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Applications of superconductivity at the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen continue to challenge physicists, material scientists and engineers. The key to a solution of today's problems lies in the optimization of the defect structure in well oriented oxide materials, as well as in a fundamental understanding of the magnetic microstructures in the mixed state and how they are affected by the crystallographic nature of these materials. 17 invited lectures as well as 200 contributed papers highlight the state of the art in this important field and review current knowledge on critical currents in superconductors. ... Read more

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This reference examines the tremendous benefits produced by the use of superconductivity, including the realization of a commercial fusion reactor for the generation of electricity. Providing a comprehensive coverage of superconductivity and magnet design - incorporating background information for beginners as well as research advances for specialists - this work: discusses the historical development of superconductivity and its engineering applications; explains the mechanical properties of the metal matrix composite; describes the important electromagnetic factors for the design of composite superconductors; analyzes the fabrication and optimization of various composite superconductors; and assesses the future development of high Tc oxide superconductors for engineering applicaitons.;This title is intended for: physicists; metallurgists; materials scientists; materials, electrical, mechanical, cryogenic and medical engineers; and graduate students in these disciplines. ... Read more

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This volume presents lectures on new approaches to electron-electron and electron-phonon correlation effects in low-dimensional materials: organic solids, conducting polymers such as polyacetylenes (CH)x, organic and copper-oxide superconductors with high Tc values. Key points: correlation effects in optical spectra, magnetic properties, nonlinear processes, electrons in 1-d and 2-d solids and their molecular components, new approaches to 1-d and 2-d Hubbard models, Peierls model, multi-configurational approach to large systems, calculation of Madelung energy in complex crystals, quantum field model, kink effects in optical spectra of high Tc superconductors. Researchers in the fields of solid state physics and superconductivity will find this collection of papers particularly useful. ... Read more

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Discusses the science, history, and potential applications of this exciting scientific breakthrough. ... Read more

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Visualisation of Shubnikov Phase Using the High Resolution Faraday Effect; Mechanism of microwave Absorption and Flux Distribution in High Temperature Superconductors; Field Penetration and Magnetisation of Hts; Experimental Aspects of Megnetisation Studies in Superconductors; Recent Development of the Critical State Model; Anomalous Magnetisation in Ybacuo Single Crystals; Surface Barrier and Fish Tail; Low Field Magnetic Behaviour of High Temperature Superconductors; Irreversible Part of Magnetisation Due to Flux Pinning; Irreversibility Line in High Temperature Superconductors; Non-Linear Flux Flow Regime High-Temperature Superconductors. ... Read more

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These lectures are concerned with the application of high temperature superconductors to both passive and active high-frequency devices. The central issue addressed is the electrodynamics of granular supercondutors, particularly where grain boundaries (either natual or synthetic) act as Josephson weak-links. Grain boundaries are responsible for residual dissipation and for unwanted dependence of the electromagnetic properties on ambient magnetic fields and on elevated power level. Properly controlled, similar boundaries are the key to high sensitivity dc and rf SQUIDS at readily accessible temperatures, and to modulators, mixers and detectors. Such structures may make possible superconductive electronic devices in this temperature range as well as coherent sources of radiation in the very far infrared. ... Read more

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Chemistry of oxide superconductors
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This volume of the Handbook is the first of a two-volume set of reviews devoted to the rare-earth-based high-temperature oxide superconductors (commonly known as hiTC superconductors). The history of hiTC superconductors is a few months short of being 14 years old when Bednorz and Müller published their results which showed that (La,BA)2CuO4 had a superconducting transition of ~30 K, which was about 7K higher than any other known superconducting material. Within a year the upper temperature limit was raised to nearly 100K with the discovery of an ~90K superconducting transition in YBa2Cu3O7-&dgr;. The announcement of a superconductor with a transition temperature higher than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen set-off a frenzy of research on trying to find other oxide hiTC superconductors. Within a few months the maximum superconducting transition reached 110 K (Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3010, and then 122K (TlBa2Ca3Cu4O11. It took several years to push TC up another 11 K to 133 K with the discovery of superconductivity in HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8, which is still the record holder today.








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Five questions dominated the ARW on Physics and MaterialsScience of High Temperature Superconductors, of which thisbook forms the permanent record. Briefly, these are: (i) How close arewe to a unified theory? The consensus is that we are not. (ii) Fluxpinning: can it be achieved in bulk materials? Still an open question.The following three questions are related. (iii) Can grain boundarycontributions be brought under control? (iv) What is the realrequirement for purity and general chemistry control? (v)What is thepractical outlook for bulk products -- tapes and wires? One ofthe conclusions is that the geometry and dimensions in thin films arethe key parameters that facilitate the realization of high currentdensities and, consequently, their commercial application. On theother hand, the very large number of poorly understoodmicrostructural, chemical and mechanical variables involved in thepreparation of bulk materials are currently prohibiting large scalecommercialization of wires and tapes. ... Read more

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This book provides a comprehensive presentation of all types of HTSC and includes a broad overview on HTSC computer simulations and modeling. Especial attention is devoted to the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O families that today are the most perspective for applications. The book includes a great number of illustrations and references. The monograph is addressed to students, post-graduate students and specialists, taking part in the development, preparation and researching of new materials.

