Symp99abstr Palomino in other contexts of indigenous language planning world, the existence ofsubaltern peoples whose voice a million speakers (Tigrigna, tigre) to fewer http://www.biu.ac.il/HU/lprc/symp99abstr.html
Ethiopia - Background: Political, Economic, Religious the Semitic Amhara and Tigray (see tigre) peoples of the inhabited by Somali andOromo peoples; an invasion in 197778 in support of indigenous Somali rebels http://users.safeaccess.com/mkoenigjr/fcfcollege/ethiopia.htm
Landru.i-link-2.net/jtrees/text/Nations_of_old-world.txt as generic name for several peoples) Dompago Dyerma ethnic groups Oromo Amhara //tigre//Sidamo Shankella Chinese (15%) see CHINA indigenous (6%) Cambodia http://landru.i-link-2.net/jtrees/text/Nations_of_old-world.txt
Extractions: In part 1 of this paper we presented evidence suggesting that Egyptian impact is present in many of the petroglyphs at the Fremont site of Rochester Creek, Utah. (500 - 700 AD). If the hypothesis is accepted, then it is necessary to attempt to determine the mechanism by which these elements, seemingly deriving from an early Old World Egyptian sphere of influence, may have reached the Fremont people. Whilst there are no obvious clues at the Rochester Creek site itself, other Fremont sites appear to offer some guidance in this matter. Close correspondence between the known traits of the Fremont people and a North African people who had strong links with Egypt, suggest that these people may have been the transmitters of Egyptian religious symbolism to the Fremont. Genetic evidence is used in support.
Isles Of The West, The Arabian Connection By Yair Davidiy The Falashas *h reportedly resemble the tigre and Amhara Israel, do not rejoice like(other) peoples, for you that part of the Gauls were indigenous to their http://www.britam.org/arabian.html
Extractions: by Yair Davidiy The early post-Christian Jewish populations of Palestine and Arabia appear to have had the notion that the Lost Ten Tribes or at least part of them were in the Blessed Isles of the West which in Classical Terminology meant the Isles of Britain and Ireland! This concept reflects an earlier tradition. The Jewish populations who had originated this belief were destined to be scattered, destroyed, or forcibly converted to Islam by the Muslim Arabs. What ideas they had about most things have to be reconstructed from Muslim sources showing Jewish influence or from much later Jewish ones. THE JEWS OF ARABIA AND OF ETHIOPIA AND THEIR TEN TRIBES CONNECTION Prior to the birth of Mohammed (ca.571 c.e.) some of the tribes of Arabia practiced Judaism or; a primitive form of it. In addition the pagan majority of Arabs had in many cases been exposed to Jewish influences and to early Christian concepts. The Jewish-Arab tribes in some cases were probably native Arabians who had converted to Judaism though some of them first appeared in the 600s b.c.e.1 shortly after the Lost Ten Tribes had been exiled and so too may have been descended from exiled Israelites. Another possible source of Israelite blood heritage were; a branch of Nephtalites. They had first been recorded close to Mannae southwest of the Caspian Sea. This area was one of the major regions to which Northern Israelites had been transported by the Assyrians. The Apocryphal Book of Tobias mentions Israelite exiles from the Tribe of Nephtali in Ecbatana and Rages of Media both of which adjoined the Cadussii area2.
