21. Famous Scots clapperton, hugh (1788 1827) Classic explorer, sought and detailed account of clapperton'sExplorations. 1873) Missionary and african explorer, discovered the http://www.gulftel.com/ryoung/scot.htm

Famous Scots Abercromby, Ralph (1734 - 1801) British army general, helped to reform the army after the American Revolution. Adam, Robert (1728 - 1792) An outstanding architect and designer who worked in his family firm. He had a profound influence on building and inspired his successors with his neoclassical designs of grace. Robert became architect to George III, and designed a number of important mansions. He is buried in Westminster Abbey. Alexander, William (1826-1894) Author, born in Chapel of Garioch, Aberdeenshire. His works: Johnny Gibb of Gushetneuk (1871); Sketches of Life Among my Ain Folk (1875); Notes and Sketches (1876); Twenty-Five Years: a Personal Retrospect (1878); with J. G. Mackie: Memoir of the Late Andrew Jervie, (1879); Mrs Garden: a Memorial Sketch (1887); The Making of Aberdeenshire (1888); The Laird of Drammochdyle (1986); Rural Life in Victorian Aberdeenshire (1992); My Uncle The Baillie (1995). Alexander III (1241 - 1286) Born in Roxburgh, the only son of Alexander II and Marie de Coucy, he gained the throne, in 1249, at the tender age of eight and was inaugurated at SconeKing of Scots, direct descendant of the first Scots king, Kenneth MacAlpin. He Ruled in a 'golden age' of Scottish sovereignty. When asked by the Bishop of Norwich, at the coronation of Edward I (Longshanks) to pay homage for Scotland as well as his lands held in England, Alexander replied that he would willingly give homage to Edward for the lands held in England, but with regard to Scotland, he bravely replied, "'

22. About Me Beer Bohemia clarinetist/composer (5th clarinet flap) 1759 Charles Duquesnoy composer1788 hugh clapperton Annan Scotland, african explorer 1797 Frederik http://sunndoggy8.tripod.com/SUNNDOGGY/id23.html

document.isTrellix = 1; Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated Who? About Me HOME Life Philosophy Poetry Page About Me My Writing My Reviews Pictures Artistic Pictures ... CONTACT ME Name: Sunny Age: 22 Location: New Jersey Favorite Color: Green What's in my stereo right now: The new U2 and Dave Matthews Band Cd's. And in my car I have my own Napster Mix. Number of CD's I own: Over 300 Number of serious knee injurys I have had: 4...yes 4! Biggest Fear: Clowns, Monkeys, Bugs, and any type of combination of the three. Roller Coasters used to be in there too, but no longer. Favorite Food: Spagetti Interests/Goals: Being me, and someday taking over the world with some sort of diabolical scheme...:) Hey, there are some famous people who have my birthday! 1692 Joseph Butler Wantage Berkshire, theologian 1711 Ruggiero G Boscovich [Rudzer J Boskovic], Italian astronomer 1744 Joseph Beer Bohemia clarinetist/composer (5th clarinet flap) 1759 Charles Duquesnoy composer 1788 Hugh Clapperton Annan Scotland, African explorer 1797 Frederik Augustus II King of Saxon (1836-54) 1798 Ethan Allen Hitchcock Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1870

23. PARK at once drawn up for the african Association by the Niger to ascertain the fate ofthe explorer. confirmed by the investigations of hugh clapperton and Richard http://48.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PA/PARK.htm

