21. Burundi (08/02) history In the 16th century, burundi was a kingdom characterized by a hierarchical The1993 embargo placed on burundi by regional states negatively impacted http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Bureau of African Affairs August 2002 Background Note: Burundi PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Burundi Geography Location: Central Africa. Bordering nations Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda. Area: 27,830 sq. km. (10,747 sq. mi.); about the size of Maryland. Cities: Capital Bujumbura (pop. 300,000). Other cities Cibitoke, Muyinga, Ngozi, Bubanza, Gitega, Bururi. Climate: Warm but not uncomfortable in Bujumbura; cooler in higher regions. Terrain: Hilly, rising from 780 meters (2,600 ft.) at the Shore of Lake Tanganyika to mountains more than 2,700 meters (9,000 ft.) above sea level. People Nationality: Noun Barundi (sing. and pl.); adjective Burundian(s). Population (2001): 6.85 million. Annual growth rate (1999 est.): 3.54 %. Ethnic groups: Hutu 85%; Tutsi 14%; Twa 1.0%. Religions: Roman Catholic 62%; Protestant 5%; traditional beliefs 32%; Muslim 1%. Languages: Official Kirundi, French; other Kiswahili, English. Education: Years compulsory Attendance 55% male, 45% female. Literacy 46.9% overall, 58.9% adult.

22. Www.hirondelle.org : Agatashya, An Independent Regional Radio With A Humanitaria stepping up its coverage of burundi, in cooperation with An independent regionalradio with a humanitarian vocation Agatashya Radio Charter The history of a http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/caefd9edd48f5826c12564cf004f793d/8b805c

23. Burundi Web Links: Library And Links: Jeannette Rankin Library Program: U.S. Ins A list of links provided by the United States Institute of Peace.Category regional Africa burundi Guides and Directories...... the web site covers information on the government, economy, history, culture, tourism Integratedregional Information Network (IRIN) burundi IRIN, a http://www.usip.org/library/regions/burundi.html

Regional Resources Burundi Web Links Below are links by topical categories to resources primarily in English providing information generally on Burundi and specifically in the context of Great Lakes conflicts. For related web links, see Rwanda Web Links and Regional Resources: Africa General Resources Government Agencies and International Organizations Maps and Guides ... Political Resources and Peace Agreements These links complement the Institute Special Report: Post-Genocide Reconciliation: Building Peace in Rwanda and Burundi General Resources The sites below collect links to other Internet resources which describe the background, history and current events in Burundi. Africa South of the Sahara: Burundi An extensive collection of well-annotated links compiled by Karen Fung at Stanford University for the African Studies Association. Includes links to email lists, newsgroups, special projects, databases and archives, articles and documents, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), news and general sources. Organized alphabetically. Burundi Country Guide Annotated web links to resources, agencies and organizations from the U.S. Agency for International Development, organized by general reference, development, government, multilaterals and donors, and news and information.

24. USIP Peaceworks 22 - Preventing Genocide In Burundi 41–58; Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis history of a Genocide (New York 36. “PressCommuniqué of the Arusha regional Summit on burundi,” June 27 http://www.usip.org/pubs/pworks/weissm22/notes22.html

25. An MBendi Profile: Burundi - Overview Business profile.Category regional Africa burundi Business and Economy...... hepatitis A, meningitis, typhoid fever, yellow fever(regional), and schistosomiasis Vaccinationsshould be obtained before entering burundi and cholera history. http://www.mbendi.co.za/cybucy.htm

Search for: Advanced Searches Services Websites Advertising Consulting Subscriptions Other MBendi Clients Case Studies New on MBendi Logon / Register ... About MBendi Burundi - Overview General Information Overview History Outlook More For This Country: - Map Industries: - Electrical Power - Mining - Oil And Gas Industry Regions: Country List World Africa Antarctica Asia Australasia Europe North America South America Databases: - Companies - Events - Employment - Facilities - Listed Companies - News - Organisations - Personalities - Projects - Publications - Stock Exchanges Business: - Employment - Internet Strategy - Opportunities - Tenders - Trade Services - Trade Leads General Information Capital(s): Bujumbura Population: Area: Currency: 1 Burundi franc (FB) = 100 centimes Language(s): French, Rundi Time Zone: GMT+0h00 ISO Code: BI Dialing Code: Continent: Africa Overview Burundi is a landlocked independent state which lies to the south of Rwanda and forms part of the Central African Region. The capital city is Bujumbura. Other major cities are Makamba and Rumonge. The official languages of Burundi are Ki-Rundi and French but Ki-Swahili is widely spoken as a commercial language. Reliable economic indicators are difficult to obtain owing to the continued political instability in the region which has severely disrupted the economy. The local currency is the Burundi franc. (

