21. Evening Standard Germ Warfare - The Facts Succinct overview of anthrax, smallpox, ebola, cholera, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, plague and botulinum. From the UK newspaper. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/dynamic/news/story.html?in_review_id=459916&in

22. Geography Education: Grades 5-8 @ Nationalgeographic.com SITE INDEX. FIGHTING cholera WITH MAPS Forward to next 58 lesson Handoutsfor this lesson Return to 5-8 Table of Contents page Snow on cholera. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/resources/ngo/education/ideas58/58cholera.html

[an error occurred while processing this directive] SITE INDEX FIGHTING CHOLERA WITH MAPS Forward to next 5-8 lesson Handouts for this lesson Return to 5-8 Table of Contents page Preview of Main Ideas Connection With the Curriculum This lesson on cholera can be used in geography, world history, and other social studies classes. Teaching Level: Grades 6-12 Geography Standards 1. How to use maps and other tools and technologies 3. How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments 17. How to apply geography to interpret the past Geography Themes: Location, Place, Human/Environment Interaction, Movement Materials One copy of each handout for each student: Overhead projector and transparency of each map (Optional) Objectives Students are expected to: Examine maps to draw conclusions about cholera deaths in London Understand how maps can provide useful information about an issue Understand how maps can be used to solve problems Opening the Lesson Developing the Lesson Concluding the Lesson Assessing Student Learning Extending the Lesson Discuss some questions that are important to medical geographers: Where are diseases found? How do diseases spread? Is there a pattern to the spread of disease? Are some diseases more common in some environments than in others? Are the locations of health-care facilities important? Are they related to patterns of disease?

23. Medicine-Worldwide: Tropenkrankheiten Darstellung vieler Tropenkrankheiten wie cholera, Ebola, Gelbfieber, Malaria und Typhus mit Empfehlungen zu Vorbeugung und Behandlung. http://www.m-ww.de/krankheiten/tropenkrankheiten/

Sie befinden sich hier: startseite krankheiten tropenkrankheiten Tropenkrankheiten ... Über uns Tropenkrankheiten, Reisemedizin, Reisekrankheiten Henri Rousseau (1844 - 1910) Impressum genannten Bitte beachten Sie auch unseren Haftungsausschluss Druckversion Bookmark setzen Diese Seite empfehlen ... NEWSLETTER

24. CPL Chicago: 1849-1855,1866-1867: Early Cholera Epidemics Chicago Historical Information. 18491855, 1866-1867 Early cholera Epidemics. Afterthe 1870's cholera ceased to be a source of mortality. cholera Deaths http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/early_cholera.html

Source: First Water Works built on the present site of the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station. Completed in February, 1854. Chicago, Ill. Dept. of Health. Annual Report 1911-1918 . p.1480. Chicago Historical Information 1849-1855, 1866-1867: Early Cholera Epidemics Severe outbreaks of cholera had been reported earlier, but accurate records are not available. In 1849 the disease was brought to the city on the emigrant boat John Drew April 29 and raged until late October. That year 678 persons died, a rate of 2,897 per 100,000. 314 died between July 25 and August 28. This is the worst death rate for any cause since Chicago began keeping health statistics. Although the germ theory of disease was still unknown, Chicago did undertake a number of sanitary improvements which markedly reduced cholera and other diseases. In the 1850's, a piped Lake Michigan water supply was introduced cutting reliance upon unsanitary wells and buckets of water from the sewage filled Chicago River . Sewers were constructed beginning in 1856 and greatly expanded after the cholera epidemic of 1866. In 1867 a remarkable drinking water tunnel two miles out into the lake was opened, reducing the amount of sewage from the river in the water supply. After the 1870's cholera ceased to be a source of mortality.

