 24-HOUR NEWS Top News State National World 24-HOUR BUSINESS Business State Business Stocks Technology 24-HOUR POLITICS Politics 24-HOUR OPINION Opinion 24-HOUR SPORTS Sports State Sports Iditarod NASCAR ... NCAA/Brackets 24-HOUR LIFESTYLE Books Reviews Health/Science 24-HOUR MOVIES/ETC Movies Music TV SPECIAL SECTIONS Columbia Disaster Terrorism Laci Peterson Lottery Numbers ... War With Iraq Colombian paramilitary leader denies terrorist activities The Associated Press BOGOTA, Colombia (AP) - The leader of Colombia's largest paramilitary group said Tuesday he will not go to the United States to face drug charges as long as he is labeled a terrorist there. Carlos Castano, head of the right-wing United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, is accused of exporting 17 tons of cocaine into the United States and Europe since 1997. The group is on the State Department's list of terrorist organizations. "I am not a terrorist, and I have no way to defend myself against that crime," Castano told Caracol Radio.

36. Colombian Terrorists Disrupt Inauguration, Kill 15 was taking place. For security reasons, and for the first time incolombian history, the ceremony was held behind closed doors. http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/8/7/183555.shtml

focusIN Specialty Web Network April 04, 2003 Making Headlines: French, US Media Report on NewsMax Boycott Home Late-Night Jokes Archives ... More Inside Cover Stories Click Here Click Here Click Here Click Here NewsMax Top 10 Hottest Sellers February 11, 2003 The USS Bush Hat Off-the-Record with Gen. Singlaub and Adm. Moorer The Bible Code II The Last Jihad ... VISIT OUR STORE New items all the time Colombian Terrorists Disrupt Inauguration, Kill 15 NewsMax.com Wires Thursday, Aug. 8, 2002 BOGOTA, Colombia – Explosions erupted Wednesday in the capital as Alvaro Uribe was sworn in as president. The blasts killed at least 15 people and injured dozens more. The attacks were believed to be carried out by Colombia's largest guerrilla group, the leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC. FARC has declared Uribe a military objective and had threatened to disrupt his inauguration. However, there was no immediate claim of blame. The new president has pledged to double the size of the armed forces and defeat the left-wing guerrillas militarily unless they declare a cease-fire and begin peace talks. The attacks were timed to coincide with the moment when Uribe took the presidential oath. Guerrillas fired rockets at the presidential palace and set off car bombs and other explosive devices, including a gas cylinder rigged as a bomb, in locations around downtown.

37. Mexico: Art History / Ancient Cultures Historia (INAH). es México Desconocido precolombian history Numeroustexts with images, sorted according to cultures. In addition http://www.universes-in-universe.de/america/mex/e_hisalt.htm

Mexico Art History Ancient Cultures To the regions: click on the map Codices Publications INAH [es] Numerous texts with images, sorted according to cultures. In addition, on the web site of the magazine: Museums and archeological areas; historical sites and centres. [en, es Archaeology - Mexico Resources Archaeological locations, university programs, current researchers, cultural history, geography and maps. Published by About Old pages, including: - active image map, facts and information, chronological tables. Possible searches include: Culturas : Gulf Coast of Mexico, Oaxaca, Occident, Mayan area, the North, Central Altiplano Lugares Fechas : epochs - the first Mexicans, Preclassical, Classical, Epiclassical, Postclassical. [es] Culturas Precolombinas [en, es] Gods of Ancient Mexico. Exhibition with approximately 200 works in the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso. The website has very good images and offers an overview on pre-Hispanic art and culture. [es] Mesoamerican Archaeology WWW Page Academic sources, links, software, reports, texts on topics including Mesoamerican and pre-Columbian archaeology. [es] Contains an extensive link directory on the cultures of ancient Mexico. Part of: Art History Resources on the Web, published by Chris Witcombe.

38. DEA History, 1990 - 1994 28 guards were later charged with aiding and abetting Escobar's break out. For17 months, Escobar was the target of the largest manhunt in colombian history. http://www.dea.gov/deamuseum/1990_1994.htm

A Tradition of Excellence During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Americans considered the drug issue a major concern, and public awareness about drug trafficking and drug abuse increased significantly. The media had provided the American people with critical information about the damage caused by drugs. President George Bush began immediately to focus national efforts on a comprehensive drug enforcement strategy that targeted both supply and demand reduction. On one hand, his strategy called for the DEA and other federal agencies to work with our counterparts overseas and at home to reduce the supply of drugs in the country. At the same time, complementary efforts were directed at reducing the demand for drugs through prevention, education, and treatment, including a comprehensive advertising program launched by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America. Pablo Escobar "Wanted" poster with faces crossed out signifying that he and his entourage had been killed. Cocaine and crack remained the number one drug challenge facing law enforcement, and the Colombian cartels and their cells were firmly entrenched in virtually every U.S. city and in many countries around the globe. Both the Medellin Cartel and the Cali mafia had a devastating impact on U.S. communities. In the Northeast, especially the New York area, the Cali mafia had quietly established a network of cells to carry out all of the mafia's various tasks involving the shipment of cocaine, its storage, communications between Colombia and the United States, and the return of profits to Colombia. The Cali mafia sent armies of surrogates into the United States to ensure that the cocaine business was run smoothly and profitably.

39. UMass/History: Jane M. Rausch She is the author of Colombia Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier (1999);The Llanos Frontier in colombian history, 18301930 (1993); and A Tropical http://www.umass.edu/history/faculty/rausch.html

Quick Links Calendar Undergrad Courses Grad Courses Undergrad advising SPIRE Website Course websites Office hours Writing page NEH Summer Institute History News Network Home Undergraduate Graduate Research ... Office hours Faculty profiles Jane M. Rausch PREVIOUS PROFILE NEXT PROFILE Professor Graduate Program Director Office: Herter 721 Telephone: (413) 545-6763 Fax: (413) 545-6137 E-mail: jrausch@history.umass.edu Degree: Ph.D., University of Wisconsin (1969). Field(s) of interest: Latin America. Research Interests and Professional Activities Professor Rausch has written extensively on the Colombian frontier. Her article, "Forgotten Comuneros: The 1781 Revolt in the Llanos of Casanare," won the 1981 Robertson Prize for the best article to appear in the Hispanic American Historical Review . She is the author of Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier The Llanos Frontier in Colombian History, 1830-1930

40. Eye On The Empire By Alan Bock Accusing the FARC of being drug traffickers is grossly unfair, and shows thatyou have no knowledge of colombian history other than what has been in the US http://www.antiwar.com/bock/b081299.html

August 12, 1999 COLOMBIAN CLARIFICATIONS (OR CONFUSIONS) I got two kinds of responses to my comments last week on Drug Czar Barry McCaffrey’s efforts to stir up a rationale for more intensive U.S. intervention into the ongoing insurgency-cum-narco-trafficking crisis in Colombia. One type came from a fellow whose e-mail address suggested he was a retired military officer was indignant: “FARC political insurgency? Try Marxist-Terrorist insurgency, bent on the violent overthrow of the democratically elected government of Colombia.” Speaking of his Colombian wife, the fellow also writes: “At one time she saw the FARC as a business. But with 35,000 Colombians now dead at their hands, she knows it’s a very deadly business indeed.” Alan Bock is Senior Essayist at the Orange County Register and a weekly columnist for WorldNetDaily . He is the author of Ambush at Ruby Ridge (Putnam-Berkley, 1995). His exclusive column now appears every Thursday on Antiwar.com.

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