document.write(""); PARK was the cause of a long and bitter controversy, metaphysical rather than doctrinal, with Charles Hodge. Some of Park’s sermons were published in 1885, under the title Discourses on Some Theological Doctrines as Related to the Religious Cliarader. With Austin Phelps and Lowell Mason he prepared Tile Sabbath Hymn Book (1858). See Professor Park and His Pupils (Boston, 1899), a memorial of his 90th birthday, with articles by R. S. Storrs, G. R. W. Scott, Joseph Cook, G. Frederick Wright and others. PARK, MUNGO (1771—1806?), Scottish explorer of the Niger, was born in Selkirkshire, Scotland, on the 20th of September 1771, at Foulshiels on the Yarrow—the farm which his father rented from the duke of Buccleuch. He was the seventh in a family of thirteen. Having received a good education, he was apprenticed’ to a surgeon named Thomas Anderson in Selkirk, and then attended the university of Edinburgh for three sessions (I 789—1791), obtaining the surgical diploma. By his brother-in-law, James Dickson, a botanist of repute, he was introduced to Sir Joseph Banks, then president of the Royal Society, and through his good offices obtained the post of assistant-surgeon on board the “Worcester” East Indiaman. In this capacity he made the voyage in 1792 to Benkulen, in Sumatra, and on his return in 1793 he contributed a description of eight new Sumatran fishes to the Transactions of the Linnean Society. Settling at Foulshiels, Park in August 1799 married a daughter of his old master, Thomas Anderson. Two offers made to him to go to N~w South Wales in some official capacity came to nothing, and in October I8o1 Park removed to Peebles, where he practised as a doctor. In the autumn of 1803 he was invited by the government to lead another expedition to the Niger. Park, who chafed at the hardness and monotony of life at Peebles, accepted the offer, but the starting of the expedition was delayed. Part of the waiting time was occupied in the perfecting of his Arabic—his teacher being Sidi Ambak Bubi, a native of Mogador; whose vagaries both amused and alarmed the people of Peebles. In May 1804 Park went back to Foulshiels, where he made the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott

24. Lander History In 1825 the Scottish explorer hugh clapperton hired Lander as his clapperton diedwhile they were still in the for this major achievement in african exploration http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~rlander/Lander history.html

Home Lander/Kavanagh Hickmott/Lavin "Lander" the name ... Our Kavanaghs "Lander" the Name Lander Coat of Arms (or Blazon of Arms) Described as: "Paly of eight Sable and Or, a fesse Gules" which means eight pales or vertical stripes coloured black and gold plus a red horizontal stripe through the middle. The paly denoted military strength and courage and bestowed on defenders of the state in ancient times. The fesse is the military belt or girdle of honour. It is important to note that being a Lander is no proof that we can claim the blazon as ours. There has been no effort to trace back to the original recipient of the blazon. If it was granted long enough ago then most Landers may be able to claim it. There is another coat of arms for Lander. This is Lander of St. Ives, Cornwall. As our Thomas Lander came from Derby, it can be discounted. Lander Crest Described as "A hand issuing from a cloud holding a sword wavy all Proper" The hand is the pledge of Faith, Sincerity and Justice. All proper simply means coloured the normal colour of a sword ie blue or silver. Lander name derivation England is the Country of origin for the name Lander. The name includes the spelling variables Launder, Lavender, Landor and Launders and are derived from the occupation of a person.- one who may have washed and bleached flax, cloth or wool etc. A launderer. In the old Norman French a washer man or woman was a lavandier or lavandiere. (Defined as such in Middle English Dictionary around 1325) The name Landers is simply the son of Lander. However some researchers indicate the name Lander may be of Danish or Germanic origin. The Anglo Saxon origin Landweard is a possibility, meaning a landwarden.

25. May 18 Beer, Bohemia clarinetist/composer (5th clarinet flap) In 1759, Charles Duquesnoy,composer In 1788, hugh clapperton, Annan Scotland, african explorer In 1797 http://www.dailyalmanacs.com/almanac2/may/0518.html

On May 18... 138th day of year with 227 days left (Numerology = 5) Happy Birthday to: In 1692, Joseph Butler, Wantage Berkshire, theologian In 1711, Ruggiero G Boscovich, [Rudzer J Boskovic], Italian astronomer In 1744, Joseph Beer, Bohemia clarinetist/composer (5th clarinet flap) In 1759, Charles Duquesnoy, composer In 1788, Hugh Clapperton, Annan Scotland, African explorer In 1797, Frederik Augustus II, King of Saxon (1836-54) In 1798, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1870 In 1815, Thomas Stanhope Bocock, rep (Confederacy), died in 1891 In 1817, James William Denver, Brig General (Union volunteers), died in 1892 In 1819, Julius Hopp, composer In 1830, Karl Goldmark, Keszthely Hungary, composer (Sakuhtala) In 1836, Isidor Vorobchievici, composer In 1836, Wilhelm Steinitz, Austria, world chess champion (1866-94) In 1850, Oliver Heaviside, London, physicist (predicted ionosphere) In 1854, Bernard Zweers, Dutch composer (To my Fatherland) In 1862, Freiherr Albert von Schrenk-Notzing, German para-psychologist

