21. African Americans - Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equianoor Gustavus Vassa the African (1789) Born in Benin in the http://www.africanamericans.com/OlaudahEquiano.htm

Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African Born in Benin in the late 18th century, Equiano was enslaved as a young boy and passed through a variety of experiences, many of them horrible; but he managed to acquire enough learning and independence to become a major voice advocating an end to slavery. His Narrative, written in English in 1789, immediately became a sensation, and has remained a classic source for our knowledge about the European slave trade from the point of view of the slave. In what ways does Equiano contrast slavery within Africa with the sort of slavery he encountered in the western hemisphere? What sufferings does he describe on the slave ship crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean? In what ways were slaves cheated by whites? Description of his early life. Enslavement On the slave ship Life in slavery It was very common in several of the islands, particularly in St Kitt's, for the slaves to be branded with the initial letters of their master's name, and a load of heavy iron hooks hung about their necks. Indeed on the most trifling occasions they were loaded with chains, and often instruments of torture were added. The iron muzzle, thumbscrews, etc. are so well known as not to need a description, and were sometimes applied for the slightest faults. I have seen a negro beaten till some of his bones were broken for even letting a pot boil over. It is surprising that usage like this should drive the poor creatures to despair and make them seek refuge in death from those evils which render their lives intolerable while

22. Olaudah Equiano's Life Background information on the early AfricanAmerican writer. http://www.atomicage.com/equiano/life.html

Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) was kidnapped from his African village at the age of eleven, shipped through the arduous "Middle Passage" of the Atlantic Ocean, seasoned in the West Indies and sold to a Virginia planter. He was later bought by a British naval Officer, Captain Pascal, as a present for his cousins in London. After ten years of enslavement throughout the North American continent, where he assisted his merchant slave master and worked as a seaman, Equiano bought his freedom. At the age of forty four he wrote and published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African. Written by Himself, which he registered at Stationer's Hall, London, in 1789. More than two centuries later, this work is recognized not only as one of the first works written in English by a former slave, but perhaps more important as the paradigm of the slave narrative, a new literary genre. Equiano recalls his childhood in Essaka (an Igbo village formerly in northeast Nigeria), where he was adorned in the tradition of the "greatest warriors." He is unique in his recollection of traditional African life before the advent of the European slave trade. Equally significant is Equiano's life on the high seas, which included not only travels throughout the Americas, Turkey and the Mediterranean; but also participation in major naval battles during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), as well as in the search for a northwest passage led by the Phipps expedition of 1772-1773. Equiano also records his central role, along with Granville Sharpe, in the British Abolishionist Movement. As a major voice in this movement, Equiano petitioned the Queen of England in 1788. He was appointed to the expedition to settle London's poor Blacks in Sierra Leone, a British colony on the west coast of Africa. Sadly, he did not complete the journey back to his native land.

23. The Life Of Olaudah Equiano Etext of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of olaudah equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/equiano.html

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African Born in Benin in the late 18th century, Equiano was enslaved as a young boy and passed through a variety of experiences, many of them horrible; but he managed to acquire enough learning and independence to become a major voice advocating an end to slavery. His Narrative, written in English in 1789, immediately became a sensation, and has remained a classic source for our knowledge about the European slave trade from the point of view of the slave. In what ways does Equiano contrast slavery within Africa with the sort of slavery he encountered in the western hemisphere? What sufferings does he describe on the slave ship crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean? In what ways were slaves cheated by whites? Description of his early life. Enslavement On the slave ship Life in slavery It was very common in several of the islands, particularly in St Kitt's, for the slaves to be branded with the initial letters of their master's name, and a load of heavy iron hooks hung about their necks. Indeed on the most trifling occasions they were loaded with chains, and often instruments of torture were added. The iron muzzle, thumbscrews, etc. are so well known as not to need a description, and were sometimes applied for the slightest faults. I have seen a negro beaten till some of his bones were broken for even letting a pot boil over. It is surprising that usage like this should drive the poor creatures to despair and make them seek refuge in death from those evils which render their lives intolerable while

24. PAL: Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) Information and links from Paul Reuben's PAL website. http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap2/equiano.html

PAL: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide Paul P. Reuben Chapter 2: Early American Literature - Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) Primary Works Selected Bibliography Study Questions MLA Style Citation of this Web Page ... Home Page (Source: St. Andrew's Church, Chesterton Among the tradition of slave narratives, Equiano's is considered a remarkable achievement since the autobiographical style was not a well-developed genre in the eighteenth century. His narrative has vivid and concrete details and is written in the picaresque style. Equiano also provides a detailed account of the his kidnapping, his trek through the jungles, his arrival at the sea coast, and the arduous crossing of the Atlantic in the belly of a slave ship. Primary Works The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself E-Text Equiano's Travels: His Autobiography , ed. Paul Edwards, 1967. The life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by himself. NY: Negro UP, 1969. HT869.E6 A3

