1. African, Indigenous And Syncretic Religions In Latin America Bibliography is based on the readings used for the african religions in the Americas class at Rice University. The Taste of Blood Spirit Possession in brazilian Candomblé. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. http://www.lasculturas.com/lib/libOrisaInd.php

Home Newsletter Forum Articles ... more.. African, Indigenous and Syncretic Resources on Santeria, Macumba, Candomblé and other African, indigenous and syncretic religions. Aztec Religion Information about the pre-Hispanic Aztec religions and some of the resulting merging of the beliefs. Candomblé Candomblé, an Orisha based religion in Brazil. Ifa Orisha - Santeria General resources on the Yoruba origins of the various African religions in Latin America. Macumba An umbrella term for Brazilian Umbanda and Candomblé. Also known as Quimbanda. Here are some resources addressing both faiths. Palo An Afro-Caribbean religion derived from the Kongo cultures. Palo Mayombe, Monte, Kimbisa and some of the paths also called Regla de Palo. Umbanda Resources about Umbanda, a Brazilian faith with African and Amerindian influences. Vodou General resources on Vodou/Voodoo, a religion that survived in Haiti, as well as Cuba, Brazil, the Dominican Republic and other parts of Latin America. Search lasCulturas Contact: info@lasculturas.com

2. Candomblé, Umbanda & Afro-Brazilian Religions african ethnic or cultural groups—nações (nations). The greatest influence ofthe Fon, and hence closest similarity to vodun, in Afrobrazilian religions http://www.thebraziliansound.com/afro1.htm

The Brazilian Sound Home M usic DVDs ... Links Candomblé, Umbanda by Chris McGowan and Ricardo Pessanha An Excerpt From The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova And the Popular Music of Brazil (Temple University Press, 1998) African heritage survives in modern Brazil in a variety of manifestations. Brazilian Portuguese has incorporated many Yoruba and other African words. The cuisine in Bahia is quite similar to that of West Africa. And Brazilian music, dance, and culture in general are heavily rooted in Africa. In fact, Brazil has the largest African-descended population outside of Africa. In 1980, Brazil's population was 44.5 percent black or mulatto, according to the government census, and it is clear that more than half of all Brazilians have at least one ancestor from the mother continent. Afro-Brazilian religions, despite past suppression by the Catholic Church and Brazilian government, have became firmly rooted in the national culture. The enslaved Yoruba, Ewe, and other peoples brought their animist beliefs from Africa to the New World. These religions are probably thousands of years old, predating Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. Their belief systems were maintained for millennia, not on parchment or tablets, but as living oral traditions in ritual and music handed down from generation to generation. The Yoruba, who had the greatest influence on Afro-Brazilian religion, came primarily from what is now Nigeria. Their òrìsà tradition, carried across the Atlantic Ocean, was transformed in Brazil into

3. African Traditional Religion Caribbean religions. Haiti african Religion syncretism. Caribbean religions. brazilian Myths Fantastic Creatures http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION Webpage maintained by CHIDI DENIS ISIZOH SOME TOPICAL ISSUES The Role of women in African Traditional Religion Concepts of Social Justice in Traditional Africa Reincarnation in the framework of African Ontology Crime in African Traditional Religion ... African Religiosity expressed in Music (Italian) African Traditional Religions and Promotion of Community Emergent Key Issues in African Traditional Religion Ancestor Veneration in Africa African Creation Myths ... The loss of ATR in contemporary society i n Be INTRODUCTION TO ASPECTS OF THE RELIGION Bibliography on African Traditional Religion Elements to admire in African Traditional Religion Country by Country Statistics (1900 - 2000) Map of Africa showing the spread of African Traditional Religion TARGETED LINKS A Yoruba Naming Ceremony Funeral Ceremonies of the Ibo Yoruba Belief- An Introduction, Man and the Gods in Yoruba Belief, ... Ancient Africa A Great Oral Tradition MEETING POINTS OF THE THREE GREAT RELIGIONS IN AFRICA African Traditional Religion And ISLAM 1) 1000-year cohabitation and the resulting compromises 2) Islam's response to African Traditional Religion in Nigeria African Traditional Religion And CHRISTIANITY 1) «Conversion» in African Traditional Religion The meaning of "conversion of heart" in African Traditional Religion.

