41. Intercom11pview Centre For British Teachers in brunei where he What exactly constitutes British societyand culture? national as well as international schools are increasingly http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceic/intercom-archive/bora.html

International Schools . International Education . Comparative Education . Curriculum . Examinations . Assessment Department of Education, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY Centre for the study of Education in an International Context (CEIC) INTERNATIONAL INTO NATIONAL DOES GO a personal view by Bora Rancic Return to INTERCOM archive First published in INTERCOM 11 July 2000 Bora Rancic has been a teacher of English since 1978. He taught A Level in London and Barbados before moving to the Solomon Islands where, as Form 6 Tutor, he worked on the establishment of the Pacific Senior Schools Certificate and the National Form 7 examinations. More recently, he was a full time Masters student at the University of Bath where he developed a research interest in student perceptions of international education. He has since been Head of English at an international school in Bahrain where he taught IB English Language A1 and A2, and is currently employed by the Centre For British Teachers in Brunei where he teaches senior English at SOAS College. What exactly constitutes British society and culture? This question sprang to mind on encountering the article on '

42. International Religious Freedom Report 2002: Brunei In government schools, Muslim and nonMuslim female students must Under the BruneiNationality Act, citizenship is transmitted through the Creationist culture. http://atheism.about.com/library/irf/irf02/blirf_brunei.htm

zfp=-1 About Agnosticism/Atheism Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Agnosticism/Atheism with Austin Cline Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Skepticism, Philosophy, Logic, Fallacies Church / State Separation Evolution vs. Creationism ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Brunei Religious Freedom Report (2002) Religion Links Religious Freedom Reports Religion in the World What is Religion? Site Resources Main Site Index What is Atheism? Arguments for / against Gods Evolution vs. Creationism ... Book Reviews Chat Room Start a chat now! Discussion Forum Do you have an opinion about this page? Make it known on the Discussion Forum The Constitution states that "The religion of Brunei Darussalam shall be the Muslim religion according to the Shafeite sect of that religion: Provided that all other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony by the person professing them in any part of Brunei Darussalam;" however, the Government imposes some restrictions on non-Islamic religions. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report. The official religion is Islam, as practiced by the Shafeite School. Other religions, such as Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism, also are practiced; however, non-Muslims are not allowed to proselytize, nor are parochial schools allowed to teach the religions of their respective faiths. However, there are several Christian-based schools and eight Chinese schools managed by the Chinese community. The Government detained several Christians in late 2000 and 2001 for alleged subversive activities. These individuals subsequently were released, the last of them in October 2001 after taking an oath of allegiance to the Sultan.

43. The Royal Commonwealth Society of Aboriginal dreamtime paintings, Aboriginal culture and history on cultural diversity,schools education programmes HM The Sultan of brunei, The Manchester http://www.commonwealthday.co.uk/links.htm

44. Freedom In The World 1998-99: Brunei The governmentcontrolled Radio Television brunei operates the providing religiouseducation in non-Muslim schools. sultan has promoted local culture and the http://freedomhouse.org/survey99/country/brunei.html

Brunei Polity: Traditional monarchy Economy: Capitalist-statist Population: PPP: Life Expectancy: Ethnic Groups: Malay (64 percent), Chinese (20 percent), others (16 percent) Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan Political Rights: Civil Liberties: Status: Not Free Overview Consisting of two noncontiguous enclaves on the northern coast of the Southeast Asian island of Borneo, Brunei became a British protectorate in 1888. The country's first written constitution of 1959 provided for five advisory councils: the Privy Council, the Religious Council, the Council of Succession, the Council of Ministers, and a Legislative Council. In 1962, the leftist Brunei People's Party (PRB) won all ten elected seats in the 21-member Legislative Council. Late in the year, British troops crushed a PRB-backed rebellion seeking an independent state encompassing nearby British territories. The sultan assumed constitutionally authorized emergency powers for a stipulated two-year period. These powers have since been renewed every two years. Elections have not been held since 1965. Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ascended the throne in October 1967. Brunei achieved independence from Great Britain in 1984. In 1985, the government recognized the moderate Brunei National Democratic Party (PKDB) and, a year later, the offshoot Brunei National Solidarity Party (PPKB). In 1988, the sultan dissolved the PKDB and detained two of its leaders for two years, reportedly after the party called for elections. In 1995, the authorities permitted a PPKB general assembly that elected Abdul Latif Chuchu, one of the two former PKDB leaders detained from 1988 to 1990, as party president. Chuchu later resigned under government pressure, and since then, the PPKB has been inactive.