25. Olaudah Equiano Describes The Horrors Of The Middle Passage (1789) "A MULTITUDE OF BLACK PEOPLE CHAINED TOGETHER" olaudah equiano vividly recounts the shock and isolation that he felt during the Middle Passage to Barbados and his fear that the European slavers would eat him. http://vi.uh.edu/pages/mintz/6.htm

Olaudah Equiano "A MULTITUDE OF BLACK PEOPLE...CHAINED TOGETHER" Olaudah Equiano vividly recounts the shock and isolation that he felt during the Middle Passage to Barbados and his fear that the European slavers would eat him. I took a little down my palate, which, instead of reviving me as they thought it would, threw me into the greatest consternation at the strange feeling it produced, having never tasted such liquor before. Soon after this, the blacks who had brought me on board went off and left me abandoned to despair. I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country or even the least glimpse of hope of gaining the shore, which I now considered as friendly. I even wished for my former slavery in preference to my present situation, which was filled with horrors of every kind. There I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life. With the loathesomeness of the stench and the crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything. I now wished for the last friend, Death, to relieve me. Soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me across the windlass and tied my feet while the other flogged me severely. I had never experienced anything of this kind before. If I could have gotten over the nettings, I would have jumped over the side, but I could not. The crew used to watch very closely those of us who were not chained down to the decks, lest we should leap into the water. I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating. This indeed was often the case with myself.

26. Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) olaudah equiano (17451797) Contributing Editor Angelo Costanzo Classroom Issues and Strategies http://college.hmco.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/vassa.html

Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) Contributing Editor: Angelo Costanzo Classroom Issues and Strategies I use Equiano as an introduction to American slave narrative literature and demonstrate the important influence of autobiographical form and style on the whole range of African-American literature up to the present day, including its impact on such writers as Richard Wright Ralph Ellison Alice Walker , and Toni Morrison Students are particularly interested in the way the whites conducted the slave trade in Africa by using the Africans themselves to kidnap their enemies and sell them into slavery. Equiano was sold this way. Also their interest is aroused by Equiano's fascinating descriptions of Africa as a self-sufficient culture and society before the incursions of the whites. Students are moved by the graphic scenes of slavery, the Middle Passage experience described by Equiano, and his persistent desire for freedom. Most of all, they enjoy reading the first-person account of a well-educated and resourceful former slave whose life story is filled with remarkable adventures and great achievements. Since students have no prior knowledge of Equiano's life and work, I give background information on the history and commerce of the eighteenth-century slave trade, placing in this context Equiano's life storyhis kidnapping, Middle Passage journey, slavery in the Western world, education, religion, and seafaring adventures. I also describe his abolitionist efforts in Great Britain, and I say something about his use of neoclassical prose in the autobiography.

27. Olaudah Equiano, Or, Gustavus Vassa, The African Proile of the eighteenthcentury African enslaved as a youth who bought his freedom, and wrote the Interesting Narrative, an autobiography opposing slavery. http://pages.britishlibrary.net/brycchan.carey/equiano/

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28. Africans In America/Part 1/Olaudah Equiano the African coast when he was a boy of 11, olaudah equiano was sold into slavery, later acquired his freedom, and, in http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p276.html

Part 2: 1750-1805 Part 3: 1791-1831 Part 4: 1831-1865 Narrative Resource Bank Teacher's Guide Olaudah Equiano Resource Bank Contents Captured far from the African coast when he was a boy of 11, Olaudah Equiano was sold into slavery, later acquired his freedom, and, in 1789, wrote his widely-read autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African The youngest son of a village leader, Equiano was born among the Ibo people in the kingdom of Benin, along the Niger River. He was "the greatest favourite with [his] mother." His family expected to follow in his father's footsteps and become a chief, an elder, a judge. Slavery was an intregal part of the Ibo culture, as it was with many other African peoples. His family owned slaves, but there was also a continual threat of being abducted, of becoming someone else's slave. This is what happened, one day, while Equiano and his sister were at home alone. Two men and a woman captured the children. Several days later Equiano and his sister were separated. Equiano continued to travel farther and farther from home, day after day, month after month, exchanging masters along the way. Equiano's early experiences as a slave were not all disagreeable; some families treated Equiano almost as a part of the family. The kind treatment, however, was about to end. About six or seven months after being abducted, Equiano was brought to the coast, where he first encountered a slave ship and white men.