25. Medicine-Worldwide: Tropenkrankheiten Die wichtigsten Informationen ¼ber Tropenkrankheiten wie Ebola, Lassafieber, Chagas, Pest, cholera, Gelbfieber, Bilharziose, Denguefieber, Malaria und Fleckfieber. http://www.medicine-worldwide.de/krankheiten/tropenkrankheiten/index.html

Sie befinden sich hier: startseite krankheiten tropenkrankheiten Tropenkrankheiten ... Über uns Tropenkrankheiten, Reisemedizin, Reisekrankheiten Henri Rousseau (1844 - 1910) Impressum genannten Bitte beachten Sie auch unseren Haftungsausschluss Druckversion Bookmark setzen Diese Seite empfehlen ... NEWSLETTER

26. Cholera In Bham The Birmingham cholera Epidemic of 1873. The following article is taken from choleraEpidemic of 1873 in the United States. cholera AT BIRMINGHAM, ALA., IN 1873. http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/cholera.html

Reynolds Homepage General Information Lecture Series Schedule Reynolds Research Fellowship ... UAB Home Reynolds Historical Library The Birmingham Cholera Epidemic of 1873 The following article is taken from Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. The Introduction of Epidemic Cholera Through the Agency of the Mercantile Marine: Suggestions of Measures of Prevention. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1875. (pp. 409-414). Included in this work is a section on the cholera epidemic which ravaged and nearly destroyed the young city of Birmingham, Alabama in 1873, together with a full-page map which has been described as "one of the earliest published maps of this city." The author of the article, Mortimer H. Jordan (1844-1889) was secretary of the Jefferson County Medical Society of Birmingham, Alabama in 1873 (during the epidemic) and later president of the Jefferson County Medical Society (1881-1883). JEFFERSON COUNTY CHOLERA AT BIRMINGHAM, ALA., IN 1873 BY M.H. JORDAN., Member of the Board of Health In reporting a history of the recent epidemic of cholera as it prevailed at Birmingham, I will not discuss any theories nor indulge in any idle speculation, but will contain myself strictly to a simple, concise, narrative of events.

27. Page Moved - Cholera cholera, What is cholera? cholera is a bacterial disease that affectsthe intestinal tract. It is caused by a germ called Vibrio cholerae. http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/consumer/cholera.htm

location.href="/nysdoh/communicable_diseases/en/cholera.htm"; Page moved click here if your browser does not forward you to the new page. http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/communicable_diseases/en/cholera.htm

28. Cholera Translate this page cholera Bitte beachten Sie in Die cholera ist eine durch Bakterien (Vibrionen)verursachte Infektionskrankheit. Es handelt sich um http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/de/laenderinfos/gesundheitsdienst/merkblatt/c

AA-Homepage Gesundheitsdienst Merkblätter Cholera Cholera Bitte beachten Sie in jedem Fall den untenstehenden Haftungsausschluss. Die Infektion Das Krankheitsbild Die Diagnose Die Therapie Schutz gegen Cholera Die Impfung Choleraregeln Die Cholera ist eine durch Bakterien (Vibrionen) verursachte Infektionskrankheit. Es handelt sich um eine Darmerkrankung, daher werden die Erreger nur mit dem Stuhl oder Erbrochenen ausgeschieden. Sie ist weitverbreitet in Ländern mit mangelnder Hygiene (Fernost, Afrika, Süd- und Mittelamerika). Nur ganz vereinzelt wird die Cholera nach Deutschland importiert. Das Erkrankungsrisiko ist für Normaltouristen und Entsandte äußerst gering. Strikte Einhaltung der Lebensmittel-, Trinkwasser- und Körperhygiene sind die wichtigsten Vorbeugemaßnahmen. Die Infektion: Sie erfolgt über Essen und Trinken und anderes Verhalten, bei dem die Bakterien in den Mund und den Verdauungskanal gelangen können. Die Erreger stammen - von einem chronischen (aber subjektiv gesunden) Dauerausscheider, oder - aus entsprechend verschmutztem Wasser bzw. Lebensmitteln, oder