26. Portuguese Investigate Africa' Shelby County Ohio Historical Society Bruce, Mungo Park, Martin Liechtenstein, hugh clapperton, Richard and the foundingof the african Association in 1788 by the American journalist/explorer Henry M http://www.shelbycountyhistory.org/schs/blackhistory/portuguese.htm

With the exploits of Prince Henry the Navigator in the 1400s, Portugal was the first European country to go beyond the known limits of northern Africa, exploring the lower west coast and returning to Portugal with captured slaves and other riches. In 1442, the Portuguese began a trade that would not end until the 1800s; producing gold and slaves for the country. However, the Portuguese did not invent slavery. It dates back to the ancient Greeks keeping slaves, and Moses leading the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt. With the founding of the African Association in 1788, many of these white explorers traveled throughout Africa under the auspices of this and other respected associations. The most famous and enduring of these illustrious explorers was the internationally renowned David Livingstone whose activities in the deepest regions of the continent proved invaluable in the mapping of Africa’s interior. His most famous recorded meeting, after the outside world had received no news of his whereabouts and feared for his safety, came when he was found by the American journalist/explorer Henry M. Stanley, whose infamous words on meeting Livingstone, " Dr. Livingstone, I presume?,"

27. 1822AD 206. CANBY, Edmund *H478. clapperton, hugh (17881827) african explorer*H506,D57. 1822 to 1825 and 1826 to 1827. Matthews Records http://diarysearch.com/bibliography/1822ad.htm

Search the Bibliography of Diaries Back Bibliography Home Browse Next ... Click her for details of the new enlarged edition on CD-ROM AD ANONYMOUS, "Committee" of American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy of Middletown, Connecticut A243 a) June 1822 Matthews: School travel journal; excursion made by cadets of the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy, under Capt. Alden Partridge; from Norwich, Vermont, to Concord, New Hampshire, via Enfield and Salisbury, and return through Hopkinton, Hillsborough, and Newport; notes on countryside, drills, etc. A Journal of an Excursion Concord, New Hampshire, 1822, 38 pp. b) November 1826 Matthews: School travel journal; from Middletown, Connecticut, to Poughkeepsie, West Point, and New York City. Journal of an Excursion Middletown, Connecticut, 1826, 22 pp. c) December 1826 Matthews: School travel journal; from Middletown to Washington, D.C.

28. ABUJA MIRROR HOME PAGE The Scottish explorer, hugh clapperton, had told his countrymen during his visitto d. Christians, Muslims and followers of traditional african Religions who http://www.n-today.ndtilda.co.uk/mpersp155.htm

ABUJA MIRROR: MARCH 22-28, 2000 PERSPECTIVE Using religion to build a cohesive Nigeria By Zubair Mahmud Kazaure In deciding to promote the Sharia, the states of Zamfara, Sokoto and Kano are not doing anything new. Islam (and therefore, the Sharia) reached Nigeria in 10th Century, spreading gradually first among the ruling classes, then to the people in the urban areas and finally to the countryside. The Sharia was reinforced by the 1804 Fulani-led revolution or jihad staged to restore discipline and moral conduct within the Hausa-Fulani communities. The stiff resistance including armed struggle, encountered by Britain when it started its occupation of former Northern Nigeria at the turn of the century, was partly due to the fear that the colonising power planned to force the people to abandon Islam. To their credit, the British stood by their promise not to attempt to end Islamic practices. In fact, their application of Indirect Rule that is ruling through local chiefs ensured that in the colonial days a modified form of the Sharia was administered by Emirs and Kadis (judges)a in lower courts under close supervision in some civil and criminal cases involving Muslims only. The same jurisdiction was accorded to non-Muslim Customary Courts. The British Common Law was simultaneously administered in lower and higher courts. The jurisdiction of the Sharia and the Customary Law Courts was increased with time. Under the 1900 Native Court Proclamation, the Sharia and Customary Courts were not allowed to inflict death penalty. The 1906 Native Court Proclamation gave those Sharia Courts presided over by the Emirs unlimited civil and criminal jurisdiction, including homicide cases punishable with death.

