Geometry.Net - Basic_P: Prehistoric Animals Mammoths

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Shop here for Ice Age animals (prehistoric Life Series) and find more glaciers coveringmuch of North America and Eurasia, animals like mammoths and saber
http://www.your.com/search.php?Keywords=animals from the ice age
BIOME OMNI VETGATE BIORESEARCH NATURAL SELECTION AGRIFOR Link To
animals, Fossil; prehistoric animals in art; Quaternary Geology. Woolly mammoth; mammoths;Recent coastal protection and associated temporary exposures to the
http://nature.ac.uk/browse/560.178.html

Extractions: Boreas : an international journal of quaternary research Boreas publishes papers on biological and non-biological aspects of the Quaternary environment, in both glaciated and non-glaciated areas. Full access to the electronic version is available - to subscribers only - from this site. Free to access are tables of contents of recent volumes, instructions for authors and subscription details. Paleontology/Quaternary; Geography; Geology; Catalogues / Paleontological Museum, University of Oslo A series of very detailed catalogues of fossil and mineral collections at the Paleontological Museum, University of Oslo in Norway and from other collections studied by the Museum's staff. The catalogues cover the Conrad Møller collection of Cenozoic mammals from Uruguay, fossils and geological material from Novaya Zemlya (USSR), Jurassic/Cretaceous fossils and sedimentary rocks from Andøya (northern Norway), trilobites figured in Friedrich Schmidts, Revision der ostbaltischen silurischen Trilobiten (1881-1907)". They all provide extensive information and images but the latter is particularly well presented and detailed. All the information is in English. Mammalia; Trilobita; Mammals, Fossil; Trilobites; Animals, Fossil; Paleontology; Arachnomorpha;
Outside Online - Environment
the 1996 birth of Dolly the sheep, the idea of cloning prehistoric animals has hovered adds, Who's going to want to have a herd of mammoths lumbering across
http://web.outsideonline.com/magazine/200103/200103mammoth6.html

Extractions: The Planet Ever since the movie Jurassic Park The biggest practical difficulty, MacPhee says, is that DNA's fragile strands deteriorate quickly, and no foreseeable technology can repair it. And besides, he adds, "Who's going to want to have a herd of mammoths lumbering across the countryside? You'd end up with one or two animals cloned, as a kind of freak show, and then everyone would lose interest." Even so, the week I left for Khatanga, a New York Times headline announced the planned cloning of an extinct animal: not a mammoth, but a breed of Spanish mountain goat, the last of which had died a few months earlier. The scientists were given a good chance of success. If the birth of that 21st-century mammoth remains out of reach, solid information about the disappearance of the Pleistocene mammoths is equally elusive. By around 8,000 b.c. they were all gone, save a remnant population that held out for a few thousand years longer on a small Siberian island, living and dying while the pharaohs ruled Egypt. Scientists are sharply divided over what caused the extinction. Their three leading hypotheses, Agenbroad told me, can be summed up as "overkill, overchill, and overill." The debate is about far more than paleontology. It's about the past and future of humanity's relationship with the natural world. MacPhee is the illness theory's leading proponent. It's nearly impossible that humans hunted mammoths to extinction, he told me as we sat one morning in his room at Khatanga's lone hotel, drinking cognac. "It contradicts everything we know about how extinctions happen," he said. "Look at whales. For centuries you had enormous whale fleets armed with the most sophisticated technology of their time, manned by experts working morning, noon, and night to kill more whales. And of course they caused enormous destruction. But how many whale species have gone extinct in the past 500 years? Zero." The most likely culprit for the mammoths' demise, MacPhee believes, was some sort of global epidemic, a "hyperdisease" possibly borne by humans. This would explain why the animals vanished from the New World shortly after the ancestors of native Americans arrived.
Ice Age Animals Of Utah - Utah Geological Survey
Ice Age animals from the Utah Geological SurveyCategory Science Earth Sciences Paleontology Vertebrates Mammals mammoths and Mastodons are two types of elephants that years old and contains fossilsfrom animals that are College of Eastern Utah (CEU) prehistoric Museum in
http://www.ugs.state.ut.us/utahgeo/dinofossil/iceage.htm
Headstart
that attempted to implicate the prehistoric Aboriginal people humans who systematicallyhunt big animals are always mammoths have been found with spear points
http://www.thecouriermail.com.au/extras/headstart/focus_arch/ice_age.htm