29. Cholera Fact Sheet - Public Health - Seattle & King County Communicable Disease Fact Sheet cholera. What Is It? cholera is anintestinal disease caused by bacteria called Vibrio cholerae. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/prevcont/cholera.htm

Communicable Disease Fact Sheet CHOLERA What Is It? Symptoms How Is It Spread? Prevention What Is It? Cholera is an intestinal disease caused by bacteria called Vibrio cholerae. In countries reporting outbreaks of cholera, the bacteria may be in the water supply, uncooked seafood, or other contaminated foods. Cholera is very rare in the United States. Symptoms Symptoms usually start 2-3 days after exposure and include: Sudden onset of severe watery diarrhea Occasional vomiting and cramping Dehydration (loss of fluids), if not treated In severe untreated cases, death may occur in a few hours. How Is It Spread? Mainly through drinking water contaminated with bowel movements or vomitus from infected people. Also through direct contact with the stools (bowel movements) of infected people. Eating raw or undercooked seafood from polluted waters. Eating other foods that have been contaminated by dirty water, stool, soiled hands, or flies. The bacteria can be cultured from the stool. Mild or moderate cases - Give the person plenty of fluids to drink by mouth. Severe cases - IV fluid therapy and antibiotics: tetracycline or doxycycline.

30. Cholera Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Vibrio cholerae and Asiaticcholera. © 2002 Kenneth cholera. Vibrio cholerae cholera (frequently http://textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html

Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera Introduction The genus Vibrio consists of Gram-negative straight or curved rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Vibrios are capable of both respiratory and fermentative metabolism. O is a universal electron acceptor; they do not denitrify. Most species are oxidase-positive. In most ways vibrios are related to enteric bacteria, but they share some properties with pseudomonads a well. The Family Vibrionaceae is found in the "Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-negative Rods" in Bergey's Manual, on the level with the Family Enterobacteriaceae . Vibrios are distinguished from enterics by being oxidase-positive and motile by means of polar flagella. Of the vibrios that are clinically significant to humans, Vibrio cholerae , the agent of cholera, is the most important. Most vibrios have relatively simple growth factor requirements and will grow in synthetic media with glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy. However, since vibrios are typically marine organisms, most species require 2-3% NaCl or a sea water base for optimal growth. Vibrios vary in their nutritional versatility, but some species will grow on more than 150 different organic compounds as carbon and energy sources, occupying the same level of metabolic versatility as Pseudomonas . In liquid media vibrios are motile by polar flagella that are enclosed in a sheath continuous with the outer membrane of the cell wall. On solid media they may synthesize numerous lateral flagella which are not sheathed.

31. If You Have Any Questions Or Concerns, Or Need To Make An cholera. cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. Mildand/or symptomless cases of cholera far outnumbered severe cases. http://www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/health-info/dis-cond/vacimmun/cholera.html

Cholera The risk of cholera to United States travelers is so low that it is questionable whether vaccination is of benefit. The World Health Organization no longer recommends cholera vaccination for travel to or from cholera-infected areas. Cholera vaccine is indicated only for travelers to countries requiring evidence of cholera vaccination for entry. Persons following the usual tourist itinerary who use standard accommodations in countries reporting cholera are at virtually no risk of infection. Travelers to cholera-infected areas are advised to avoid eating uncooked food and to peel fruit themselves. Boiled drinks, carbonated bottled water and carbonated soft drinks are usually safe. Always avoid cold meat platters, mayonnaise, creamy desserts, buffets and street vendors. Try to avoid unpasteurized dairy products, cheese and yogurt. Use disposable glasses and cups and drink from the original beverage containers, using sanitary straws. Wash your hands before and after eating. Also, do not swim or fish in polluted waters.

