81. Focus On London The angles settled largely in East Anglia, Mercia, and in Essex, Sussex, and Wessex;and the jutes in Kent and led by William I defeated Anglosaxons at Battle http://members.aol.com/ebfg2/map.html

Choose a background color of your choice. Chronology (Indo European people who originated from the land near the Caspian Sea) (Anglo-Saxon refers to one of several groups of Germanic invaders including Angles, Saxons and Jutes that conquered much of Britain between the 5th and 7th centuries. The Angles settled largely in East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria; the Saxons in Essex, Sussex, and Wessex; and the Jutes in Kent and southern Hampshire) overran most of England and formed kingdoms, including Wessex, Northumbria, and Mercia; Wales was stronghold of Celts. 500: The Scots, a Gaelic-speaking tribe from Ireland, settled in the kingdom of Dalriada (Argyll). 829: King Egbert of Wessex accepted as overlord of all England. c. 843: Kenneth McAlpin unified Scots and Picts to become first king of Scotland. (The people of Scandinavia raided British Isles, conquering north and east England and northern Scotland. The Vikings were successful because of their superior ships and seamanship Normans ( Originally Vikings, to whose chief, Rollo, Normandy was granted by Charles III of France in 911. They adopted French language and culture)

82. ORB: The Online Reference Book For Medieval Studies These people called themselves various names angles, saxons, and jutes; they mayhave scholars often call the English who lived before 1066 Anglosaxons. http://orb.rhodes.edu/textbooks/Muhlberger/britintro.html

Medieval England Steven Muhlberger Introduction to Britain Let's begin with some basic terminology. Many names we use in the course are deceptively familiar. Just as it is difficult to understand British English without practice (British "subway" = our "underpass"), British geography and ethnography the names of the peoples who live or have lived there takes some getting use to. Britain, the Britons The Romans called the biggest of the two islands NW of Gaul the country we know as France Brittania. The people who lived in the Roman ruled part of the island were called Britons (by the Romans!). This was a general name, because the Britons were divided up into a number of peoples and tribes. Confusion is possible because the name of Britain is applied to the modern United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and the citizens of that country are often called Britons. Scotland, the Scots To the north of Roman-ruled Britain was a country called Caledonia , roughly equivalent to modern Scotland. At this time there were no Scots in Scotland . They still lived in Ireland (then called Scotia or Hibernia ). Caledonia was inhabited by the

83. ORB: The Anglo-Saxons the invasion/migration of the tribes termed the angles, saxons, and jutes from the oThe Alfred Jewel (from several angles). The Anglosaxons, Brown University. http://orb.rhodes.edu/encyclop/early/pre1000/ASindex.html

Anglo-Saxon England A Guide to Online Resources Section Editor: Brad Bedingfield, Tokyo Metropolitan University Introduction by Stuart Lee, Oxford University Computing Services This section of the On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies concentrates on the period of English history dating from the mid-fifth century to the mid-eleventh century. As with all dating in the medieval period these chronological boundaries are open to question. The starting date represents the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon invasions, i.e. the invasion/migration of the tribes termed the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from the northern part of modern Germany to the island of Britain . Similarly, the end-date of the mid-eleventh century centres on the Battle of Hastings (14th October, 1066) which saw the defeat of Harold Godwineson , the last Saxon king, at the hands of William the Conqueror thus transferring control of England to the Normans. Yet this simple cut-off date blurs historical reality. Although Saxon resistance to the Normans post-Hastings was ineffectual, their language did survive developing (influenced, of course, by Norman French) into Middle English (the language of Chaucer).