29. Equiano, Olaudah - Carry Off As Many As They Can Seize Find a short excerpt dealing with his own capture in Africa from equiano's famous narrative about his life as a slave. olaudah equiano, an Ibo from Nigeria, was just 11 years old when he was kidnapped into slavery. http://vi.uh.edu/pages/mintz/3.htm

Olaudah Equiano "THEY...CARRY OFF AS MANY AS THEY CAN SEIZE" Olaudah Equiano, an Ibo from Nigeria, was just 11 years old when he was kidnapped into slavery. He was held captive in West Africa for seven months and then sold to British slavers, who shipped him to Barbados and then took him to Virginia. After serving a British naval officer, he was sold to a Quaker merchant from Philadelphia who allowed him to purchase his freedom in 1766. In later life, he played an active role in the movement to abolish the slave trade. Source: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African (London, 1789).

30. Olaudah Equiano: A Critical Biography This page contains an illustrated biography of olaudah equiano, or, GustavusVassa, the African. olaudah equiano A Critical Biography. http://www.brycchancarey.com/equiano/biog.htm

Home Slavery Abolition Equiano ... Search Olaudah Equiano: A Critical Biography Almost everything we know about the first ten years of Equiano's life we find from Equiano's own account in The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African , published in 1789. In this, Equiano tells us that he was born around the year 1745 in an area called 'Eboe' in Guinea. Ibo (or Igbo) is one of the main languages of present day Nigeria. Equiano tells us that he was the son of a chief, and that at about the age of eleven he and his sister were kidnapped while out playing, and were marched to the coast and put on board a slave ship . Equiano then endured the middle passage on a slave ship bound for the New World. Equiano's accounts of Africa and the middle passage have became famous. In recent years, however, it has been suggested by Vincent Carretta and others that Equiano may, in fact, have been born a slave in Carolina - at that time one of the thirteen British colonies in North America. Indeed, it seems increasingly likely that Equiano never visited Africa. The early parts of his autobiography probably reflect the oral history of other slaves, combined with information Equiano gleaned from books he had read about Africa. However, it is important to stress that it is unlikely that Equiano did this merely to deceive the reading public. Instead, Equiano included the real experience of many other slaves in his effort to make the strongest possible case against slavery and the slave trade.

31. Welcome To The Equiano Foundation Online aims to provide a valuable educational vehicle through which to resurrect, restore,and celebrate the meaningful contribution of olaudah equiano to Western http://www.atomicage.com/equiano/

Welcome to the Equiano Foundation Online The Equiano Foundation aims to provide a valuable educational vehicle through which to resurrect, restore, and celebrate the meaningful contribution of Olaudah Equiano to Western, African, and African American culture particularly through his publication of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, the African About Equiano About the Equiano Foundation email the Foundtion 35534 visitors since July 8, 1997 Last modified July 1997

32. Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) English 413/513 English 462/562 olaudah equiano (Gustavus Vassa)(c. 17451797). American Literature Sites Foley Library Catalog http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/enl310/equiano.htm

Literary Movements Timeline American Authors English 310/510 ... English 462/562 Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) (c. 1745-1797) American Literature Sites Foley Library Catalog Selected Bibliography on African American Literature Slave Narratives ... Biographical sketch and engraving. Teaching Equiano from the Heath Anthology site. Bibliography and study questions from Paul Reuben's PAL site. Information and picture from the frontispiece of Equiano's Interesting Narrative Image courtesy of Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail by W. Jeffrey Bolster. Works Available Online From Chapter One of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African From Chapters Two and Five of The Interesting Narrative . . . at the exhibit Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail by W. Jeffrey Bolster (image courtesy of this site) An excerpt detailing his capture from the African American Literature Book Club An excerpt on the Middle Passage from the Longman/AWL site Excerpts and a bibliography from the California Newsreel site.

33. BBC - BBCi Learning - Homepage A short biography. http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/archive/histfile/biog.htm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH Monday 24th March 2003 Text only version BBCi Homepage Revision and learning for students, teachers' lesson plans and resources, and weekly articles for parents. Study, travel, work and money - essential advice for 16-24 year-olds. ... Surprise yourself with your ability to learn when you activate your mind using numbers and words . You might even want to tell us your story KS3 Bitesize Revision Prepare for the National Curriculum tests in English Maths and Science before taking a Test Bite to you check what you know and understand. Learning in the Nations Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Learning Update Stay up to date with our latest news and site launches Online Courses Take a free learning journey from the comfort of your keyboard TV and Radio Get help finding the right pages for you Contact Us Can't find what you need, or let us know what you think Privacy

34. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Equiano, Olaudah (18th Century) Looking for the best facts and sites on equiano, olaudah? This HomeworkCentralsection focuses on '18th Century' and 'Literature http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/His

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Equiano, Olaudah document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Brief Biography Excerpt of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African Reference Guide to Equiano ... Contact Us

35. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Equiano, Olaudah (Literature By Author) Looking for the best facts and sites on equiano, olaudah? Lesson Plan Archives Literature High School Literature by Author equiano, olaudah. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Teacher/Resourc

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36. ECampus.com - Books And Stuff. Cheap! Author(s) Allison, Robert J.; Allison, Robert J.; equiano, olaudah / ISBN 0312111274/ Paperback / 3/1/1995 New Copy In Stock Usually Ships in 24 hours. http://www.ecampus.com/search.asp?qtype=AUTHOR&qsearch=Equiano, Olaudah

37. Olaudah Equiano, B. 1745. The Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equia The Interesting Narrative of the Life of olaudah equiano, or Gustavus Vassa,the African. Written by Himself. Vol. I. By olaudah equiano, b. 1745. http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/equiano1/menu.html

Olaudah Equiano, b. 1745 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself. Vol. I. London: Author, [1789]. Full Text (v, [9], 272, [5] p., ca. 280K) HTML file SGML/TEI file for use with an SGML Viewer Subjects Africa Description and travel Early works to 1800. African Americans Biography. Blacks Biography. Equiano, Olaudah, b. 1745. ... Slaves' writings. Funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities supported the electronic publication of this title. The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, provided the text for the electronic publication of this title. Return to "North American Slave Narratives" Home Page Return to Documenting the American South Home Page Feedback URL: http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/equiano1/menu.html Last update November 30, 2001

38. Olaudah Equiano, B. 1745. The Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equia The Interesting Narrative of the Life of olaudah equiano, or Gustavus Vassa,the African. Written by Himself. Vol. II. By olaudah equiano, b. 1745. http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/equiano2/menu.html

Olaudah Equiano, b. 1745 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself. Vol. II. London: Author, [1789]. Full Text ([2], 255 p., ca. 260K) HTML file SGML/TEI file for use with an SGML Viewer Subjects Africa Description and travel Early works to 1800. African Americans Biography. Blacks Biography. Equiano, Olaudah, b. 1745. ... Slaves' writings. Funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities supported the electronic publication of this title. The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, provided the text for the electronic publication of this title. Return to "North American Slave Narratives" Home Page Return to Documenting the American South Home Page Feedback URL: http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/equiano2/menu.html Last update November 30, 2001

39. From Revolution To Reconstruction: Outlines: Outline Of American Literature: Ear An Outline of American Literature. by Kathryn VanSpanckeren. Early American andColonial Period to 1776 olaudah equiano (Gustavus Vassa) (c. 1745c. 1797). http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/LIT/equiano.htm

FRtR Outlines American Literature Early American and Colonial Period to 1776 > Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) (c. 1745-c. 1797) An Outline of American Literature by Kathryn VanSpanckeren Early American and Colonial Period to 1776: Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) (c. 1745-c. 1797) Index Important black writers like Olaudah Equiano and Jupiter Hammon emerged during the colonial period. Equiano, an Ibo from Niger (West Africa), was the first black in America to write an autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789). In the book - - an early example of the slave narrative genre Equiano gives an account of his native land and the horrors and cruelties of his captivity and enslavement in the West Indies. Equiano, who converted to Christianity, movingly laments his cruel "un-Christian" treatment by Christians a sentiment many African-Americans would voice in centuries to come. Index

40. Olaudah Equiano: The Life Of Gustavus Vassa olaudah equiano composed the firstever slave autobiography as a freedslave living in England. His autobiography, The Life of Gustavus http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/DIASPORA/EQUIANO.HTM

William Henry Holcombe's defense of slavery in "The Alternative" ? How does Equiano employ Enlightenment and Protestant ideas? Does the narrative sound more "African" or more "European"? Why? Chapter V The Abuse of Slaves in the West Indies With shudd'ring horror pale, and eyes aghast, They view their lamentable lot, and find No rest?' This they frequently do. A negro man, on board a vessel of my master, while I belonged to her, having been put in irons for some trifling misdemeanor, and kept in that state for some days, being weary of life, took an opportunity of jumping orerboard into the sea; however, he was picked up without being drowned. Another, whose life was also a burden to him, resolved to starve himself to death, and refused to eat any victuals. This procured him a severe flogging; and he also, on the first occasion which offered, jumped overboard at Charleston, but was saved. No peace is given To us enslav'd, but custody severe, And stripes and arbitrary punishment InflictedÑ-Wbat peace can we return? But to our power, hostility and hate;

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