26. CompletePlanet - Directory Burundi maps, information on industry, history, economics World Desk Reference burundiGeneralcountry information http//www.kazazz.com/cgi-bin/pod.cgi/regional/Afric http://www.completeplanet.com/Geography_Country_Region/Africa/Burundi/index.asp

Search Databases for: Search All Within Burundi Top Geography (Country or Region) Africa No further results below this node. NODE RESULTS 1-10 of 20 Burundi Keywords: purchase, country, information, travel, please, key, library, tradeport, trade, reports, local, bookmark, overview, demographics, solutions, width, world, book, height, guide, exporting, learn, french, market, research, files, industry, sector, analysis, saic http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/burundi/index.... Categories... Relevance Popular Links [no title] Extract: Information on demographics, history, pictures of maps... Information of the geographical location, government and history... detailing the demographics, industries, news, employment, and publications of Burundi... maps, information on industry, history, economics... news. World Desk Reference Burundi-General country information... Directory Project. Personal Open Directory is open source software http://www.kazazz.com/cgi-bin/pod.cgi/Regional/Afric... Categories... Relevance Popular Links In DQM Orientation Burundi Extract: region Home Africa Asia Central Eastern Europe Latin America Caribbean... English South Africa-English Tanzania-English... words any of the words the boolean TOP STORIES FROM THE REGION MANDELA... time, using Orientation chat. BROWSE WEBSITES... customized communication tool. Free instant messaging, live chat... news and weather updates, Web browsing

27. Encyclopedia Of African History: List Of Unassigned Entries 1000. Equatorial Africa (From Chad and NileCongo watershed to broad Congo basin).Outlines of regional history. 5000. 1000. Great Lakes Region burundi to 1800. http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/london/africunass.htm

FITZROY DEARBORN PUBLISHERS editorial website Encyclopedia of African History List of Unassigned Entries at 9 August 2002 Below you will find an alphabetical list of entries that still need to be assigned. (Please refer to the full List of Entries if you wish to see the whole contents of the encyclopedia grouped by chronological and thematic categories). If you wish to volunteer to write any of the unassigned entries, please either: (a) refer to How to Take Part (if you are new to the project) or (b) send an e-mail stating your preferences to africah@fitzroydearborn.co.uk (if you are an existing contributor) Entries EntryType WordLimit Adal in the 17th century Adal: The Kingdom of Adal under the Walaswa dynasty Addis Ababa Modern Cities of Historical Importance Agriculture, industry and technology: pre-colonial to contemporary Pan-African/Comparative Topics and Debates Angola: New Colonial Period: Economics of colonialism Art, artefact and craft Era of Colonialism Benin: Colonial Period: Survey Burundi: Failure of reform: violence and refugees, 1988-1998

28. National Catholic Reporter: A History Scarred By Ethnic Violence.(Burundi )(Brie A history scarred by ethnic violence.(burundi )(Brief Article) imposed an economicembargo on burundi and the The regional embargo was lifted in January 1999 http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1141/16_38/83667076/p1/article.jhtml?term=+Bur

29. Burundi -- History burundi history. Parties based on ethnic or regional groups are prohibited. OnJuly 10, Ndaday takes power in burundi, the first democratically elected http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/NEH/br-hist.html

Burundi History 5th TO 11th CENTURIES AD: Bahutu agriculturalists migrate into the region and dominate the indigenous tribal groups, including the Batwa. 14th TO 18th CENTURIES AD: Tutsi cattle-herders arrive. Among the first are the Banyaruguru from the North; later, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Bahima group comes from the East. 1858 Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke explore the Ruzizi river. 1885 King Leopold of Belgium establishes a claim to the Congo region; Rwanda and Burundi become part of German East Africa. 1892 Oscar Baumann explores northern and central Burundi. 1898-1903 German troops attack Mwezi Gisabo and force him to sign the Treaty of Kiganda on May 24, 1903, recognizing German authority. 1907 The first Protestant missions are founded. 1910 Borders between German East Africa, the Belgian Congo and British East Africa are established. 1919 Belgium is granted mandate over Ruanda-Urundi by the Allied Supreme Council. 1922 The League of Nations awards Belgium mandate over Ruanda-Urundi, which it accepts in 1924. 1928 - 29 Famines ravage Burundi.