29. [000705] Haggard, H 000771 Murray, hugh Jameson routes of Park, and of Denham and clapperton; and thirteen Biographyof Carl Mauch, african explorer, together with extracts from http://www.abcbook.co.za/B.htm

Haggard, H.R. Finished. London 1917. Pp. 320, frontispiece. Allan Quatermain novel set in Zululand during the Anglo-Zulu War. Haggard puts a lot of personal knowledge into the book which makes it read as "faction". Covers rubbed, corners worn, some marks in the text. $50.00 SOLD Hall, A.L. The geology of the Pilgrims Rest gold mining district. Pretoria: Transvaal Mines Department, 1910. Wrapper. Pp. 158, plates, diagrams, folding cross-sections. Geological survey, memoir no. 5. Many of the photos are of now defunct gold mines. Spine frayed, lower wrapper detached. $42.00 SOLD Hall, A.L. The geology of the Barberton gold mining district, including adjoining portions of northern Swaziland. Hall, D.O.W. The New Zealanders in South Africa, 1899-1902. Wellington, New Zealand 1949. . Pp. 97, photo-plates, folding maps. History of the New Zealand soldiers part in the Anglo-Boer War in Orange Free State and Transvaal. Spine slightly frayed, book-plate on end-page, no dust jacket, good+ Hamilton, Nigel

30. Scots And Scots Descendants - C of Cameron’s Surgical Specialty Company in Chicago and achieved a bit of fame forhis african big game clapperton, hugh (1788-1827) explorer who along http://www.chicago-scots.org/clubs/History/names-C.htm

Caird, George S. - (b. 1854). Born in Kincardineshire, Scotland. In Scotland he learned the trade of marble and stone cutting and was employed in various jobs in Scotland. In 1882, he came to Lake View Township, Cook County, Illinois and was employed by J. H. Anderson. Caird became the general manager for J. H. Anderson who was a dealer in marble at Rose Hill. He married Miss Catharine Kay of Scotland and they had three children, James, Maggie J. and George S., Jr. Caird, James - Died August 1, 1897; buried at Rose Hill Cemetery, Section E, Chicago, IL, by the Illinois St. Andrew Society. Cairns-Smith, Graham (Dr.) - A Glasgow University scientist, he originated the "clay life" hypothesis in the 1960's, proposing that life originated in clay rather than in the sea. Discoveries by scientists in California in 1985 proved that clay has the capacity to store and transfer energy, lending support to the theory.14 Calder, Alexander - (1898-1976) Son of Alexander Sterling and grand-son of Alexander Milne Calder, he has been described as "the outstanding creative mind of the 20 th century" and "the most acclaimed American artist." As the originator of the mobile, Alexander was the only artist in this century to create and practice his own art form.14

31. DUMFRIES-GALLOWAY-L: Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon Ca. 1812-1818 Practically next door to the Irvings lived George clapperton, surgeon. George's son hugh was a famous african explorer, who went in search of the http://newsarch.rootsweb.com/th/read/DUMFRIES-GALLOWAY/2001-06/0991769785

DUMFRIES-GALLOWAY-L Archives From: Subject: Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 Date: Tue, 05 Jun 2001 21:37:35 +0200 References: http://members.aol.com/johnf14246/internet.html This thread: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by RE: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by RE: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by REV DR CRIRIE by RootsWeb is funded and supported by Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Learn more. About Us Contact Us Acceptable Use Policy ... Privacy Statement

32. Explorer "C" Bruce, James (1730 1794) explorer, spoke in many languages clapperton, hugh (1788 - 1827) Classic explorer, sought the source and detailed account of clapperton's Explorations http://pms.dadeschools.net/explorer_c.htm