45. Qajar Royal Persian Paintings: MiddleEastUK.com Culture Paintings of the Qajar epoch mark an important watershed in Iranian art. This site features a review Category Regional Middle East Arts and Entertainment Visual Arts...... Painting The Qajar Epoch 17851925 exhibition at the brunei Gallery, in Visits toEurope became more frequent, European style military schools were founded http://www.middleeastuk.com/culture/art/qajar/

Presented by the Iran Heritage Foundation By Sophie Kazan T he 6th July saw the opening of the Royal Persian Painting: The Qajar Epoch 1785-1925 exhibition at the Brunei Gallery, in London. The exhibition, which was organised by the Brooklyn Museum in New York, has visited Los Angeles and New York before arriving in London, its only European destination. This is an impressive and highly significant exhibition for it boasts of over one hundred oil paintings, photographs and artefacts brought together from European, American, Russian and Iranian collections for the first time. Paintings of the Qajar epoch mark an important watershed in Iranian art. The late eighteenth and nineteenth century saw the transition from the opulence and lavishness typified by Safavid courtly art, to a more reflective and interiorised naturalism which set the tone for the piety and conservatism of twentieth century Iran. Fath Ali Shah Seated Fath Ali Shah saw himself as a successor not only to the preceding Safavid and Zand monarchs, but also as heir to the great Sasanian and Achaemenid Persian dynasties. These pretensions are shown in the luxurious glamour of early Qajar painting.

46. Bibliography On Culture Of Peace - Women's Learning Partnership Begawan, brunei Darussalam University of brunei Darussalam, 1995 UNESCO and a Cultureof Peace Promoting UNESCO Associated schools Project (ASP) for Promoting http://www.learningpartnership.org/biblio/culture_peace.html

Boulding, Elise. Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History . Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2000. Breines, I., D. Gierycz, and B. Reardon, eds. Towards a Women's Agenda for a Culture of Peace . Paris, France: UNESCO, 1999. Calleja, J. The Essential Peace . Msida, Malta: Mireva, 1996. Centre National de Documentation Pedagogique (CNDP). L'education a la Paix . Paris, France: CNDP, 1993. Clements, Kevin and Robin Ward. Building the International Community: Cooperating for Peace . Canberra, Australia: Allen and Unwin in association with the Peace Research Centre, 1994. International Commission on Peace and Food. Uncommon Opportunities: An Agenda for Peace and Equitable Development . London, United Kingdom: Zed Books, 1994. International Council on Education for Teaching. Teaching Tolerance for All: Education Strategies to Promote Global Peace . Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: University of Brunei Darussalam, 1995.

47. Bibliographies - Women's Learning Partnership Begawan, brunei Darussalam University of brunei Darussalam, 1995. in the Promotionof a culture of Peace UNESCO Associated schools Project (ASP) for Promoting http://www.learningpartnership.org/biblio/categories.php3?level=4

48. Asian American Net: Vietnam Southeast Asia brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor towns, finance, law, art culture, environment, business Research schools of Social Sciences Pacific http://www.asianamerican.net/vietnam_main.html

Southeast Asia Brunei Burma Cambodia ... Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam Embassy Address: 1233 20th Street NW, Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20037 Phone: 202-861-0737 Fax: 202-861-0917 E-Mail: vietnamembassy@msn.com Vietnam Embassy Web Page Permanent Mission to the U.N. 866 UN Plaza Suite 435 New York, NY 10017 Tel: (212) 644-0594 Fax: (212) 644-5732 Permanent Mission of Viet Nam to the U.N. American Embassy in Hanoi Vietnam: US Department of State Background Notes U.S. Energy Information Administration, DOE: Country Fact Sheet Flags of the World: Vietnam World Flag Database: Vietnam CIA Factbook Country Profile Encyclopaedia Britannica Article Page Human Rights Practices 2001 Country Report Political Leaders: Vietnam Voice of America Vietnamese Languages of Vietnam : Ethnologue Nguoi Viet Daily News Nhan Dan (English) Radio the Voice of VietNam Saigon Daily Times Vietnam Insight Online Viet Nam News (English) Vietnam Democracy Newsletter (monthly) Vietnam Network Viet Nam News Network Doing Business in Vietnam: Doing Business in Vietnam : Businessculture.com