30. IRIN Update 584 For 9-11 Jan 1999 as a turning point in the history of sanctions assistance and balance of paymentssupport to burundi. report notes that many of the regional players originally http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Hornet/irin584.html

IRIN Update 584 for 9-11 Jan 1999 U N I T E D N A T I O N S Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Integrated Regional Information Network for Central and Eastern Africa Tel: +254 2 622147 Fax: +254 2 622129 e-mail: irin@ocha.unon.org IRIN Update No. 584 for Central and Eastern Africa (Saturday-Monday 9-11 January 1999) BURUNDI: Regional summit to discuss Burundi Regional leaders are due to meet in Arusha, Tanzania on 23 January to discuss the Burundi situation, AFP reported today (Monday). It quoted Tanzanian Foreign Minister Jakaya Kikwete as saying the summit was likely to suspend, but not cancel, the embargo. The Arusha peace process, bringing together various sides in the Burundi conflict, resumes on 18 January. Sanctions have passed "sell-by date" A new report on Burundi sanctions, commissioned by ActionAid, says the policy has passed its "sell-by date". The embargo should have been lifted after the new political partnership between the government and the opposition FRODEBU party, which the report described as a turning point in the history of sanctions. Humanitarian exemptions to the embargo have not sufficed to reverse a decline in social indicators, and vulnerable people have been more and more affected by the sanctions which have made it difficult for donors and creditors to provide fresh credit, development assistance and balance of payments support to Burundi. The report notes that many of the regional players originally involved in imposing sanctions now want them lifted, with the exception of Uganda, Tanzania and the peace process mediator Julius Nyerere. It argues that the latter, "by acting so inflexibly" has given President Pierre Buyoya an "astonishing propaganda victory" by allowing observers to conclude it is Nyerere and not the Burundian government who is obstructing a peace settlement.

31. Burundi point out that they speak the same language, have a history of intermarriage, and Asixnation regional proposal to send troops into burundi to maintain http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107374.html

Celebs, Models ,Movie Stars... Magazines From Around the World! Ladies..Never pay retail again! Facial care packs and Cosmetics at lowest prices ! All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network World Countries Burundi Infoplease Atlas: Burundi Republic of Burundi National name: Republika Y'Uburundi President: Pierre Buyoya (2001) Area: 10,745 sq mi (27,830 sq km) Population (2003 est.): 6,096,156 (growth rate: 2.2%); birth rate: 39.7/1000; infant mortality rate: 71.5/1000; density per sq mi: 567 Capital and largest city (1994 est.): Bujumbura, 300,000 Other large city (est. 1982): Gitega, 101,827 Monetary unit: Burundi franc Languages: Kirundi and French (official), Swahili Ethnicity/race: Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% Religions: Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%, indigenous 32% Literacy rate: Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2001 est.): $3.7 billion; per capita $600.

32. COMESA History COMESA history. of a mechanism for the promotion of subregional economic integration. ofthe formal Treaty were adopted and signed by burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya http://www.comesa.int/backgrnd/backhist.htm

COMESA History HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1. At the first and second conferences of independent African States, held in Accra, Ghana, in April 1958 and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in June 1960, respectively, economic problems to be faced by independent Africa were discussed. There was a consensus that the smallness and fragmentation of post-colonial African national markets would constitute a major obstacle to the diversification of economic activity, away from a concentration on production of a narrow range of primary exports, to the creation of modern and internationally competitive enterprises, which would satisfy domestic needs and meet export requirements. It was, therefore, agreed that African countries which had gained political independence, should promote economic co-operation among themselves. 2. Two options were advocated for the implementation of the integration strategy in Africa: a) the Pan-African, all-embracing regional approach, which envisaged the immediate creation of a regional continental economic arrangement; and b) the geographically narrower approach that would have its roots at the sub-regional levels and build on sub-regional co-operation arrangements to achieve geographically wider forms of co-operation arrangements. FORMATION OF COMESA 1. The origins of the COMESA can be traced as far back as the mid-sixties. Before the Lagos Plan of Action and the Final Act of Lagos were adopted, the countries of Eastern and Southern Africa had already initiated the process towards creating an Eastern and Southern African co-operation arrangement.