32. Cholera Translate this page cholera. Ursachen / Ausbreitung. cholera ist eine durch Bakterien(Vibrio cholerae) verursachte Erkrankung. Die Erreger http://www.meine-gesundheit.de/krank/texte/cholera.htm

Cholera Ursachen / Ausbreitung Cholera ist eine durch Bakterien (Vibrio cholerae) verursachte Erkrankung. Symptome Therapie Gegen die Erreger sind Antibiotika angezeigt. Impfung Isolation. Autoren: Christiane von der Eltz, Apothekerin Dr. Regina Schick, Ärztin Drucklayout ...zur Homepage

33. Health And Hygiene In The Nineteenth Century were three massive waves of contagious disease the first, form 1831 to 1833, includedtwo influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second http://65.107.211.206/health/health10.html

Health and Hygiene in the Nineteenth Century Added by Laurelyn Douglas '91 (English 264, 1991) n his book, The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture , Bruce Haley asserts that the Victorians were concerned with health over almost all, if not all, other issues. The following passages are excerpted from his book: Nothing occupies a nation's mind with the subject of health like a general contagion. In the 1830s and the 1840s there were three massive waves of contagious disease: the first, form 1831 to 1833, included two influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second, from 1836 to 1842, encompassed major epidemics of influenza, typhus, typhoid , and cholera. As F. H. Garrison has observed, epidemic eruptions in the eighteenth century had been "more scattered and isolated" than theretofore; and in the early decades of the nineteenth century there had been a marked decline in such illnesses as diptheria and influenza. Smallpox, the scourge of the eighteenth century, appeared to be controllable by the new practice of vaccination. Then, in the mid-twenties, England saw serious outbursts of smallpox and typhus, anticipating the pestilential turbulence of the next two decades. The first outbreak of Asiatic cholera in Britain was at Sunderland on the Durham coast during the Autumn of 1831. From there the disease made its way northward into Scotland and southward toward London. Before it had run its course it claimed 52,000 lives. From its point of origin in Bengal it had taken five years to cross Europe, so that when it reached the course of Durham, British doctors were well aware of its nature, if not its cause.

34. Health And Hygiene In The Nineteenth Century were three massive waves of contagious disease the first, from 1831 to 1833, includedtwo influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second http://65.107.211.206/science/health/health10.html

Health and Hygiene in the Nineteenth Century Added by Laurelyn Douglas '91 (English 264, 1991) n his book, The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture , Bruce Haley asserts that the Victorians were concerned with health over almost all, if not all, other issues. The following passages are excerpted from his book: Nothing occupies a nation's mind with the subject of health like a general contagion. In the 1830s and the 1840s there were three massive waves of contagious disease: the first, from 1831 to 1833, included two influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second, from 1836 to 1842, encompassed major epidemics of influenza, typhus, typhoid , and cholera. As F. H. Garrison has observed, epidemic eruptions in the eighteenth century had been "more scattered and isolated" than theretofore; and in the early decades of the nineteenth century there had been a marked decline in such illnesses as diphtheria and influenza. Smallpox, the scourge of the eighteenth century, appeared to be controllable by the new practice of vaccination. Then, in the mid-twenties, England saw serious outbursts of smallpox and typhus, anticipating the pestilential turbulence of the next two decades. The first outbreak of Asiatic cholera in Britain was at Sunderland on the Durham coast during the Autumn of 1831. From there the disease made its way northward into Scotland and southward toward London. Before it had run its course it claimed 52,000 lives. From its point of origin in Bengal it had taken five years to cross Europe, so that when it reached the course of Durham, British doctors were well aware of its nature, if not its cause.