4. U. Mary WWW Resources - By Subject - Religions Of Africa religions of Africa and the african Diaspora NOTE The links on this page are raw material constituting the collection phase of directory development. studyweb.com brazilian and african religions. ucalgary.ca - african religions http://it.umary.edu/Library/research/www_subjects/religion_africa.html

Back: Welder Library Web Resources Home WWW Resources by Subject Area Religions of Africa and the African Diaspora NOTE: The links on this page are raw material constituting the collection phase of directory development. (See About This Directory for information on phases of development.) They have not yet been re-examined and weeded. When they are, about half the links here now will have been discarded as insufficiently fruitful and a somewhat smaller number of brand new and more rewarding links will have been added. Unprocessed pages like this are also likely to have a higher number of broken links. To learn how to work around them, please read about Error Messages if you haven't already done so. Page Index: Overview Articles Ifa - Yoruba Santeria - La Regla Lucumi ... Other Directories of African Religions OVERVIEW porchfour - Religions of the World African caribbean religions - Face of the Gods InquiceWeb ARTICLES aril.org - The African Experience of God through the Eyes of an Akan Woman, by Mercy Amba Oduyoye berkeley.edu - Drum is the Ear of God ncsu.edu - African Religion utexas.edu - The Demise of Traditional Religion in African Culture IFA - YORUBA overview indiana.edu - Yoruba Art in Wood and Metal

5. African Religions Santeria, and brazilian Candomble. 5. be able to critically assess the representation of african religions in the media, http://www.ncsu.edu/chass/mds/AfrRelSyl.htm

SAMPLE SYLLABUS: AFRICAN RELIGIONS Africana Studies / Multidisciplinary Studies Instructor: Dr. Deidre H. Crumbley (deidre_crumbley@ncsu.edu) Course Meets on T and TH in HA 154 / 1:05-2: 20 PM Office Hours: Room #7 2806 Hillsborough Street COURSE JUSTIFICATION: Do Africans believe in a transcendent God or do they worship idols. Do Africans have a “religious faith” or is what they believed best described as “superstition”? Do and can Africans worship without bloody rituals? Africa has been known to the West since the time of Herodotus, yet such questions are still being raised by American college graduates, laden with antiquated and inaccurate conceptions about African culture and religion. This deficit is significant for two reasons. First, religion provides an ideational window through which outsiders not only view but also evaluate the community of faith. If the faith is deemed “superstitious blood-letting” the humanity of the believers is diminished, and this readily informs the ideological underpinning of policy formation related to these people. Secondly, African religion is not a local phenomenon.

6. African & African American Religions african and african American religions. The original african religions, no longer reside solely These Africianbrazilian religions are Candomblé in Bahia, Xangô in Pernambuco and http://www.silverstitches.com/religions/africa.html

African and African American Religions The original African religions, no longer reside solely in Africa. They have traveled the world over, to every country where slaves have been traded and sold. The traditional African religious systems include Bakongo, Akan, Vodoun, and Ifa'Orisha. In some areas, such as Brazil, the different rites and local names have changed in order to hide behind the popular religion in the area. These Africian-Brazilian religions are Candomblé in Bahia, Xangô in Pernambuco and Alagoas, Tambor de Mina in Maranhão and Pará, Batuque in Rio Grande do Sul, and Macumba in Rio de Janeiro. I also need to mention Umbanda, which is a blend of African, American and European religious traditions. The following 'Beliefs' and 'Practices' are common among all the African religions. The Beliefs There is widespread belief in a supreme God, unique and transcendent. Africans have a sense of the sacred and a sense of mystery; there is high reverence for sacred places, persons and objects; sacred times are celebrated. Belief in the afterlife is incorporated in myths and in funeral ceremonies.

7. Africana.com: Gateway To The Black World.Screen Name Service resonant with Old World african worldviews, these essay explores how three religions,Haitian Vodou, Cuban Santería, and brazilian Umbanda, illustrate http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_326.htm

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8. Africana.com: Gateway To The Black World.Screen Name Service Dahomean Vodun, Cuban Santeria and brazilian Candomble – is In addition, manypeople of african descent are to different kinds of religions and spiritual http://www.africana.com/DailyArticles/index_20000716.htm

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9. Beliefnet.com Afrobrazilian religions, view by date. A discussion of Candomblé, Umbanda, andother african-derived religions of http://www.beliefnet.com/boards/discussion_list.asp?boardID=13972

10. Candomble, Umbanda, Macumba In Brazil (Books) Sacred Leaves Of Candomblé african Magic, Medicine And Religion In Brazil byRobert A. Voeks. Excerpt Candomblé, Umbanda Afrobrazilian religions. http://www.thebraziliansound.com/candombl.htm