84. About The Celts the arrival of the Saxon, angles, and jutes, the invasions England means Anglo Land,or Land of the angles. the rise of invasions by the saxons and, therefore http://www.shopbagend.com/celts/celts.shtml

About The Celts Celtic Battersea Shield, from the Thames at Battersea, London, about the the time of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth (colorized) We get many questions about the Celts: How to pronounce Celtic ? Is it sehltic or is it kehltic ? What are the meanings of the knotwork patterns or the spiral designs? Many reference books will tell you what scholars know about the Celts. They will tell you that the Celts spoke a language of their own, of which Cornish, Welsh, Breton, Manx, Irish and Scottish Gaelic are the modern descendants of the original Celtic languages. They will tell you that the Celtic languages form two major groups, the Brythonic , or those found primarily in BritainCornish, Welsh, and Breton (the latter because of emigration across the English Channeland Gaelic those primarily found in Ireland and Scotland. The major difference, you will be told, is the pronunciation of certain letters, among them hard or soft Cs. Perhaps this is where the sehltic or is it kehltic issue comes from. The word

85. Revival Library - Bede's Ecclesiastical History Of England: Book 1 By Bede - A R desert to this day, between the provinces of the jutes and the saxons, are descended theBritons obtained their first victory over the angles, under the http://www.revival-library.org/catalogues/prereformation/bede/book1/15.html

Home Listing of Catalogues Pre-Reformation 100-1500 Bede's Ecclesiastical History Of England ... CHAP. XIV. How the Britons, compelled by the great famine, drove the barbarians out of the their territories, and soon after there ensued, along with abundance of corn, decay of morals, pestilence, and the downfall of the nation. Bede - a Revised Translation with Introduction, Life and Notes By A. M. Sellar Bede's Ecclesiastical History Of England: Book 1 CHAP. XV. How the Angles, being invited into Britain, at first drove off the enemy; but not long after, making a league with them, turned their weapons against their allies. CHAP. XVI. How the Britons obtained their first victory over the Angles, under the command of Ambrosius, a Roman. Notes Readers may wonder what this book is doing in the Revival Library, as it doesn't have too much to do with Revival as we understand it. This scholarly work records the arrival and infancy of the Christian Church in Great Britain. It unashamedly includes so many references to supernatural happenings, healings, visions and divine encounters that we thought our English readers ought to be more aware of the faith and experience of their forefathers. It gives clear evidence that God has always acted in supernatural ways to advance the cause of His Kingdom on the earth. Credits Photocopied Tony Cauchi Scanned Tony Cauchi Digitised Tony Cauchi Proofed Tony Cauchi Web Published Tony Cauchi Nov, 1999

86. Britannia: The Welsh And Their Glorious History Pictiland(in the north)and the English were Germans(angles /saxons/jutes) The Britons oneday to free the Welsh from the German angles and saxons(English http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/forum/messages/1389.html

BRITANNIA TRAVEL FORUM The Welsh and their Glorious History Post Follow Up Posted by: kieth norman on April 23, 2002 Subject: The Welsh and their Glorious History Arfon your to Richard Bartley "But in all fairness the education system in the u.k does not teach welsh history in england but makes darn shure that we in Wales are told about english history and how great she is!. We as a Welshnation have a long way to go yet before we can make the world take notice of us , but web pages like this one and the internet is the way forward i think. I am especially surprised that the people of Ireland think that we are only a county in england, in fact the Irish quite often refer to yhe u.k as england, which i`m quite annoyed about since upto 1921 they were part of that england as well,and would still be so had it not been for geat men like Pearce an Connolly. Anyway our day will come and Wales will take here place among the nations of the world. " Arfon Don't get too down in the mouth..The Welsh has a tremendous history to be told so just go out there buttie and tell the bloody world..:-)) Just remember the Original Britons were the Welsh and they lived in all of Britain.