35. Pressemitteilungen - Thematische Übersicht; Cholera Translate this page Pressemitteilungen - Thematische Übersicht. cholera Erneut cholera-Ausbrüchein Afrika Robert Koch-Institut mahnt Reisende zur Vorsicht 22.03.99. http://www.rki.de/PRESSE/PD_THEMA/CHOLERA.HTM

Cholera Choleraepidemie in Zaire und Ruanda: Rober Koch-Institut empfiehlt Verhaltensregeln hier Haftungsausschluss

36. National Disaster Management Centre NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRE. cholera EPIDEMIC 2000/2001. Contact INFO. Latestcholera Data. Click here to see a National and Provincial Summary on cholera. http://sandmc.pwv.gov.za/ndmc/cholera/

DEPARTMENT OF PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRE CHOLERA EPIDEMIC Contact INFO National Disaster Management Centre Regional Contacts Acknowledgements Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Chief Directorate Scientific Services Institute for Water Quality Studies Water Quality Management Chief Directorate Water Services World Health Organisation Provincial Health Departments Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR - Environmentek) Latest Cholera Data Click here to see a National and Provincial Summary on Cholera View Latest Data per province Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Northern Province Western Cape CSIR Situation Reports Weekly Reports (.pdf) from 29/01/2001 onwards Daily Reports (.pdf) discontinued on 26/01/2001 Geographical Reports Geographical representation of data (Maps) Schools in High Risk Areas How to use the above maps (PDF) Other Maps Potential High Risk Areas (IWQS) GRAPHS National and Provincial Perspective Institute for Water Quality Studies Fact Sheet PDF HTM Institute for Water Quality Studies Brochure Water Quality Brochure: Cholera Risks From Well Serviced Areas WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION Some Frequently Asked Questions about Cholera Fact Sheets Need more info?

37. DTG - Empfehlungen Zu Reiseimpfungen - Cholera Translate this page cholera. Bemerkungen 1. Die cholera-Impfung ist insgesamt nur bedingt empfehlenswert,da für die Prävention primär Hygienemaßnahmen im Vordergrund stehen. http://www.dtg.mwn.de/impfen/cholera.htm

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tropenmedizin und Internationale Gesundheit e.V. Empfehlungen zu Reiseimpfungen Startseite Vorschrift Impfplan Schwangere ... Impfungen Weitere Impfungen: Gelbfieber Diphtherie FSME Hepatitis-A ... Typhus Cholera Indikation: 1. bei besonders hohem Infektionsrisiko 2. Vorschrift bei Einreise (inoffiziell) Impfstoff: oraler Lebend- oder Totimpfstoff aus der Schweiz und Schweden, in Deutschland nicht zugelassen, Beschaffung über internationale Apotheken möglich Applikation: Je nach Hersteller 1 Dosis bzw. 2 Dosen im Abstand von 2 - 6 Wochen Wirksamkeit: Auffrischimpfung: nach 6 - 12 Monaten (WHO) Nebenwirkungen: gelegentlich gastrointestinale Beschwerden Kontraindikation: akute Erkrankungen, spezielle Darminfektionen, Immundefekte oder –suppression (nur beim Lebendimpfstoff), bekannte allergische Reaktionen auf Bestandteile des Impfstoffes Schwangerschaft: Keine ausreichenden Erfahrungen Bemerkungen: 1. Die Cholera-Impfung ist insgesamt nur bedingt empfehlenswert, da für die Prävention primär Hygienemaßnahmen im Vordergrund stehen.

38. BBC Medicine Through Time - Slum Housing And Cholera Epidemics the Industrial Revolution Public Health. Slum housing and cholera epidemics. By themid1830s, over 21,000 people had died in Britain of the cholera epidemic. http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/medicine/nonint/indust/ph/inphcs1.shtml