49. COCI-Philippines AFTA), Asean Regional Forum (ARF), bruneiIndonesia-Malaysia of the Asean Committeeon culture and Information students of both public and private high schools. http://www.pia.gov.ph/philinfo/

Your browser does not support script Philippine Culture and Information Official website on Philippine Culture and Information Related sites: ASEAN-COCI Brunei Cambodia Indonesia ... Vietnam document.write(greeting); General Information: Introduction Islands Philippines Geography Time Zone ... Education Philippine Culture: Cultural Organizations Cultural Legislations Performing Arts Visual Arts ... Media Calendar Related Websites: ASEAN Official Site ASEAN-COCI Brunei Darussalam Indonesia ... Vietnam HOME GMA praises 2 Filipino students for winning top spots in Asean Quiz President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo poses with Retchell Suratos Catambay (left) and Glorian Saavedra Concepcion (third from left), the first and second-place winners in the ASEAN Quiz individual competition held last October 3 in Bangkok, during their courtesy call in Malacañang October 8. The winning students’ academic adviser Vic Agbayani (second from right), assistant Nancy Castillo (right) and Catambay’s parents Julian and Mary Catambay (not in photo) accompanied the two to Malacañang. (Malacañang Photo) Manila, Oct. 8 (PND) - President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo today praised the two Filipina champions of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Quiz, saying she hopes the two will be among the future experts of the region.

50. Country Reports On Human Rights Practices For 1999 - Brunei Only the Bandar Seri Begawan international schools are exempt are unable to changetheir government; brunei is a the other in the Ministry culture, Youth, and http://www.usis.usemb.se/human/human1999/brunei.html

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor U.S. Department of State BRUNEI February 2000 TOC Preface Introduction Africa ... Appendixes Brunei Darussalam, a small, wealthy monarchy located on the north coast of Borneo, is a sultanate ruled by the same family for 600 years. The 1959 Constitution provided for the first delegation of political power by the late Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin to an appointed council of state, but in 1962 the then Sultan invoked an article of the Constitution that allowed him to assume emergency powers for 2 years. These powers have been regularly renewed, most recently in July 1998. In August the Foreign Minister confirmed that a review of the Constitution had been submitted to the Sultan for approval, and that "an element of an election" was in this report. Although not all the articles of the Constitution are suspended, the state of emergency places few limits on the Sultan's power. The Sultan also serves as Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, Minister of Finance, chancellor of the national university, superintendent general of the Royal Brunei Police Force, and leader of the Islamic faith. The police force, which has responsibility for internal security, reports to the Prime Minister's office, which includes an Internal Security Department, and is firmly under the control of civil authorities.

51. 1997 Human Rights Reports: Brunei Seri Begawan and Jerudong International schools are exempted unable to change theirgovernment; brunei is a the Ministries of Education, and culture, Youth and http://www.usis.usemb.se/human/human97/brunei.html

U.S. Department of State Brunei Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor January 30, 1998. BRUNEI Brunei Darussalam, a small, wealthy monarchy located on the north coast of Borneo, is a sultanate ruled by the same family for 600 years. The 1959 Constitution provided for the first delegation of political power by the late Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin to an appointed council of state, but in 1962 the then Sultan invoked an article of the Constitution that allowed him to assume emergency powers for 2 years. These powers have been regularly renewed, most recently by the current Sultan in July 1996. Although not all of the articles of the Constitution are suspended, the state of emergency places few limits on the Sultan's power. He also serves as Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, Minister of Finance, chancellor of the national university, superintendent general of the Royal Brunei Police Force, and leader of the Islamic faith. The police force, which has responsibility for internal security, reports to the Prime Minister's office, which includes an Internal Security Department, and is firmly under the control of civil authorities.