Palmetto Middle School Palmetto Middle School Explorer "C" (Spain, 1490?-1556) People in the West - Cabeza de Vaca (translation of De Vaca's own story) (different site) Windows to the Unknown (various articles) The Journey of Cabeza de Vaca The Estevanico Society Giovanni Caboto (better known as John Cabot , Venice (born in Genova), ca.1450-1498?) 1497: In English service crosses the Atlantic, and discovers North America, probably at or near Newfoundland. 1498: Makes a second voyage to North America, of which little is known. According to some sources explores the American coast from Baffin Island to Chesapeake Bay, according to others is lost without a trace. John Cabot - where was Cabot's first landfall? Matthew Site Home Page Patent Granted by King Henry VII to John Cabot and his Sons The John Day Letter The Pasqualigo Letter ... Sebastian Cabot (born as Sebastiano Caboto , Venice, 1476?-1557) 1497: Likely to have joined his father John Cabot on his first voyage. 1508-9: Explores the coast of North America, looking for the northwest passage. Might have discovered or even sailed Hudson Strait. 1553: Governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers (later known as Muscovy Company), which sends out expeditions to find the northeast passage and starts trade with Russia.

33. AIM25: School Of Oriental And African Studies: Bovill, Edward William included Caravans of the Old Sahara, 1930; East african Agriculture, 1950 of FriedrichHornemann, Mungo Park, Dixon Denham, hugh clapperton, Alexander Gordon http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=90&inst_id=19

34. Discoverers Web Contents The medieval period; The african coast; The Portuguese empire. Jacques Cartier(AE); Richard Chancellor (AE); Aleksei Chirikov (RH); hugh clapperton (LR); http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/pages.html

Pages on Discoverers Web See the Index for a number of special pages. Periods and regions (extensive) The first explorers Phoenicia and Carthage Greek explorers The Roman period ... The Portuguese empire Periods and regions (link collection only) North and Central America South America Asia Africa ... Non-western explorers Pages on single explorers Juan Bautista de Anza (DG) (AE) Alexandr Baranov (RH) Heinrich Barth (LR) John Biscoe (AE) Olivier Brunel (AE + RH) Robert O'Hara Burke (AE) John Cabot (AE) Sebastian Cabot (GL) Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (AE) (AE) (RH) Jacques Cartier (AE) Richard Chancellor (AE) Aleksei Chirikov (RH) Hugh Clapperton (LR) The Columbus links page Niccolo di Conti (RH) James Cook links page Simon de Cordes (AE) (AE) Francisco de Coronado (AE) (RH) William Dampier (AE) Antoine de Bruni D'Entrecasteaux (LR) Semen Dezhnev (RH) Gil Eannes (RH) Luke Foxe (AE) Dionisio Alcala Galiano (RH) Robert Gray (AE) James Augustus Grant (AE) Juan de Grijalva (AE) Henry the Navigator (AE) Hamilton Hume (GL) Thomas James (AE) Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada (RH) Louis Jolliet (AE) Henry Kelsey (AE) (AE + GL) Jacques Mahu (AE) Jacques Marquette (AE) (LR) Carsten Niebuhr (RH) Odorico of Pordenone (RH) Francisco de Orellana (RH) (AE) William Penn (AE) Vicente Pinzon (RH) Nikolai Przhevalski (AE) Pytheas (AE) Matthijs Quast (AE) Pedro Fernandez de Quiros (RH) (RH) Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (RH) John Hanning Speke (AE) Luis Vaez de Torres (RH) George Vancouver (AE) Cayetano Valdes and Dionisio Alcala Galiano (RH) Ludovico di Varthema (LR) Giovanni da Verrazzano (AE)

35. Exploring Africa - Island 4 Dixon Denham; hugh clapperton, 17881827; and Walter Oudney and Central Africa fromDenham, clapperton, and Lander army officer with the Royal african Corps in http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/sccoll/africa/africa4.html