The Brazilian Sound Home M usic DVDs ... Links Candomblé, Umbanda Afro-Brazilian Religion In Brazil The Brazilian Sound Divine Inspiration: From Benin To Bahia by Phyllis Galembo and Robert Farris Thompson Dieux D'Afrique: Culte Des Orishas Et Vodouns A L'Ancienne Cote Des Esclaves En Afrique Et A Bahia, La Baie De Tous Les Saints Au Bresil by Pierre Fatumi Verger limited availability Macumba: The Teachings Of Marie-José, Mother Of The Gods by Serge Bramly Magic From Brazil: Recipes, Spells And Rituals by Morwyn Orixás/Orishas, Os Deuses Vivos Da Africa: The Living Gods Of Africa In Brazil by Abdias do Nascimento A Refuge In Thunder: Candomblé And Alternative Spaces Of Blackness by Rachel Harding Sacred Leaves Of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine And Religion In Brazil by Robert A. Voeks Samba In The Night: Spiritism In Brazil by David J. Hess The Taste Of Blood: Spirit Possession In Brazilian Candomblé by Jim Wafer Book Excerpt Excerpt: Afro-Brazilian Religions from: The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil Also See: Related Books: American Voudou Journey Into A Hidden World by Rod Davis Divine Utterances: The Performance Of Afro-Cuban Santeria by Katherine Hagedorn The Faces Of The Gods: Voodoo And Roman Catholicism In Haiti by Leslie Desmangles Sacred Possessions: Voodoo, Santeria,

11. WebPagan.com African And Afro-based Religions Afro-Brazilian WebPagan directory for Afrobrazilian home african And Afro-based religions Afro-brazilian. Afro-brazilian. brazilian Terreiro, Ifa/Orisha religion of http://www.webpagan.com/Afro-Brazilian_161

12. Herbs And Healing In Orisha And Other African Traditional Religions Herbs and Healing, Herbs and Healing in Orisha and other african Traditional religions. PlantasMedicinais A brazilian database of medicinal plants. http://www.lasculturas.com/lib/libIfaEwe.php

Home Newsletter Forum Articles ... more.. Herbs and Healing Herbs and Healing in Orisha and other African Traditional Religions Ashé'wé Osayín. . .Ewé Aiyé Images and brief explanations of the Ashé of 21 plants. Botany Click on the Botany button at the top for a list of plants and their associations with Orisha. They also have a list of the ingredients for the most sacred mixture - omiero. Caribbean Herbalist Herbal traditions from the Caribbean cultures, focusing on Vodou. Cleansings And Ewe Orisa Esu Some of the Ewe (herbs) associated with Eleggua, and a cleansing for the home. Ewe Ifa A general overview of how Ifa and Ewe work together and a brief list of Ewe for various Orisha. Ewe Igbodu Substitutions for Herbs Used in Initiations. Onisegun The Ifa Concept of Physical Healing Medicina Yoruba A description of how illness is diagnosed, the Orisha and their associations with various illnesses (or parts of the body that become ill) and herbal cures. [Español] Orisha Self-Assessment Diagnostic Chart Charts various body illnesses according to the Orisha energy.

13. Smithsonian Institution: National Museum Of African Art Branch Library and practices; syncretic religious movements; Christianity and Islam in Africa;Afrobrazilian cults; Santería; Vodun and other african religions in the New http://www.loc.gov/rr/main/religion/afa.html

Return to: Table of Contents Library of Congress Home Page Sections on this page: Access Policies Description of Collections Subject Headings Bibliography ... National Museum of African Art Branch Library Address: 950 Independence Avenue SW NMAA, MRC 708 Washington, DC 20560 Telephone Number: ext. 286 Fax Number: Contact Persons: Janet Stanley, Librarian Email Address: libmail@sil.si.edu Internet Catalog Address: telnet to siris.si.edu or http://www.siris.si.edu/ Access Policies Hours of Service: MondayFriday 9:00 a.m.-5:15 p.m. Open to the public: Yes, appointment strongly encouraged Photocopying: Yes Interlibrary loan: Yes Reference Policy: Telephone and mail reference questions are accepted Borrowing Privileges: Limited to staff and Smithsonian fellows. The general public may borrow through interlibrary loan in their local public library or their university library. Networks/Consortia: CIRLA, FEDLINK. Holdings are listed in OCLC. Background Note: See information in first Smithsonian Libraries entry. Return to top of page Description of Collections Books and monographs: The collection holds approximately 1,000 books, primarily 20th century imprints. Subject emphases include African religions, including works on indigenous belief systems and practices; syncretic religious movements; Christianity and Islam in Africa; Afro-Brazilian cults; Santería; Vodun and other African religions in the New World.