52. Harapan's Bookshelf: Travel Around Malaysia And Brunei Malaysia Malaysia (culture Shock Series) Heidi Munan the Island of Borneo CoveringBrunei, Kalimantan, Sabah Jungle schools, Letters from Sarawak, 19581965 http://www.harapan.co.jp/english/e_books/E_B_Travel_Malaysia&Brunei_e.htm

Search: All Products Books Popular Music Classical Music Video Toys Electronics Enter keywords... Travel around the World Japanese Amazon.com customer service Amazon.com Shipping Information ... Harapan Home Travel around Malaysia and Brunei last updated on Amazon.com's Bestsellers (as of July 1998) Peter Turner, et al / Paperback / Published 1996 Fielding's Asia's Top Dive Sites : The Best Diving in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand Kal Muller (Editor), et al / Paperback / Published 1997 Culture Shock! Malaysia : Malaysia (Culture Shock Series) Heidi Munan / Paperback / Published 1991 The Dive Sites of Malaysia and Singapore ('Dive Sites Of...' Series) Jack Jackson / Paperback / Published 1997 Knopf Guide : Singapore and Malaysia (Knopf Guides) Paperback / Published 1997 Joshua Eliot (Editor) / Hardcover / Published 1995 Insight Guides Malaysia Jeremy Cheam (Editor) / Paperback / Published 1998 Charles De Ledesma, et al / Paperback / Published 1997 Malaysia : A Kick Start Guide for Business Travelers Guy Brooks, Victoria Brooks / Paperback / Published 1995 Fielding's Borneo : The Adventurous Guide to the Island of Borneo Covering Brunei, Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak/1995 (1995)

53. Archived:From Students Of Teaching To Teachers Of Students: Teacher Induction Ar Professor Sim Wong Kooi, Universiti brunei Darussalam. Education, Science, Sports,and culture (MESSC); Tomoka for Restructuring Education, schools and Teaching http://www.ed.gov/pubs/APEC/preface.html

A r c h i v e d I n f o r m a t i o n From Students of Teaching to Teachers of Students: Teacher Induction Around the Pacific Rim - January 1997 Preface APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) is an organization of 18 economies that border the Pacific Ocean. Formed in 1989, APEC aims to sustain growth, development, and improved living standards in the Asia-Pacific region and the world, and to promote free trade. The APEC Human Resources Development (HRD) working group is one of ten working groups that carry out projects in areas like trade, telecommunications, and marine resource conservation. Specifically, the HRD working group promotes APEC cooperation in education, training, business management practices, labor issues, and related policy areas. Within HRD, the Education Forum is responsible for initiating joint activities in the field of education. This publication is the result of the second phase of a study on teacher training and professional development in APEC members, originally proposed at the first Education Forum meeting in January 1993. Phase I of the study described teacher preparation systems across APEC members, to identify key issues and challenges for teacher preparation and professional development, and to identify promising practices for the future of teacher preparation. The findings are published in Teacher Preparation and Professional Development in APEC Members . The findings of Phase II, focusing on policy and practices of teacher induction in 11 participating APEC members, are presented here.

54. Book Professor Brighouse has identified the growth of this culture in many Links have alsobeen established with schools in the Middle East (brunei) and in Asia http://www.sellypark.bham.sch.uk/book.htm

"Success Against The Odds" In 1995, eleven schools and colleges from across the UK agreed to be visited and included in a collection of case studies of effective and successful schools. These studies were included in a book, Success Against the Odds, published in 1996. During 2000, each of the original schools agreed to be re-visited and re-examined in order that follow-up studies could be made. The aim of the second series of studies was to look at how schools maintain momentum and achieve success over the longer term. In both 1995 and 2000, Professor Tim Brighouse, the Chief Education Officer of Birmingham and one of the country's leading education experts conducted the study at Selly Park. One of the key elements of Selly Park's success identified by Professor Brighouse is the achievement culture developed by the school over many years. Whilst the ‘can do’ factor is commonly found in primary schools, Professor Brighouse says that it is less common at secondary level where the diversions of adolescence and the ‘counter-to-achievement’ culture is so prevalent in the world beyond school, thus making the achievements at Selly Park so unusual. The achievement culture is one in which the Technology Colleges Trust movement takes great pride and it argues that the acquisition of specialist status can act as a spur to improvement and the ‘can do’ factor. Professor Brighouse has identified the growth of this culture in many Birmingham secondary schools but he has identified Selly Park as a ‘marker’.