87. Beowulf-AngloHistory.page kingdom of Kent in the southeast went to the jutes. a. The angles were dominant inthe early history, and so C. The Anglosaxons brought with them a new belief http://www.geocities.com/c_downey615/Beowulf-AngloHistory.html

Anglo-Saxon History I. Before Rome A. The people of the island were divided into separate areas. 1. Britons lived on the southern part of the main island and the Picts on the northern end. 2. The Gaels, a Celtic people, lived on Ireland to the west. B. The cultures were skilled in agriculture and metal working and had a good trading system with the Celtic people on the European mainland. C. The Druids, a class of priests, kept the oral history and literature of the people. Beowulf's Mead Hall VII. The Growth of Literacy A. When Christianity came to the Anglo-Saxons it brought with it the Roman alphabet and the new tradition of writing down literature. B. The new era of literature had arrived. 1. Poetry avoided the new way and continued to be performed orally but now the poems were sometimes written down. 2. However, the only way to record a poem was to have scribes write it out by hand, and so not many manuscripts have survived the test of time.

88. Angelcynn Anglo-Saxon History Certainly there were jutes ( probably not exclusively from saxons (from northernGermany) and angles (from southern living along side 'Anglosaxons', and the http://www.angelcynn.org.uk/history_invasion.html

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion of Britain In 410 A.D. the Roman legions were recalled to Rome to defend it against barbarian attacks, and Britain was left to fend for itself. (The rulers of Britain after 410 are referred to as 'tyrants' because their authority had no legitimacy in Roman Eyes.) Having no armies left the British people were left open to attack from the Picts (probably by sea down the east coast, for the Picts are described in one Late Roman source as a sea-going people - just like the Saxons). With this situation we find the following: Ships of the type used by the early Anglo-Saxon settlers/invaders. This account of the migrations from Germany, following the collapse of the Roman Empire, is taken from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, and is how the later Anglo-Saxons saw the first arrival of their people. Since then, until quite recently, it has remained the accepted view of what happened. However, recent researches have shown it to be wrong in almost every detail It is even uncertain whether Hengest and Horsa existed, or whether they were actually the same

89. Megadigger - Cäåëàåì æèçíü ëåã÷å! Western Europethe angles, saxons and jutes-attacked the went on the two peoples -the angles and the The Anglo-saxons formed many kingdoms-Kent, Essex, Wessex http://megadigger.narod.ru/kingdoms.htm

THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS The Anglo-Saxons formed many kingdoms-Kent, Essex, Wessex, which now are counties of Great Britain. These kingdoms were at war with one another. The stronger kings took the land from the smaller kingdoms . a kingdom - êîðîëåâñòâî a coast - áåðåã to form - îáðàçîâûâàòü land-çåìëÿ a tribe - ïëåìÿ Europe -Åâðîïà the Angles - àíãëû the Saxons - ñàêñû the Jutes -þòû a county -ãðàôñòâî a nation-íàöèÿ to settle - ïîñåëÿòüñÿ Ìû ïðîñèì ïðèñûëàòü ñâîþ èíôîðìàöèþ îá ýêçàìåíå, îòâåòû íà ýêçàìåíàöèîííûå áèëåòû, âàøè øïàðãàëêè è ïðîñòî ðàáîòû (ñî÷èíåíèÿ, ðåôåðàòû è ò. ï.) Íàø E-MAIL: megadigger@mail.ru

90. White Revolution - Chapter6 more and more Anglosaxons (and jutes!) started to From the angles name comes England'sname Aengland becoming in The Anglo-saxons in their turn started to http://www.wnpuk.org/chapter6.html

CHAPTER SIX Anglo-Saxon Britain When the Angles, Saxons and Jutes came to Britain in the 4th century AD, they found a well populated, well cultivated land but with a serious problem - the Legions, long its protectors, had gone. The Picts and Scots were over The Wall and ravaging Northern England. Tradition has it that the first Angle chiefs to arrive from Northern Germany and Jutland were called Hengist and Horsa. At first they came as pirates, looted and burned, fought with the Celts and went back to Northern Germany. However as time progressed more and more Anglo-Saxons (and Jutes!) started to settle, mostly in South Eastern England. From the Angles name comes England's name "Aengland" becoming in time - England. The Celtic-British, now Romanised and a lot less warlike after four centuries of Roman occupation, fought back as best they could under the semi-legendary Artorius. The Celts won many battles but in the end, the constant waves of new Anglo-Saxon invaders, drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland and South-West England (reputed home of "Camelot"). The Anglo-Saxons in their turn started to settle and though pagans when they arrived soon became Christianised. Woden (similar to Odin - the Norse deity), was deserted for the new found Christ. Anglo Saxon churches are still a feature of many parts of Britain.