Medhin Online Homepage - Welcome Paradoxically, utilization of its own indigenous script for several Like peoples everywherein the world Ethiopians have had Oromo) alone or to the tigre alone http://www.medhin.org/meddimts/voiceethiopianity.htm
Extractions: Queen Tayitu's resolute farewell to the hapless Italian culprit on the eve of that historic confrontation: "It is not death but honor for any one to shed his blood for his country" is an immortal expression of Ethiopian patriotism. The slogan of "Mother Ethiopia or Death" by patriotic Ethiopians under Italian colonialism in Eritrea coupled with untold sacrifices in life and limb of the Ethiopian people in defence of their land, their freedom, their institutions and their values accentuated the potency of the external definition of Ethiopian patriotism. The successful protracted people's resistance (1935-1941) against the brutal hordes of Fascist Italy was but the latest chapter in the long history of continuous struggles sustained by generations of Ethiopians. Ethiopia's legacy of such successes in freedom struggles give rise to 'Ethiopianism' 'Pan-Africanism' and 'Rastafarian' movements in the ranks of oppressed peoples of color everywhere. Many future African leaders had their teething process in liberation struggle in the crucible of Ethiopian resistance
Nakfa · Eritrean Historical Web Site the colony and the Ethiopian region of tigre) (see Ethiopia resulting in today's globalmosaic of peoples cultures? An Evolving Story, with an indigenous Twist http://www.freewebs.com/nakfa/eritrea.htm
Extractions: Navigation: Eritrean Information ERITREA Click here to see get a brief history of this country... Population Area 46,482 sq. mi Language Currency Arabic, Tiginya, Tigre Nafka Most Notable Attraction Ethnic Groups Old Imperial Palace Tigrinya, Tigre, Kunama Highest Point Lowest Point Mount Soira 9,885 asl Denakil Depression 360 bsl Religions Type of Government Islam 50% Christianity 50% Intransition Links Maps Atlas Maps Landform Map 1 Landform Map 2 Landform Map 3 Current Events Current Time Travel Tourism Pictures The Land and People Flag Eritrean Flag Information Links The People Articles All About Eritrea Eritrea Background: Eritrea was awarded to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two and a half year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices on 12 December 2000. See also : Area: total: 121,320 sq km
Titulares: Ediciones Anteriores Translate this page textos en castellano e inglés (indigenous peoples' Web Ring a Emilio Massera y alTigre Acosta en en el intercambio cultural con y entre africa, Asia/Pacifico http://www.chasque.net/chasque/anteriores/noviembre98.htm
Extractions: African American Black Blood Donor Emergency COUNTRY RACIAL and/or ETHNIC ANALYSIS of PEOPLE GROUPS Afghanistan Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian (see Barbuda) Argentina European 97% (mostly of Spanish and Italian descent), 3% other (mostly Indian or Mestizo) Armenia Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989) Note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia
Colonizing Creation, Part One Continued BioPark Foundation and El tigre Journeys supports Croton lechleri) cultivated by indigenouspeoples in Central traditional agriculture in Asia and East africa. http://www.biopark.org/peru/biopiracy1.html
Extractions: We are grateful to the indigenous people of Amazonia for sharing with the world their marvelous ethnobotanical knowledge accrued over millennia. People all over the world already realize many current medicinal and health benefits from this knowledge, and much more awaits "discovery" by the western world. We recognize that this knowledge is their exclusive intellectual property and condemn those who would appropriate it for personal profit with fair acknowledgement and just compensation. We believe that partnerships established with the informed consent and agreement of legitimate representatives of indigenous communities, may be acceptable if a. traditional indigenous use and access to these plants is not compromised in any way b. the biological survival of any plant species is not threatened by commercial harvest c. a competent professional biological assessment is done to determine range and distribution, critical ecology, reproductive/propagative requirements and fecundity of any plant proposed for commercial export d. a fair profit-sharing plan is established to provide long-term income for indigenous communities from cultivation or sustained-yield harvest of medicinal plants