Exploring Africa Island 4: West Africa, the Niger, and the Quest for Timbuktu Mungo Park, 1771-1806; James Rennell, 1742-1830 Travels in the interior districts of Africa : performed under the direction and patronage of the African Association, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797. By Mungo Park, surgeon. With an appendix containing geographical illustrations of Africa. By Major Rennell 3rd ed. London: W. Bulmer, 1799. Bookplate of Louis D. Tiemann. Donated from the library of Alfred Chapin Rogers by Mrs. Elizabeth F. Pyne. Mungo Park, 1771-1806; James Rennell, 1742-1830 Travels in the interior districts of Africa: performed under the direction and patronage of the African association, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797; by Mungo Park, surgeon: with an appendix, containing geographical illustrations of Africa: by Major Rennell Philadelphia: from the London quarto edition by James Humphreys: And Sold by him, at No. 106, South Side of Market-Street, 1800. Signature of Thomas McGehee, 1810. It is noteworthy that this first American edition of Mungo Park's Travels was printed in Philadelphia, perhaps because of links to the English Quaker involvement in the anti-slavery movement. Donated by Dr. D. Strother Pope.

36. Explorers Baker, Sir Samuel, 1821 1893, English, Explored african interior; discoveredand named Lake Albert Nyanza. clapperton, hugh, 1788 - 1827, Scottish, First http://www.geocities.com/Axiom43/explorers.html

Some Well known Explorers. Name First Names Lived Nationality Area Explored Burke Robert O'Hara Irish Crossed Australia from south to north. Cook James British Sailed right round New Zealand; landed at point on Australia which he named New South Wales; first to cross the Antarctic Circle; discovered New Caledonia Norfolk Island, Cook or Hervey Islands and South Georgia; explored Easter Island, the Marqesas and the Tonga Islands; rediscovered Sandwich Islands. (Hawaii); surveyed both sides of the Bering Strait. Dampier William English Sailed round Cape of Good Hope to Australia; landed at Shark Bay on west coast; explored as far as Dampier Archipelago. Flinders Matthew English Explored entire south coast of Australia from Cape Leeuwin to Bass Strait; charted east coast of Australia and Gulf of Carpentaria. Forrest John Australian Led coastal expedition from Perth to Adelaide.

37. Africa: Philadelphia Rare Books The Bight of Benin to Soccatoo clapperton, hugh. tables, and a list of clapperton'sArabic manuscripts colored landscape of the South african grasslands, with http://www.prbm.com/interest/africa.shtml

AFRICA Genesis For the Bible Society of Malta Bible. O.T. Genesis. Arabic. 1821. Risius North Africa . The text is that of the Roman Bible of 1671, done by Sergius Risius, the Maronite Catholic Archbishop of Damascus, for the benefit of the numerous Arabic-speaking Christians living under Ottoman rule. Uncommon: We found only one other copy, searching RLIN, OCLC, and NUC Pre-1956 Provenance A French View of "Medieval" Africa Cardonne, [Denis Dominique]. Histoire de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne sous la domination des Arabes.... Paris: Chez Saillant, 1765. 12mo. 3 vols. "The Bight of Benin to Soccatoo Clapperton, Hugh. The Journal 's appendix contains such diverse information as short word lists of the Yoruba and Fellatah languages, meteorological tables, and a list of Clapperton's Arabic manuscripts. The engraved plan shows the course of the Kowara or Quarra River. With Lithos Gamitto, A[ntonio] C[andido] P[edroso]. lacking the map yet a sound and otherwise decent copy. The Protestant Version Geddes, Michael.