Extractions: Activities Read about the megafauna and try to think of ways in which they could have been wiped out. Have a megafauna day in your classroom. Divide the class into groups of megafauna, and select a group of students to be the hunters. Discuss the sorts of weapons you might need for different animals. How would you hunt and kill different animals? What sort of shelter would you have and how would your tribe be organised? Would you have a religion? Think up names for members of the tribe. Make clay or plasticine models of megafauna, including models of men. Latest theories indicate that humans in prehistoric times were about the same size as humans today. See the movie The Lord of the Rings, and using it as an example, on a large, blank map of the world draw megafauna and tribes of people, giving them names and making up stories and myths about them like Tolkien has done in The Lord of the Rings. Think of how some of the megafauna might be like characters in The Lord of the Rings. Divide the world into different regions with special names.
Prehistoric Women - Further Information
this is prehistoric power dressing If anyone can easily and safely catch animals usingnets, why all those Well, maybe mammoths weren't hunted in the first place
http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/scripts98/9823/pwomenscpt.htm

Extractions: Transcript and further information for 'Prehistoric Women' On Air: Thursday 8th October Leigh Dayton PTC: Is this your image of prehistoric life? A brave caveman facing down a raging woolly mammoth in order to feed the family back at the cave? Well, some researchers say we, and most pre-historians, have it wrong. These renegade researchers argue that it was we women who were bringing home the ice age bacon. And the guys, well.. Jim looks at book Dr Jim Adovasio: If you walk into any archaeology or anthropology library and pull off virtually any volume on the archaeology of anywhere, and it's the archaeology written by men about men. It's about stone tools its about hunting if it mentions female activities in some recent level of ... Professor Olga Soffer: Cooking, cooking. Dr Jim Adovasio: Yeah its cooking ... child rearing or some nondescript female specific activity that really is given as short a shrift as can possibly be done. Erie Pennsylvania Narration: This quiet mid-western town is where Professor Olga Soffer and Dr Jim Adovasio swap pre-historic heresies. Jim is a leader in the study of early fibre technology. And Olga is a world expert on prehistoric hunting. She studies people who lived between 22,000 to 29,000 years ago in central Europe, where, for decades, archaeologists have been digging up these little figurines, along with stone tools, weapons, and lots and lots of mammoth bones. All those bones puzzled Olga.
ICE AGE
land bridges for prehistoric animals and allowed them to travel to different lands.For example, explorers have discovered skeletons of mammoths in Russia
http://www.courier-journal.com/foryourinfo/032502/032502.html
Answers From Expert Mikael Forteliu -- Discovery Channel -- Prehistoric, Beasts
are the indricotheres and the mammoths, the largest I'm watching puppets and computeranimated animals, not real but still, most of the prehistoric mammals are
http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/beasts/know/fortelius.html

Extractions: Some of the large mammals may look a bit like dinosaurs but they are not descended from them. Mammals and dinosaurs are both very old groups, and mammals existed already at the time of the dinosaurs. When the dinosaurs went extinct some mammals survived, and these survivors gave rise to all later mammals. For some reason dinosaurs seem to have been better at being large, and mammals started to grow large only after the dinosaurs had died out. It is interesting to think about why some large mammals look a bit like dinosaurs. The main reason for this is that large animals have to be built in certain ways in order to function well, so they tend to have similar builds and proportions. Similar lifestyles increase these similarities by a process called convergent evolution. A long neck is a very common attribute of very large, four-legged plant eaters, for example. (An elephant has a short neck, but its marvelous trunk does the same job, probably better.) I hope this answers your question!
Children's Books On Dinosaurs - Two
Elizabeth Levy. Wild and Woolly mammoths by Aliki. You Can Name 100Dinosaurs! And Other prehistoric animals by Randy Chewning. The
http://www.dropbears.com/b/broughsbooks/children/dinosaurs_two.htm
Paintings Of Animals
Elephant, Wassily Kandinsky mammoths, prehistoric Cave Art 1. In what ways are the yousee in the pictures, explain the relation between humans and animals.
http://www.mcdougallittell.com/whist/netact/U1/U1top2.htm