Country Profiles: Sub-Saharan Africa Country Profiles SubSaharan africa. Angola. Angola is a poor country in west central africa of about 1.25 million Most Angolans are from indigenous ethnic groups. About half of http://cw.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/rowntree/chapter6/medialib/profiles.htm
Extractions: Country Profiles: Sub-Saharan Africa Angola Angola is a poor country in west central Africa of about 1.25 million sq km (about twice the size of Texas). One part of Angola, Calinda, is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). It has a narrow coastal plain that rises abruptly to a vast interior plateau. It has a semi-arid climate but heavy rainfall can cause flooding on the plateau. Angola's population is just over 11 million people. However, Angola's average life expectancy is only a little over 48 years. Angola also has a very high infant mortality rate. Most Angolans are from indigenous ethnic groups. About half of the population follows indigenous beliefs and, of the rest, nearly 40% are Catholic. The official language is Portuguese but Bantu and other African languages are also spoken. Angola has experienced several years of civil war. Currently the government is trying to transition to a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system. The government also includes a unicameral legislature and a supreme court. In view of continued civil unrest the level of progress toward a multiparty democracy cannot be determined. The capital is Luanda. Civil war has also had a detrimental effect on the economy. Despite its abundant natural resources, Angola's output per capita is among the worlds lowest. About 85% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture. Angola has significant petroleum and mineral resources but developing this is still somewhat hampered by civil unrest. The large numbers of mines that still remain have had a negative impact on farming forcing Angola to import much of its food needs. By far Angola's largest export is crude oil (90%) and the U.S. accounts for 65% of the export trade. Angola's main imports include machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts, medicines, food, textiles and clothing. Besides the U.S., its trading partners include Portugal, the EU, China and South Africa.
Partners In The News indigenous communities challenging in Laguna del tigre National Park. http://www.elaw.org/custom/custompages/viewpage.asp?webpage_id=21&profile_id=141
Mali Resource - Anne E. Moncure Elementary School it was adopted by most of the peoples conquered and They were greatly transformedby the indigenous populations that groupGe'ez, Tigrinya, and TigreGe'ez http://hbogucki.staffnet.com/aemes/resource/mali/afroasia.htm
Extractions: Afroasiatic Languages Also known as Hamito-Semitic languages, Afroasiatic languages are spoken by 175 million persons representing a wide range of cultures through most of the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, and large portions of West Africa. The languages include Arabic and Hebrew. Afroasiatic is commonly divided into five main branches based on ancient roots: Egyptian, Semitic, Cushitic, Berber, and Chad. Omotic, formerly called West Cushitic, has recently been suggested as constituting a sixth branch. These languages differ in their particulars, and the exact relationship among the branches has not yet been established. Scholars postulate, however, that all are derived from an unknown ancestor language that was probably spoken in northeast Africa or the Sahara about the 6th millennium BC. Egyptian. Egyptian is the oldest attested language of the family and has the longest known continuous history. As a written language it proceeded in five distinct stages. The first threeOld Egyptian (c.3000 to c.2200 BC), Middle Egyptian (c.2200 to c.1200 BC), and Late or Neo-Egyptian (c.1300 to c.700 BC)were all written in Hieroglyphics. Demotic (c.700 BC to AD c.300) was written in a simplified cursive script based on hieroglyphics and spoken by early Christians. Coptic (from AD 300), written in an alphabet based on Greek and comprising many dialects, was still widely spoken in the 16th century and in some places possibly as late as the 19th century. One Coptic dialect, Bohairic, is now the liturgical language of the Christian Monophysite Coptic Church.