91. The English Language: Historical Notes There began an influx of angles (from Schleswig), saxons (from Holstein) and jutes(from what is now Denmark); but in their turn, these new http://www.sinet.it/inglese/eng-history.htm

The English Language: Historical Notes When Julius Caesar invaded Great Britain in 55 B.C., he found a country populated by that mysterious people we call the Celts. In all of the history which follows, we see these Celts being driven back by various European invaders, so that today their language survives in Wales and in the Gaelic of Scotland and Ireland. (In one of history's small ironies, the Celts of Cornwall were pushed back across the English Channel and reintroduced their Celtic language, Breton - from "Britannia" - still spoken today, into a country which had already been latinized.) Julius Caesar invaded Great Britain ("veni, vidi, vici") but withdrew with his legions. The occupation of the country which the Romans called Britannia had to wait nearly 90 years; it took place in 43 A.D. under the Emperor Claudius and lasted until 410 A.D. when, with the western Empire on the verge of collapse, the last legions were withdrawn. This "association", lasting nearly four centuries, left surprisingly few signs either of a linguistic nature (the people continued to speak Celtic with a few Latin borrowings), or of an architectural nature (though Hadrian left his famous wall, built to protect the domesticated Celts from the Picts and Scots, their fiercer cousins to the north and west). After the withdrawal of the legions, the British Celts, no longer accustomed to caring for their own defence, were again threatened by the Picts and Scots, and 30 years after the departure of the last of the Romans, they called for the help of the "Saxons" of northern Germany. There began an influx of

92. English (Australian) The jutes, who came from lutland, settled in Kent, the The saxons, who came fromHolstein, settled in the The angles, who came from Schleswig, settled in the http://www.worldlanguage.com/Languages/EnglishAustralian.htm

view this site in Home Help Contact Us Privacy ... Checkout Dictionary ESL-English as Second Language Games Handheld Dictionary Keyboards Kids Movies/Videos Spell Checking Translation Tutorial - Learning More... English (Australian) Language Products Introduction Send this page to a friend! Products Desk Top Publishing Dictionary Games Keyboards ... Word Processing Introduction The spectacular advance of English ,'icross the face of the globe is a phenomenon without parallel in the history of language. Observe a German tourist talking to a Japanese shopkeeper in Tokyo, or an African diplomat to his counterpart from Asia, and the medium of communication will almost certainly be English. Though the French and the Rtissians may sharply disagree, English is already well on its way to becoming the unofficial international language of the world community. English is the principal language of the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, Australia. New Zealand, and of such newly independent countries as the Bahamas, Jamaica, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, and Guyana. It is the official language of more than a dozen African countries, as well as of various British depen-dencies such as British Honduras, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, and numerous islands in the Caribbean, and the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. In India it has the title of "associate official language" and is generally used in conversation between people from different parts of the country. In dozens of other countries throughout the world it is the unofficial second language. All told, English is the mother tongue of about 300 million people, making it second only to Chinese in this regard. But the number of people who speak English with at least some degree of proficiency totals many millions more and, unlike Chinese, extends to every corner of the globe.