14. Religious Movements Homepage: Macumba Making System of an africanbrazilian, Macumba Community in Salvador, Brazil. in Peter B. Clarke (ed.) New Trends and Developments in african religions. http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~jkh8x/soc257/nrms/macu.html

Macumba/Candomble I. Profile Report Name: Macumba is the "umbrella" term used for two principle forms of African spirit worship: Candomble and Umbanda . It is the Brazilian equivalent of Voudon and Santeria . Although macumba is associated with black magic, a more appropriate term is Quimbanda Founder: Black slaves shipped to Brazil in the 1550s brought the worship of African Gods, or orishas , to Brazil. Date of Birth: Not applicable Birth Place: Most of the slaves who incorporated their religion into Brazilian culture were from Africa. Year Founded: Brief History: When the Portugese began shipping slaves to Brazil in the sixteenth century, the country already had an amalgamation of religions. Catholicism was desperately trying to rid the area of the native Indian beliefs. The slaves found their beliefs in spirits and magic synonymous with native faiths. The two intertwined; while the slaves outwardly worshipped under the Catholic faith, they covertly carried on their religious beliefs until their liberation in 1888. At least fifteen generations of slaves had grown up with a belief in the orishas Candomble , like Santeria, resembles Yoruban religions. The name derives from the celebration held on coffee plantations by the blacks. The first center for

15. African Voices: Brazilian Tenda Songs and prayers in african languages, dance steps, drum rhythms, and herbal Practionersof Afrobrazilian religions tell of how Oxalá shapes each human body http://www.rit.edu/~africa/diaspora/tendaPg1.shtml

Afro-Brazilian religion T hree-and-a-half to five million enslaved Africans were taken to Brazil between the early 1500s and 1888. They brought with them diverse religions, including Christianity, Islam, and the worship of Yoruba and Kongo divinities. Africans and their descendants in turn encountered religions practiced by Native Americans. African raffia, beads, cowrie shells, woven straw. Bahia, Brazil 1996 Omolu's ritual broom Omolu: God of Infectious Disease T his raffia mask conceals the face of the secretive Omolu, who dances bent over like an old man and carries a palm broom to sweep away illness. In the past, Omolu was considered the god of smallpox, able to inflict or to cure the disease. Today, Brazilian AIDS patients appeal to Omolu for relief from their illness. A T he cowrie shells adorning his mask symbolize Omolu's wealth, fertility, and knowledge as he heals the sick and protects the healthy. Tenda Omulu A H ere you will find many objects associated with the gods of Candomblé, each of whom has a distinct personality and history. Candomblé mediates interactions between the gods, or orixás, in the "House of Heaven" and people in the "House of Life." People offer objects and foods to the orixás, sending their prayers to the House of Heaven. Priests interpret messages sent by the spirits to the House of Life. A Shopping List Stop by Tenda Omolu and look for: B eads: worn by followers of the orixás, a cloth-covered basket used in rituals that reveal the will of the gods, herbs for healing and ritual incense to purify the air, pottery to hold sacred objects and offerings to the gods, statues of "Old Blacks" who represent kind spirits twin statues that represent the Catholic saints Cosme and Damean as well as the Ibeji, the twin gods of Candomblé, white corn wrapped in plantain leaves, used as an offering for the orixás.

16. Brazil the center of Candomble and other traditional african religions. As a result ofinternal migration during the 20th century, Afrobrazilian and syncretistic http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5575.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Brazil International Religious Freedom Report Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy continued to contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The generally amicable relationship among religions in society contributed to the free practice of religion, although a rivalry exists among various religious groups vying for greater numbers of adherents. The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. Section I. Religious Demography The country has total land area of 3,281,865 square miles, and its population is approximately 172.8 million. Sunni and Shi'a Islam are practiced predominantly by immigrants from Arab countries who have arrived in the country during the past 25 years. Shintoism is maintained to a limited degree among the Japanese-Brazilian community. Foreign missionary groups, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) and several evangelical organizations, operate freely throughout the country.