38. WebPulaaku/Sokoto/H.A.S. Johnston/The Fulani Empire Of Sokoto/Sultan Bello: The and kindly man with whom the explorer was able to end of the Napoleonic wars the AfricanAssociation resumed hugh clapperton, the son of a good family from the http://www.pulaaku.net/defte/hasJohnston/ch11.html

webPulaaku Sokoto H.A.S. Johnston. The Fulani Empire of Sokoto London. Ibadan. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. 1967. 312 p. Chapter Eleven On Shehu 's death in 1817 the Empire, which for some time had, in effect, been divided into two parts and governed separately by Bello and Abdullahi , was formally partitioned between Sokoto, and Gwandu. In Sokoto, therefore, Bello succeeded as the second Sarkin Musulmi and the first Sultan. The accounts of Bello that have survived give us a fair idea of his appearance and bearing. The explorer Clapperton , when he met him eight years later, described him as a noble-looking man, forty-four years of age although much younger in appearance, five feet ten inches high, portly in person, with a short curling beard, a small mouth, a Grecian nose, and large black eyes . Another eye-witness, who was probably speaking of him in a later period of life, said that, though beginning to go bald, he had a thick beard and a ruddy complexion and that when he appeared in public he was always veiled, in the Tuareg manner, with a fold of his turban drawn across the lower part of his face To the office of Waziri, or chief minister

39. WebPulaaku/History/D. Robinson/Holy War Of Umar Tal/From Pilgrimage To Jihaad the eyes of Umar's West african constituency, occurred Paul Soleillet, the Frenchexplorer who journeyed tradition derives from hugh clapperton's reference to http://www.pulaaku.net/defte/dRobinson/pt2ch3.html

webPulaaku History David Robinson. The Holy War of Umar Tal: the Western Sudan in the mid-nineteenth century Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1985. 420 pages Chapter 3 From Pilgrimage to Jihaad It is conventional to begin descriptions of Islamic movements with biographical sketches of their leaders. This norm operates at the level of the primary internal sources and in much of the secondary literature. I have minimized that approach because of my focus on the jihaad and the constituencies that sustained it. For that reason I placed what is known about Umar's childhood in Chapter 2 . But there is a more compelling argument for starting this chapter with Tijaniyya affiliation and pilgrimage: it was to these credentials that Umar and his followers traced his authority. The Tal family was not very important. Futa Toro was a fragmented state that had left its days of glory behind. The basis for a distinguished career on the West African Islamic stage would have to come from another direction. Umar and the internal chroniclers, in recognition of this fact, begin their sustained story in the 1820s. That story starts in the obscurity of a little known scholar and pilgrim. It gathers momentum on the return from Mecca as savannah Muslims respond and form the cohort of support which Umar had never known before. It is from this time that the sources become more abundant and the picture of events more detailed.

40. Travel Intelligence | Hovering Through Africa By Robin Hanbury-Tenison hugh clapperton, Walter Oudney and Major Dixon Denham managed to cross left to RichardLander, who buried clapperton on a As far as I know, no african or South http://www.travelintelligence.net/wsd/articles/art_1770.html

Other Features on: Chad Exploration Hovering through Africa By Robin Hanbury-Tenison As is usual with so many modern expeditions, the main problems were logistical. I was sent out to do a recce of some of the route, which went from Dakar in Senegal via Timbuktu, the River Niger in Mali, the Benue in Nigeria and Cameroon, through Chad, the Central African Republic and the Congo (now Zaire) before reaching the Atlantic again at Matadi, and to obtain the necessary political clearances... Print story E-mail story Feedback The Geographical Magazine Amazonas Expedition of 1968, which traveled through Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela, had set a world record for the longest hovercraft journey at 3000 km. In October 1969, fifteen months later, the Trans-African Hovercraft Expedition was an even more ambitious affair, planning to more than double that distance and travel 8000 km. This was achieved, although sections of the route were covered loaded on a train and lorries; but little else of value came of the expedition. I had been promoted to Deputy Leader of the expedition, under David Smithers, who worked for IPC - joint publishers with the RGS of the Geographical Magazine. Prince Philip was our Patron and he shared the general enthusiasm. “I am certain [it] will bring back a mass of important new information and knowledge” he wrote. “This whole project and the immense programme of work which it entails could not be undertaken by any other craft or vehicle.” The Minister of Technology, Mr Anthony Wedgwood Benn, as he was then known, was equally supportive. He and his department gave logistical help for us to carry out research on medical and survival problems. The UNDP, FAO, ORSTOM and a host of other bodies all pitched in and the BBC sent a film crew. The Daily Mirror, part of IPC, even sent John Pilger.

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