SCHOOLS TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH menu the Industrial Revolution Public Health Slum housing and cholera epidemics the facts A dead victim of cholera the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th century led to a huge population growth in factory towns and cities. Wages were poor, and cheap back-to-back housing was built to accommodate the thousands of men and women who worked in the factories and mills. Communal wells provided water to streets, but there were few facilities for removing sewage. Waste products were thrown onto the streets and courtyards, often polluting the wells and waterways. Factories polluted the air and rivers with their by-products. the poor, cramped living conditions meant that infectious diseases spread easily. Smallpox, tuberculosis (TB) and typhoid fever were joined in the 19th century by cholera, a germ-based disease spread by infected water. the disease attacked the intestines of victims, who after severe diarrhoea and vomiting, often died within hours. Doctors at the time had no idea what caused the disease; many blamed miasma, or 'bad air'. By the mid-1830s, over 21,000 people had died in Britain of the cholera epidemic. the government finally acted in 1842, when Edwin Chadwick published his report into Britain's public health. In 1848, after cholera had struck again, the Public Health Act was launched, with recommendations that water supplies and sewage facilities be improved in the country's towns and cities. At this stage, the cause of Cholera was still not understood. the link between the spread of cholera and water was not made until 1854 by Dr John Snow. A second Public Health Act in 1875 compelled local authorites to provide sewage disposal facilities and clean water to all. By 1900 the death rate had fallen dramatically and most towns had effective, hygienic sewers and water sytems.

39. BBC - Development And Health - Cholera cholera is a waterborne disease that is transmitted through contaminatedwater and food. It is very common in developing countries http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/higherstill/development_health/health/ch

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH FRIDAY 4th April 2003 Text only BBC Homepage Scotland Home Education Scotland ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Cholera is a water-borne disease that is transmitted through contaminated water and food. It is very common in developing countries and especially in Africa, which has over 70% of all recorded cases of the disease. Symptoms include acute diarrhoea and vomiting. People ill with cholera can become very sick and when left untreated, death can occur within hours. Children are particularly vulnerable. In this landscape there are three elements that can cause the distribution of cholera. Click on them to find out more. Privacy

40. Cholera Translate this page cholera. Erreger cholera-VIBRIONEN (mehrere Biotypen). InfektionsquelleWasser, kontaminierte Nahrungsmittel und Getränke. Übertragung http://www.reisemed.at/cholera.html

Cholera Erreger: CHOLERA-VIBRIONEN (mehrere Biotypen) Infektionsquelle: Wasser, kontaminierte Nahrungsmittel und Getränke Übertragung: fäko-oral, d.h. Cholera-Vibrionen werden mit dem Stuhl ausgeschieden und gelangen bei ungenügenden hygienischen Bedingungen (fehlender Wasser-, Abwasser- und Abfallhygiene) in die Nahrung und ins Wasser Inkubationszeit: 1 bis 3 Tage, maximal 10 Tage (abhängig von der Infektionsdosis) Krankheitsbild: Man unterscheidet bei der Cholera verschiedene Verlaufsformen: a) gutartiger Verlauf: Beginnend mit leichten Bauchkrämpfen kommt es zum Auftreten von wäßrigen Durchfälle, es werden jedoch selten mehr als ein Liter Flüssigkeit pro Tag verloren. Die Erkrankung ist klinisch nicht von Durchfallserkrankungen anderer Ursache zu unterscheiden und dauert zwischen 48 Stunden und maximal fünf Tagen. Durch den milden Verlauf treten keine wesentlichen Störungen des Flüssigkeits- und Mineralstoffwechsels auf. b) klassischer Verlauf: Bei dem dramatischen Bild der klassischen Cholera treten massivste reiswasser-ähnliche Durchfällen auf, zu Beginn steht meist auch heftiges Erbrechen. Durch den Durchfall werden bis zu einem halben Liter Flüssigkeit und Mineralsalze in der Stunde verloren. Wird diese Menge nicht ausreichend ersetzt, treten alle Zeichen der Austrocknung (trockene Haut und Schleimhäute, eingefallene Augäpfel, flacher Puls, niedriger Blutdruck und Untertemperatur) auf. Es treten Schock und Nierenversagen ein. Die Cholera führt unbehandelt in bis zu 50% der Fälle zum Tode. Ganz besonders gefährlich ist die Cholera für Kinder.

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