Extractions: Since that first discovery, about 200 caves have been discovered so far in France and Spain. At first, no one believed that these skillfully painted, many-colored images of animals could have been the work of prehistoric artists. But in time they were authenticated, and as new caves were discovered, the animal subjects on the walls and ceilings became a recurring theme. Some historians suggest that the caves are less galleries than sanctuaries. The way the animal figures are placed within the winding tunnels and caverns of the cave may suggest their place in the religion or mythology of their Magdalenian creators. The bison or aurochs is often the most prominently placed.
Ice Age Mammals - EnchantedLearning.com
Mammals are advanced synapsids, animals distinguished by shape is known from prehistoriccave drawings MAMMOTH mammoths (scientific name Mammuthus) are extinct
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Iceagemammals.shtml

Extractions: During the last Ice Age, there were many large, interesting mammals, like the saber-toothed cats, giant ground sloths, mastodons, and mammoths. These animals have long since gone extinct and are known mostly from fossils, from frozen, mummified carcasses, and even from ancient cave drawings. The Last Ice Age The last Ice Age started about 70,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago (during the Pleistocene epoch). The Earth was much colder than it is now; snow accumulated on much of the land, glaciers and ice sheets extended over large areas and the sea levels were lower. These phenomena changed the surface of the earth, forming lakes, changing the paths of rivers, eroding land, and depositing sand, gravel, and rocks along the glaciers' paths. What Is a Mammal?
MegaFauna
Kokogiak Media presents MegaFauna, a List of remarkable prehistoric animals
http://www.kokogiak.com/megafauna

Extractions: Interesting Names Woolly and Huge Strange and/or Massive Resources E xtinct Animals. Normally one would hear those words used to describe the dinosaurs - or perhaps the Dodo Bird. But what people don't often think of are the thousands of interesting creatures that lived and died on this planet of ours in the "in-between" years. The last dinosaurs vanished 65 million years ago, the last Dodo died over 300 years ago. The millions of years between the two (The Cenozoic Era) have been populated (off and on) by some of the largest mammals the world has ever seen. Some familiar, some bizarre - often gigantic, these Megafauna (Latin for "large animals") can be every bit as intriguing as the dinosaurs. T his site gathers 30 representative animals together for a glimpse at some of the remarkable beasts that walked the same Earth we now live on. All images have a human figure, used for scale. His name is Graham, he is 5ft 10in (1.8m) tall and he gets around . They also list the generally accepted height of the animal, the time period it walked the earth, a short description, and several outside links for more information. W hile the 30 animals chosen were somewhat arbitrary, most are well-known, like the
Woolly Mammoths
said There is no significant difference between restoring prehistoric animalsand restoring with a sanctuary for the offspring of frozen mammoths and other
http://www.crystalinks.com/wooleyanimals.html

Extractions: In 1977 a Russian bulldoze operator working in Siberia noticed a block of muddy ice containing a dark mass. On closer inspection he was amazed to see the contours of a small elephant-like creature. He had discovered a perfectly preserved Woolly Mammoth. All over the frozen northern parts of Sibera and Canada we find the frozen carcasses of hundreds of thousands of large mammal species. These are mainly mammoths, but also wooly rhinos and other creatures of this kind. When their stomach contents are examined they have found to have been grazing on warm weather vegetation and yet they are found extremely close to the north pole. The may be one of the theories that explains Crustal Displacement Scientist finds prehistoric 'zoo' in Siberian ice March 6, 2000 - Times Call of the wild: the mammoth and woolly rhino, whose roaming was depicted by prehistoric man, may make a comeback Scientists have located a frozen "zoo" of prehistoric creatures under the Siberian permafrost which they intend to retrieve for a cloning experiment. Members of an expedition which last autumn airlifted a mammoth from its icy tomb now claim to have evidence of an extraordinary menagerie of extinct creatures.
Prehistoric Peoples
prehistoric Foods. wetter and colder, hungry families followed grass eating mammothsfrom place to When the climate warmed and the large animals died out, about
http://www.bchm.org/Austin/panel1.html