93. English Language Map of Roman Empire. angles, jutes and saxons 449AD jutes invade led byHengist and Horsa, followed by angles and saxons. . http://www.csun.edu/~vceed002/courses/514/english_language/english.htm

History of the English Language back to assignment "By ethnic origin the English are a mongrel breed. Their language is polyglot, drawn from a variety of sources, and its vocabulary has been augmented by importations from all over the world. The English language does not identify the English, for it is the main language of Wales, Scotland, Ireland, many Commonwealth countries, and the United States. The primary source of the language, however, is the main ethnic stem of the English, the Anglo-Saxons, who invaded and colonized England in the 5th and 6th centuries. Their language provides about half the words in modern English vocabulary." From Encylopedia Britannica Indo-European Roots The steppe of Eastern Europe and Central Asia has served as at highway for the spread of language. Nomadic peoples could easily move across these relatively flat grasslands with their horses and cattle. Many people think that the roots of the English language, and many others, come from these Indo-European peoples. Map from: http://www.friesian.com/upan.htm

94. Bootlegbooks Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary 1913, Page The Teutonic people (angles, saxons, jutes) of England, or the who claim descentfrom the saxons, angles, or other or pertaining to the Anglosaxons or their http://www.bootlegbooks.com/Reference/Webster/data/58.html

95. Www.saturnus.com/~krynos/humor/puns/english_origin.txt hard; I suggest either (a) counseling to work through this issue or (b) move to GreatBritain, where they can The angles, saxons, and jutes brought slightly http://www.saturnus.com/~krynos/humor/puns/english_origin.txt

From: "Keith E. Sullivan" Infinite Joke List UGA Humor List Keith E. Sullivan

96. Dark Age battle for survival against invading angles, saxons, jutes, Danes and of the countryare the saxons, establishing one The jutes are settled in the far south http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/pbm_list/descriptions/1005562669.15308.html

Dark Age Costs: averages 2 GB pounds/turn URL: http://www.pbmsports.com/darkage.htm Frequency: one per two weeks Email: danny@pbmsports.com Type: Historical Wargame Last-Update: Keywords: commercial, closed-ended, www, computer, historical, wargame, economic, abstract Description The scene is Dark Age Britain, a land where a dozen nations and kings and a multitude of tribes and races jostle for supremacy. Britons, Picts, Welsh, Scots and Irish battle for survival against invading Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes and Norsemen. In the far corner of the isles are the remnants of Celtic Britain, gathered in the mountains and moors, and ready to reclaim their heritage. In Wales, in Cornwall, and in the northern lands beyond the wall are the British kingdoms of Cornwall, Dyfed, Gwynedd and Strathclyde. To the furthest noth the Picts still linger, survivors of an age beyond civilisation. To the west the Gaelic clans and tribes of Irish and Scots await their chance to cross the Irish Sea to the mainland. Across the south of the country are the Saxons, establishing one kingdom in the east and another in the west. The Jutes are settled in the far south east, in the kingdom of Kent. In East Anglia, Mercia and Northumberland are the English.

97. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Of the angles the country they left has since stood empty between jutes and saxons- come the East Anglians, Middle Anglians, Mercians, and all the http://panther.bsc.edu/~arthur/ASC.html

EXCERPT FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE http://www.geocities.com/~gkingdom/saxonshore/asc.html 200. The Holy Cross was found. 286. Here suffered St. Alban, martyr. 343. St. Nicholas passed away. 379. Gratian recieved the kingdom. 381. Maximus caesar recieved the kingdom. He was born in Britain; he went from there to Gaul and killed the caesar, Gratian. His brother he drove from the land; he was called Valentinian, and this Valentinian gathered a host again, killed Maximus and recieved the kingdom. In these times the Pelagian heresy arose throughout the world. 410. The Goths broke into Rome, and never since has a Roman ruled in Britain. In all they had reigned four four hundred and seventy years since Gaius Julius first sought out that island. 418. The Romans gathered all the gold-hoards there were in Britain; some they hid in the earth, so that no man might find them, and some they took with them to Gaul. 423. Theodosius thr Younger received the kingdom. 430. Bishop Palladius was sent by Pope Celestine to preach baptism to the Scots.