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The dynamic developments in high-temperature superconductivity over the last three years has augmented the importance of materials research not only for applications, but also for the understanding of underlying physical phenomena. The discovery of new superconductors has opened up new facets of High T c research, and the perfection of already known materials has enabled reliable physical measurements to be carried out, providing a foundation for theoretical models. The papers in this volume present an overview of the recent developments in the field of High T c -materials research. One of the highlights of this meeting was the plenary lecture by the Nobel laureate K. Alex Muller on the importance of the apical oxygen phenomena which are strongly connected with T c changes. ... Read more

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This volume presents a compilation of state-of-the-art understanding of ceramic corrosion. It reveals areas of deficiency and it suggests future directions based on the studies of 33 leaders in the field. Significant progress has been made in defining corrosion processes in ceramic materials. New theoretical approaches and improved analytical techniques have served to unify concepts developed in earlier corrosion studies. ... Read more

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In an examination of the physical properties of high temperature superconductors, the topics discussed in this text include the electromagnetic response (penetration depth and surface resistance), local lattice distortions, the influence of vortex fluctuations and microstructure on macroscopic behaviour, effects of points defects generated by electron irradiation, the properties of superlattices, and the symmetry of the superconducting order parameter. ... Read more

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This is the second volume of a comprehensive two-volume treatise on superconductivity that represents the first such publication since the earlier widely acclaimed books by R. Parks. It systematically reviews the basic physics and recent advances in the field. Leading researchers describe the state-of-the-art in conventional phonon-induced superconductivity, high-Tc superconductivity, and in novel superconductivity, including triplet pairing in the ruthenates. The second volume is largely concerned with novel superconductors, such as heavy-fermion metals and organic materials, and also includes granular superconductors. Important new results on current problems are presented in a manner designed to stimulate further research. Numerous illustrations, diagrams and tables make this book especially useful as a reference work for students, teachers and researchers. Volume 1 treats Conventional and High-Tc Superconductors (3-540-43883-1). ... Read more

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This volume contains the lectures and participant contributions delivered at the Sixth Training Course in the Physics of Correlated Electron Systems and High-Tc Superconductors. Different from usual workshops, this course was designed to promote active participation of senior and young researchers and to introduce them to some specific problems. Lecture topics include: Introduction to Renormalization Group and Ward Identities in Critical Phenomena and in Fermi and Bose Liquids; Local Moment Physics in Heavy Electron Systems; and Transport of Strongly Correlated Electrons. Other contributions include: Theoretical de Haas-van Alphen Data and Plasma Frequencies of MgB2 and TaB2; Magnetic and Orbital Ordering in Doped Manganites; A Combined Exact Diagonalization - ab initio Study of the Metallicity and Electron Localization in Nanoscopic Systems; A New Spinwave Expansion for the Ordered Kondo Lattice; and The Novel Superconducting Clathrates.

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Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electrical current with no resistance and extremely low losses. High temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuOx (Tc=40K) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (Tc=90K), were discovered in 1987 and have been actively studied since. In spite of an intense world-wide research, a complete understanding of the copper oxide (cuprate) materials is still lacking. Many fundamental questions are unanswered, particularly the mechanism by which high-Tc superconductivity occurs. More broadly, the cuprates are in a class of solids with strong electron-electron interactions. An understanding of such 'strongly correlated' solids is perhaps the major unsolved problem of condensed matter physics with over ten thousand researchers working on this topic.High-Tc superconductors also have significant potential for applications in technologies ranging from electric power generation and transmission to digital electronics. This ability to carry large amounts of current can be applied to electric power devices such as motors and generators, and to electricity transmission in power lines.For example, superconductors can carry as much as 100 times the amount of electricity of ordinary copper or aluminium wires of the same size.This Publication presents new research on yttrium barium copper oxide superconductors, often abbreviated YBCO, which is a chemical compound with the formula YBa2Cu3O7. This material, a famous 'high-temperature superconductor', achieved prominence because it was the first material to superconduct above the boiling point of nitrogen. All materials developed before YBCO became superconducting only at temperatures near the boiling points of liquid helium or liquid hydrogen (Tb = 20.1 K). The significance of the discovery of YBCO is the breakthrough in the refrigerant used to cool the material to below the critical temperature. ... Read more