55. Islamic Workshop In Brunei (Yusuf Islam's address to 3000 teachers in brunei). is another word for Western culture;it came and Roman temples and secluded monasteries, schools and general http://www.iberr.co.za/brunei2.htm

IBERR's Meetings Brunei San Francisco January 2001 Conference May 2000 ... Roshnee Download (Word format - 15KB) e-mail us D issemination of I slamic K nowledge (Yusuf Islam's address to 3000 teachers in Brunei) You cannot talk about Dissemination of Knowledge without addressing Globalisation. Globalisation is a reality. Some call it an outcome of Post-Colonialism and the arrival of the digital age has given it even more power and access, but for sure it affects most areas of life: Education is one of those areas. In fact, colonialist tendencies have never really been abandoned; since Byzantium, Northern Mediterranean Civilization has been on the go. Byzantium is another word for Western Culture; it came to be called 'Western' more recently since the USA has entered the World of Nation States and began to dominate. My particular story, that of a Western 'Icon' discovering Islam, and joining the prayer line of fellow Muslim, Believers is a microcosm of what can happen when the teachings of Islam are conveyed truly and without distortion or hindrance. However, nothing had prepared me for what I was about to discover in regards to the present state of Muslims globally. As fortunate as I have been to discover Islam, I cannot express my gratitude to Allah Almighty enough for having guided me to the portal of Islamic Education. And a Wise Education, I believe, can provide the solution to our Ummah's present malaise.

56. BorneoSearch - Travel -- Destination --- Asia ---- A Quick Glance On Brunei Daru concepts are to integrate the language and culture of the daughter of the second Sultanof brunei, Sultan Ahmad. of formal Islamic education in schools and all http://www.borneosearch.com/travel/destination/asia/bn/

Quick Glance Other Countries Sabah Sarawak Government Contact Numbers Choose a Department Listed Departments Ministry Office Police Ambulance/Hospital Fire Brigade Electrical Water Immigration Agriculture Airport Anti Corruption Audit Civil Aviation District Office Economic Planning Education Examination Board Finance Fisheries Forestry Health Housing Income Tax Investment Agency Judicial Labour Land Land Transport Language/Literature Legal Management Municipal Museums Narcotic Control Postal Services Prisons Public Service Public Works Religious Affairs Survey Telecom Town Planning Treasury UBD Embassy of Brunei Choose a Country Listed Countries in Australia in Bangladesh in Belgium in Canada in Cambodia in China in Egypt in France in Germany in India in Indonesia in Iran in Japan in Jordan in Korea in Laos in Malaysia in Myanmar in Oman in Pakistan in Philippines in Russia in Saudi Arabia in Singapore in Switzerland in Thailand in UAE in U.K in U.S.A in Vietnam Foreign Embassies Choose a Country Listed Countries Australia Austria Bangladesh Belgium Cambodia Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany India Indonesia Iran Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Myanmar Netherland New Zealand Norway Oman Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore Sweden Thailand U.K

57. FTMSGlobal and has recently attracted many top schools, universities, academic China’s history,culture, economy and the rapid modernisation of its brunei Darussalam. http://www.ftmsglobal.com/facilites.htm

58. Brunei Darussalam Travel Pictures Bandar Seri Begawan, Kampung to speak of, and the political culture encourages quiet spread along the banks ofSungai brunei and Sungai The kampung are serviced by schools and clinics of http://www.tropicalisland.de/brunei.html