33. Regional Integration Facilitation Forum Forum (RIFF) programme is the history of its The participating countries are burundi,Comoros, Kenya in participating in a new regional economic integration http://www.comesa.int/business/riff.htm

Regional Integration Facilitation Forum(RIFF) BACKGROUND The history of the Regional Integration Facilitation Forum (RIFF) programme is the history of its predecessor, the Initiative to Facilitate Cross-Border Trade, Investment and Payments in Eastern and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean (for short: Cross-Border Initiative or CBI), which has been in existence since 1992. In fact, it was in May 2000 that the CBI Steering Committee decided that, as it was entering its second phase, the CBI should be renamed the Regional Integration Facilitation Forum. The origins of the CBI go back to the Maastricht Conference on African Development in July 1990 where a request for more effective regional integration was formulated and a reflection on the regional dimension of structural adjustment took place. This request was made at the launching of the Global Coalition for Africa (GCA) by African Heads of State. The CBI therefore has arisen from a consensus by Eastern and Southern African countries and their co-operating partners (EU, World Bank, IMF and ADB) on the need for closer regional co-operation and integration in Africa. These countries and their co-operating partners recognised the disappointing results achieved by previous attempts to create closer regional ties in sub-Saharan Africa, but shared the view that, despite these disappointments, effective co-operation and integration would assist African countries to develop their economies, within the framework of the global economy, and so improve the living conditions of the people of the continent.

34. History, Arts Faculty Library AFR Africa MAFR MiddleAfrica (burundi, Central Africa (Centralafrican Republic 09Maritime ans military history 10 Metropolitan and regional history 11 Female http://odur.let.rug.nl/library/english/collection/rubr60.htm

University Library Arts Faculty Library History Systematic layout ... University of Groningen Arts Faculty Library - Collection This page presents an alphabetical overview of the disciplines in the Faculty of Arts library. Systematic layout of the disciplines Due to the fact that the Faculty of Arts library makes use of a systematic layout, all books on the same topic are collected together. This systematic layout helps you in your search to find specific books. The information below indicates the way in which the request numbers for the discipline in question are determined.For more details, see the explanation of the structure of the request numbers The request number is also the location code in the library. The upper floor accommodates request numbers 1 to 35, while the ground floor contains categories 36-70, the Teachers Information Centre (LIC), and the magazines. Top History . History Main classifications for sources, reference books and monographies. The books are categorized by continent; within the countries and/or regions they are alphabetically classified. In the catagory GENERAL belong works on global history and e.g. general reference works. ALG General EUR Europe; general

35. Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Regional Conflict Profile - Burun SelfDetermination regional Conflict Profile. burundi. By Gregory Mthembu-Salter. OVburundi.pdf.history. In late pre-colonial times, most http://www.selfdetermine.org/conflicts/burundi_body.html

Self-Determination Regional Conflict Profile Burundi By Gregory Mthembu-Salter OVburundi.pdf History In late pre-colonial times, most of Burundi was ruled by a monarchy, with the throne contested by two clans, the Bezi and the Batare. When German imperial forces arrived in 1899, Mwezi I of the Bezi was mwami (king), though his succession was disputed by the Batare. When Germany's African colonies were confiscated in 1919, Burundi and its neighbor Rwanda were ceded to Belgium as a single colony called Ruanda-Urundi. Like its German predecessor, the Belgian administration at first supported the Bezi, but after 1945, relations between the two deteriorated, as Bezi princes demanded immediate independence. mwami 's son, Prince Louis Rwagasore. Rwagasore swiftly built a large support base that was predominantly Hutu but with significant Tutsi representation, and after Belgium granted Burundi internal autonomy in 1959, Uprona won communal and legislative elections. In 1961, political opponents, with suspected Belgian assistance, assassinated Rwagasore, denying him the chance to lead Burundi to independence in 1962. The post-independence period saw clan loyalties receding as the primary point of political reference in Burundi, and a rapid ethnicizing of political competition occurred. This was in large part fueled by developments in neighboring Rwanda, where the government was pursuing a policy of radical Hutu supremacism. The fear of this trend emerging in Burundi, and the influence of the thousands of traumatized Rwandan Tutsi refugees who fled into Burundi, radicalized Burundian Tutsis, particularly in the armed forces, and they became determined to preserve their position at any cost. The country's first post-independence prime minister, Pierre Ngendanduwe, who was from Uprona and a Hutu, was assassinated in 1965, following which Uprona won fresh legislative elections, largely on the strength of the Hutu vote. However, the