98. Notes To The Anglo-Saxon Period great dux bellorum (leader of wars) Artorius resisted the Germans (Arthur). GermanicAngles, saxons, jutes came in 5 th Century. http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/intro1_anglosaxon/anglo_notes.htm

Background of the English Language Old English (500-1100) Had full inflection system. (an inflection shows how a word funtions in a sentence by its form). Middle English Inflections weakening. Can actually read some of it without very much training. Modern (1500-present) No inflections. (With a few exceptions, such as the personal pronoun - I, me, mine, we, us, ours.) Modern syntax. Native tribes: Descendants from original Britons Invaders: Scotch Irish Welch Cornish Romans Angles Saxons Jutes Vikings Normans Celtic: Descendants of original Britons Scotch Irish Welch Cornish Language was Cymraeg Great dux bellorum (leader of wars) Artorius resisted the Germans (Arthur). Classic (Greco-Roman): Caesar invaded with Roman legions in B.C. Germanic th Century. A.D. (started in A.D. A.D. Rome had been sacked. Rome withdrew from Britain, beginning the Medieval Period Middle Ages or Dark Ages are other terms for the era. Era ended 1000 years later in the 1400's-1500's. th century Rome left Germanic tribes (Angels, Saxons, Jutes) took over. Settled in East. Britain

99. The Avalon Project : The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle : Fifth Century Anglia, which has ever since remained waste between the jutes and the saxons, camethe And in their days Vortigern invited the angles thither, and they http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/angsax/ang05.htm

The Avalon Project at Yale Law School The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle : Fifth Century Fourth Century Contents Sixth Century A.D. 418. This year the Romans collected all the hoards of gold that were in Britain; and some they hid in the earth, so that no man afterwards might find them, and some they carried away with them into Gaul. A.D. 423. This year Theodosius the younger succeeded to the empire. A.D. 429. This year Bishop Palladius was sent from Pope Celesrinus to the Scots, that he might establish their faith. A.D. 430. This year Patricius was sent from Pope Celestinus to preach baptism to the Scots. ((A.D. 430. This year Patrick was sent by Pope Celestine to preach baptism to the Scots.)) A.D. 435. This year the Goths sacked the city of Rome; and never since have the Romans reigned in Britain. This was about eleven hundred and ten winters after it was built. They reigned altogether in Britain four hundred and seventy winters since Gaius Julius first sought that land. A.D. 443. This year sent the Britons over sea to Rome, and begged assistance against the Picts; but they had none, for the Romans were at war with Atila, king of the Huns. Then sent they to the Angles, and requested the same from the nobles of that nation. A.D. 444. This year died St. Martin.

100. Channel 4 Television – Time Team Live '99 First phase of pagan English settlement completed angles in East to Humber estuary,inland to York; saxons in Sussex, Essex, Hertfordshire, jutes in Kent http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/archive/timeteamlive99/chronology.html

Chronology of Britain From 2400 BC to AD 1066 2400 BC Beginning of Bronze Age. 800 BC Beginning of Iron Age. 55-4 BC Invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar. AD 43 Beginning of conquest of Britain by Romans under Emperor Claudius. Certain client kingdoms recognised, including Iceni (present-day East Anglia). Roman governor Ostorius Scapula disarms Iceni, who resist but are defeated. Rebellion of Boudicca and the Iceni. Romans drain fenland in East Anglia. Hadrian's Wall completed. Christianity reaches Britain. Saxon raids increase. Fortress built at Burgh Castle, Suffolk. Christian Church hierarchy appears, with three British bishops: York, London and possibly Lincoln. Concerted land and sea invasion of Britain by Picts, Irish, Scots, cannibalistic Attacotti, some Saxons. Last Roman coinage minted in Britain. Romans abandon Britain. St Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, sent to Britain by Pope. Helps British troops rout Picts and Saxons, teaching them to shout 'Alleluia!' c Vortigern settles Saxons on coast near the Wash and Humber estuary, to defend kingdom against Pictish raids. Coinage no longer used. Extensive settlement by Angles, Saxons and Jutes, collectively known as English. Vortigern's Saxons revolt and join invaders.

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