Brunei Darussalam Travel Pictures: Bandar Seri Begawan, Kampung Ayer, Jerudong Park Playground REMEMBER: There are many pics, so it may take some time to download!! All pictures can be enlarged to wallpaper size (simply click on a single picture). Brunei Brunei: This tiny oil-rich Islamic sultanate lying on the northwest coast of Borneo is known chiefly for the astounding wealth of its Sultan, its tax-free, subsidised society, and the fact that (statistically at least) its 280,000 people enjoy one of the highest per capita incomes on earth. Despite the ostentatious modern public buildings in the capital, most of the country remains undeveloped, unexploited and untouched by the outside world. Brunei is a little slice of Islamic heaven. Alcohol is virtually unobtainable, there's no nightlife to speak of, and the political culture encourages quiet acquiescence to the edicts of the sultan. The folk of Brunei are amply rewarded for their conformist ways with free healthcare, free education, free sporting centres, cheap loans and high, tax-free wages. Bandar Seri Begawan Bandar Seri Begawan: Despite the sultan's large stable of polo ponies, Brunei is basically a one-horse country. The capital, Bandar Seri Begawan, is by far the largest town in Brunei and the location of nearly all the country's sights. It's a calm, clean, compact town of some 60,000 people, half of whom live in the terrific tangle of plankwalks and telephone wires comprising the stilt villages that fringe BSB's rivers.

59. APEC Education Forum: Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam/June 10-11, 1996 delegates to the conference and to brunei Darussalam. in member economies and networkingof those schools. on ?u Improving the Understanding of culture in APEC http://www.apec.edu.tw/meeting8.html

APEC EDUCATION FORUM Eighth Meeting Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam June 10-11, Summary Report The eighth meeting of the APEC Education Forum convened in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam at 1:30pm, Monday June 10 1996. In attendance were delegations from Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Republic of the Philippines, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, the United States of America and the APEC Secretariat. The meeting was co- chaired by Dr Alan Ginsburg, Director, Planning and Evaluation Service of the United States Department of Education (Outgoing Coordinator) and Mrs Savitri Suwansathit, Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education of Thailand (Incoming Coordinator). Welcome on Behalf of Brunei Darussalam : On behalf of the Ministry of Education of Brunei Darussalam, Sheikh Adnan bin Sh. Mohamad, welcomed delegates to the conference and to Brunei Darussalam. Overview of meeting and Forum progress to date: Dr. Ginsburg welcomed the incoming Coordinator from Thailand, Mrs Savitri Suwansathit, Deputy Permanent Secretary for Education of Thailand, who will co-chair the 8th Forum meeting and Chair subsequent meetings. Dr. Ginsburg outlined the proposed agenda. He proposed that the meeting will review current projects, grouped under the Forum's three Priority Areas. The meeting would then focus upon the proposed Education Forum Strategic Plan (renamed Strategic Working Plan), which Dr. Ginsburg proposed as an initial draft which should be viewed as an evolutionary working paper. The Forum could then review proposed Education Forum projects and rank projects applying for APEC Central Funding.

60. History same meanings and are parts of the culture of people well as in Malaysia, Singaporeand brunei Darussalam organization of the unity of Pencak schools and Silat http://angkatan23.tripod.com/asbdsmu/history.htm

PENCAK SILAT HISTORY Source : An Introduction to Pencak Silat by Central Board of The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association BOOKMARKS : PREFACE THE HISTORY THE PHILOSOPHY THE KIND AND STYLES ... RESEARCH AND WRITING PREFACE Pencak Silat is a compound word. Pencak and Silat have the same meanings and are parts of the culture of people of Malay race, that is, the ethnic group who are the native inhabitants in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam. The word Pencak is commonly used by people in Java, whereas the word Silat is commonly used by the people who live in the other regions of Indonesia as well as in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam. The combination of the words Pencak and Silat into a compound word was made for the first time when an organization of the unity of Pencak schools and Silat schools in Indonesia was founded in Surakarta in 1948, which called Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association), abbreviated as IPSI. Since then, Pencak Silat has become the official term in Indonesia. This term is also used by the schools in many different countries which teach Pencak and Silat derived from Indonesia. In the international communities, Pencak Silat has become the official term since the international federation organization was founded in Jakarta in 1980, which was called Persekutuan Pencak Silat Antarabangsa, abbreviated as PERSILAT, (The International Pencak Silat Federation). Nevertheless, people use the words Pencak and Silat separately as a single word due to the dialectic habit.

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