36. NHBS Science Bookstore: Regional Natural History: Africa Titles AC classified under regional Natural history Africa Burkina Faso IGNCountry Map view; burundi IGN Country Map view; The Bushman of http://www.nhbs.co.uk/we-sell-books-worldwide/z67ac.html

January 2003 Winter Offers Seasonal Selection A sparkling collection of alluring books, videos and DVDs, mostly new this winter and specially chosen to appeal to natural history enthusiasts of all ages. Priced to tempt, with savings of up to 25% off. World Guides 100 key titles ranging from field guides, ID guides, photoguides to eco-travel, at up to 25% off! South East Asian Natural History 130 titles at up to 25% off Breaking Offers The latest NHBS special offer titles, ranging widely across all our subject areas. Many of these titles are new. Offers run for a limited period only, so don't delay taking advantage of them! Plus Highlights NHBS Alert is our free monthly email catalogue, with information on c.400 new titles Subscribe for the full version or choose from 19 subjects Distribution Highlights Current key titles include: Grebes of the World Seahorses ID: CDROM Britain's Butterflies Monitoring Tigers and their Prey ... Ocean Explorer Maps Publishers distributed by NHBS - click here to browse title catalogues for BirdLife International, JNCC, OFI, Prion, Wetlands

37. The University Of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe There is also a significant number of students from neighboring countries includingthe East African region, notably burundi, Rwanda, Somalia regional history. http://www.bard.edu/iile/univ_zim/index.shtml

The University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe Semester Dates: st Semester: August 9 - November 19, 1999; 2 nd Semester: February/March - May/June, 2000 Website: http://www.uz.ac.zw/ Location and Population The University is located in Mr. Pleasant, a residential suburb of Harare, the capital city. 7,000 students attend the University. The population of Harare is 1.2 million. The population of Zimbabwe is 12 million. Three-fifths of the population is rural. Christianity is the official state religion and the animist and Muslim religions are practiced. The University's History The University was founded in 1955. It is the nation's largest and best funded university, with an established international reputation for teaching and research. Curriculum Courses are available in all subject areas at the University. They include and are not limited to: Intensive Shona language instruction, Anthropology, Agriculture, Economics, Political Science and Public Administration, Geography, History, Natural Sciences, Religion and Social Sciences.

38. Regional Activities - Africa This was the case for burundi (1970), Lesotho (1971), Rwanda It is the first timein the history of Interpol as organisation that regional focus was http://www.interpol.int/Public/Region/Africa/Default.asp

4 April 2003 Home Search Contact Help ... Regional activities Africa HISTORY OF MEMBERSHIP FACT SHEET: AFRICA SUB-DIRECTORATE COUNTRIES OF THE FOUR SUB-REGIONS OF AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA HISTORY OF MEMBERSHIP The continent's position as a crossroads between the Americas, Europe and Asia also lays it open to transnational crimes such as traffic in weapons, illicit drug trafficking, illegal immigration, traffic in stolen motor vehicles and fraud, etc., which can only be stopped by international co-operation. Seeking and locating the criminals involved poses problems relating to information exchange, international identification and arrests with a view to extradition. This is why Interpol (in accordance with Article 2 (1) of its Constitution) ensures the closest possible co-operation between the "criminal police authorities" of all member countries, including those in Africa. Crime is not associated with a particular region and is certainly not a problem for Africa alone. Ever since it was established, the International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol has been seen by countries all over the world as an institution whose principles and objectives correspond to universal aspirations for human rights, public safety and the fight against ordinary law crime. Joining Interpol was therefore one of the first steps taken by various African leaders once their countries obtained independence.

39. Listings Of The World Regional Africa Burundi and Eastern Africa Subregional Resource Facility 25-02; CIA World Factbook BurundiPost Review maps, information on industry, history, economics, communications http://listingsworld.com/Regional/Africa/Burundi/

40. Listings Of The World Regional Africa Burundi Recent history Between 1993 and 2000, widespread, often intense ethnic violencebetween Hutu and Tutsi factions in Back to regional/Africa/burundi. http://listingsworld.com/Regional/Africa/Burundi/index.asp?a=desc

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