17. International Religious Freedom Report 2002: Brazil the center of Candomble and other traditional african religions. As a result ofinternal migration during the 20 th century, Afrobrazilian and syncretistic http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/14034.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Brazil International Religious Freedom Report 2002 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects the right in practice. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy continued to contribute to the generally free practice of religion. The generally amicable relationship among religions in society contributed to religious freedom. The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. Section I. Religious Demography The country has a total land area of 3,281,865 square miles, and its population is approximately 170 million (based on 2000 census results). Nearly all major religions and religious organizations are present in the country. Many citizens worship in more than one church or participate in the rituals of more than one religion. Information obtained from the 2000 census indicated that approximately 74 percent of the population identify themselves as Roman Catholic, although only a small percentage of that number regularly attend Mass. Approximately 15 percent of the population identify themselves as Protestants, an estimated 85 percent of which are Pentecostal/evangelical. Evangelical churches have grown rapidly and have challenged the religious stronghold of the Catholic Church. Denominations include the Assembly of God and the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Lutherans and Baptists make up the bulk of the remaining Protestants and are centered in the southern part of the country, where the majority of German and northern European immigrants concentrated during the 19

18. African-Based Religions Ashe! Ile Axe Opo Afonja. An introduction to Candomble, an Afrobrazilian religion. Theoldest surviving internet forum on on african religions. santeria. http://sparta.rice.edu/~maryc/AfroCuban.html

African-Based Religions More Information: Orisha, Ifa, Palo Monte Vodou Candomble ... Newsgroups, List Goups, etc Translation Sites Babel Fish Dictionary. com T here are a variety of interesting sites focused on African and Afro-Caribbean Religions. This page has pulled together links I find interesting. Some of these sites I agree with, others I don'tall are interesting. But don't believe everything you read! M y introduction to discusses the basic cosmology of Orisha religion in the New World. M y bibliography of African-based religious lists books you may find interesting. The listed books should be generally available in the larger bookstores and libraries. M y FAQ answers many of the questions I have received concerning these religions. Please check it out before sending me email requesting help. Orisha, Ifa, Palo Monte Orisha List Home Page . The official webpage for the OrishaList mail list . This site has recently moved and is in the process of being re-installed. On former site the contributors have put together a wide ranging page with lots of interesting articles. This was the source for the readings of the year from Oyotunji Village. OrishaNet . Another view of Lukumi put together by Baba Eyiogbe, a babalawo in Seattle. More good information here, including a Lucumi Vocabulary page. Worth a visit for the beautiful picture of Oshun on the opening page.

19. Introducing Mary Ann Clark focus on the african elements in the religions of the The AfroBaptist Ritual in theafrican Diaspora. Taste of Blood Spirit Possession in brazilian Candomblé http://sparta.rice.edu/~maryc/Bibliography.html

African Religions in the Americas Reading List More Information About: Surveys and Overviews African Traditional Religions Black Church in America Candomble ... Vodoun E veryone has his or her own reading list for these religions. This list is based on the readings I use for my African Religions in the Americas class. Not all are used in class, some I use for background material. E ach of these authors brings their own background and belief system to their work. I don't agree completely with what any of these authors say (including Clark, 1998), but together they present a good introduction to these religions. The key ( ) indicates those books I usually suggest be read first. I f you have found some book especially enlightening and feel it should be added to the list, please feel free to send me the information. (I don't guarantee I will follow your suggestions, only that I will consider it.) Surveys and Overviews Murphy, Joseph M. 1994.

20. The African Influence On Brazilian Popular Culture brazilian society and as a way to resist imposed Catholicism. african slaves fromYoruba found a means of coexisting with Catholicism by forming religions http://www.chatham.edu/PTI/Latin America & U.S.Pop culture/Jackson_02.htm

The African Influence On Brazilian Popular Culture By Linda Jackson Overview Rationale Objectives Strategies Classroom Activities Annotated Bibliography/Resources Appendices Standards Overview Initially, I wanted to create a unit that would give my students a global perspective on popular culture. Several weeks into the class on Latin American Popular culture I realized how much of an influence United States popular culture has on Latin America popular culture. Creating a curriculum that would focus on the African influence on popular culture in the United States and in Latin America seemed to be an interesting prospect. Teen interest is always focused on popular culture. Taking that interest and using it as a motivation for an in depth study of the African influence on Latin American popular culture, specifically in Brazil, seemed to be a project that would have great success. When teaching English, I hope to bring to my students a new understanding of the African influence on Brazilian popular culture. The African influence is evident in the plethora of genres of popular culture in Brazil.

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