Afaan Oromo are a very ancient race, the indigenous stock, perhaps, on which most other peoplesin this adapted for writing Geez (liturgic), tigre, Tigrigna, and http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Hornet/Afaan_Oromo_19777.html
Extractions: Date: Sun, 26 Jun 94 10:21:09 +0000 Reply-To: Ben_Parker@padis.gn.apc.org Subject: Afaan Oromoo - the Oromo language and the latin alphabet The Following paper was presented by Tilahun Gamta, Professor of Linguistic Studies at the University of Addis Ababa and author of Oromo/English dictionary, at the 1992 Oromo Studies Conference, and Published, among others, in the Journal of Oromo Studies. QUBE AFAAN OROMO The Oromo, the largest ethnic group, comprise 50%-60% or about 25 million of the population of the Ethiopian Empire State. They are "a very ancient race, the indigenous stock, perhaps, on which most other peoples in this part of Eastern Africa (the Horn of Africa) had been grafted" [1]. Their fertile country, Oromiyaa, located between 2 and 12 N and 34 and 44 East, is 600,000 square kilometers. Afaan Oromo, a highly developed spoken language, is at the top of the list [2] of the distinct and separate 1000 or so languages used in Africa, the most polyglot of the continents. It is classified [3] as one of the Kushitic [4] languages spoken in the Ethiopian Empire, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Kenya. Of the Kushitic languages spoken in the Ethiopian Empire State, Afaan Oromo, Somali, Sidama, Hadiya, and Afar-Saho are the languages with the greatest number of speakers.
1 enough to have done field work in tigre areas in the continuous Amharization of thepeoples of the the substitution of Amharic names for indigenous placenames http://www.geocities.com/neterisporagroup/wg_chapter1.html
Extractions: Ethiopia's Modernization THE FACT OF AMHARA DOMINANCE Of the many traditions which are alive in the empire of Ethiopia-those of the nomadic Danakil and the sedentary Wollamo, the hippopotamus-eating Woyto and the ensete-eating Gurage, the age-graded Konso and the patrilineal Somali, the Judaic Falasha and the Muslim Bani 'Amer, and many others-clearly the dominant tradition is that of the people known throughout history to the outside world as the Abyssinians. Living on the temperate highland massif in the northern and central regions of the country, these people have gained their subsistence through the plow cultivation of cereal grains, have organized their polity as a feudal kingdom, and have remained steadfast in their Monophysite Christian faith since its introduction to the land in the fourth century. The Abyssinians comprise two linguistic and geographical groups-the Amhara and the Tigre.* The Tigre inhabit the northern part of Ethiopia, above the Takazza River; their lands fall in what are now the province of Tigre and the former Italian colony of Eritrea. Their language, Tigrinya, is related to Ge'ez, the ancient and liturgical language of Ethiopia, much as Italian is related to Latin.[1] It was in Tigre country that, during the first seven centuries A.D., the kingdom of Aksum reached heights of civilization never again attained in Ethiopia's history. Because of the antiquity of their region and the glory of their past, the Tigre are to some extent the cultural aristocrats of Ethiopia.
Ethiopia's Endeavour On Ethnic Federalism - Page 1/3 8) the Region of Gambela peoples, and 9 regions represent their respective majorityindigenous ethnic community Tigray Region, it marks the tigre ethnic community http://debub.net/voices/endeavour_on_ethnic_federalism.htm
Extractions: Building a Democratic State in Africa? "Africa has cornered itself into rejecting ethnicity as an organising concept in the process of nation-building. The challenge then is whether it is possible to reverse the mindset, so that ethnic groups which are African realities, could be seen in reverse light as resources or building blocks that can provide a sound foundation for a sustainable political and socioeconomic development from within." Ethnic self-identification is the key feature of most African societies. While individuals strongly identify themselves with particular ethnic groups and such identification is reflected in their social, political and economic interactions, the diverse ethnic groups consider themselves as distinct communities and want to cultivate and maintain their respective identities. Since each ethnic community in Africa associates itself with, and is identified by, a given territory, ethnic self-expression is compounded with territoriality, 'a sense of place as a symbol of being and identity'. In the pre-colonial era, each ethnic community of African societies used to have its own indigenous system of government that was generally organised on the basis of kinship and ancestry.
Tigrinya People Profile The tigre peoples were once related to the Tigrinya, but t'af or Amharic tyeff), anindigenous grain. Tigrinya is closely related to the tigre language, spoken http://endor.hsutx.edu/~obiwan/profiles/tigrinya.html
Extractions: Status: 8-10% Muslim; 90-92% Coptic; 1% Evangelical NARRATIVE PROFILE Location: The Tigrinya (ti-GRIN-yuh) or Tigray (ti-GRAH-ee) people live in the southern highlands of Eritrea and the northern highlands of Ethiopia's Tigray province. They also live in Ethiopia's Gonder and Welo provinces. There are about 2 million in Eritrea and about 4 million in Ethiopia. The term Tigray is used in Ethiopia for both the people and their province. Tigrinya is used in Eritrea for the same people, so-called from the language they speak. Differences in terminology and spelling have led to a different political identity of this people group on each side of the border dividing the group. Culturally they are one people group. The terms Tigray, Tigrinya or Tigray-Tigrinya apply to the total people group, unless otherwise indicated. History: The history of the two countriesEthiopia and Eritreais closely linked, although beginning in the late 1800s, Eritrea was colonized by Italy. Eritrea was an Italian colony until 1941, then the British controlled it until 1951. Following the British occupation, the United Nations made it a federated autonomous territory with Ethiopia, until Ethiopia decided to annex it as a province in 1962. The Tigray-Tigrinya (also referred to as Tigrean) people are descendants of early Semitic peoples who originally settled in the Horn of Africa about 1000 BC. It seems they are related to or descended from the Sabaean (Sheban) people. According to their traditions they trace their roots to Menelik I, the child born of the queen of Sheba and King Solomon. It is thought that the Sabaean (Sheban) people began to settle on the west coast of the Red Sea, from their home in southern Arabia, about 1000 BC.
FeatureAyeneAshagreFeb96a Kunama, tigre, Bilen, Saho, and Barea are now in against Muslims and followers ofindigenous religions around in the literal hybridization of peoples and their http://www.ethiopianreview.homestead.com/FeatureAyeneAshagreFeb96a.html
Extractions: For centuries, Ethiopian society has been afflicted by an intermittent succession of autocratic and repressive political rule. The collapse of Haile Selassie's regime in 1974 had promised the end of that cyclical tragedy. A military one, whose atrocities eclipsed those of its predecessors, succeeded it. When Colonel Mengistu's regime crumbled in 1991, the hope for an end to that age-old affliction was rearoused only to be dashed again by the country's current rulers. The aim here is to show that (1) often ethnic politics, defined in its broadest sense, has characterized Ethiopia's political history, (2) the present leaders, though purporting to redress past ethnic injustice and inequality, are attempting to regain the hegemony they believe had once belonged to their ethnic group, (3) the opposition groups' incoherence, lack of direction, and factionalism has rendered them incapable of gaining and sustaining popular support, and (4) under the circumstances now prevailing in the country, neither the present leadership's desire to impose its minority will on the Ethiopian peoples nor the opposition groups' goal of ensuring the genuine democratization of the society are likely to materialize. If the country is to be saved from plunging again into violent discord, both those currently in power and those in the opposition must summon the will to reexamine themselves critically and relate with each other with honesty and in a spirit of compromise.
Gonzales/Rodriguez al Pueblo generation, among them tigre, Ricardo Sanchez here but that all the indigenouspeoples of the has worked with peace makers, indigenous women, youth http://hometown.aol.com/xcolumn/myhomepage/
Extractions: He also assembled writers of equal stature, such as Luis Rodriguez, Enriqueta Vasquez, Jim Covarrubias, Demetria Martinez, Rudy Anaya, Josie Mendez-Negrete, Ramon del Castillo, Shirley Hill Witt and Gilberto Chavez Ballejo, and the voices of native writer Suzanne Harjo, Puerto Rican poets Martin Espada and Antonia Darder and the transborder performance artist Guillermo Gomez Peña. Also featured are many younger poets/writers such as the powerful voices of Alice Aguilar, Irene Lara Silva, Tammy Gomez, Erika Gonzalez, Andrea Serrano Garcia, Jessica Jaramillo, Marisol Lydia Torres and Leticia Hernandez.