Extractions: Children's Text FROM ABOUT 8,000 TO 12,000 YEARS AGO, PALEO INDIANS HUNTED LARGE ANIMALS SUCH AS WOOLY MAMMOTH, MASTODON AND BISON ANTIQUUS. ABOUT 10,000 YEARS AGO, THE CLIMATE BEGAN DRYING OUT AND BIG GAME ANIMALS DIED OUT. FROM ABOUT 2,000 TO 8,000 YEARS AGO, ARCHAIC PEOPLES HUNTED MOSTLY DEER, AND INCREASED THEIR SEASONAL COLLECTION OF NUTS, SEAFOOD, ROOTS AND BERRIES. FROM 1,200 TO 1,900 YEARS AGO, COASTAL INDIANS BEGAN MAKING POTTERY AND USED BOWS AND ARROWS TO HUNT PRONGHORN DEER. The graph to the left shows the rise and fall of the Native American population in Southeast Texas from about 10,000 years ago until the historic period. The dramatic increase around 2,000 years ago has been attributed to (1) an increase in bison availability, (2) migration of people into this region, (3) a wetter climate, and (4) the introduction of pottery, allowing for food storage to sustain a larger population. ANCIENT ARTIFACTS Prehistoric people utilized many materials to make tools. The most commonly found stone tool is the projectile point. There are two major forms of projectile points: dart points and arrow points. Dart points are thick and heavy. They were hafted to spears (darts) which were thrown with an atlatl. With the development of the bow and arrow, the size and thickness of projectile points was reduced. This case displays several projectile point types showing the change in size and style over time. (LEFT TO RIGHT) Plainview: Paleo Indian: leaf shaped; parallel sides; slightly concaved base.
The Giant Mammal Hunters
They followed the large mammoths , mastodons , camels, giant sloths Then the animalscould be easily speared Fire allowed prehistoric people to follow the large
http://www.watertown.k12.ma.us/americanhistorycentral/01firstamericans/The_Giant

Extractions: The melting glaciers of the Ice Age climate supported the tall, lush grasses that were the food of the giant mammals. The earliest Native American hunters were nomads who trailed behind the giant animals . Some of the earliest Native Americans lived in caves. Others lived in tents made from animal skins . As the hunters tracked the animals, they also gathered fruits, nuts and roots for food
Www.beyond-the-illusion.com/files/Orvotron/Spirit-BBS-Files/text/hollo8.txt
by Ray Palmer, who does not accept the idea that these animals died in prehistorictimes as a Since the Ice Age there were no mammoths in the known world
http://www.beyond-the-illusion.com/files/Orvotron/Spirit-BBS-Files/text/hollo8.t

Extractions: -> SearchNet's IUFO Mailing List THE HOLLOW EARTH [Part 8 of 15] The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History By Dr. Raymond Bernard B.A., M.A. Ph.D. ORIGIN OF THE MAMMOTH Gardner claims that the mammoth and elephant-like creatures of tropical origin found frozen in the Arctic ice, which is derived from fresh water (not salty water as one would suppose, since this is the only water found there) are really animals from the interior of the Earth that came to the surface and became frozen, and are not prehistoric animals as commonly supposed. Gardner's theory of the subterranean origin of the mammoth found confirmation in Admiral Byrd's observation of a living mammoth during his 1,700 mile flight into the land beyond the North Pole, within the polar opening. Gardner claims that these strange animals not known on the Earth's surface were carried by rivers from the Earth's interior, freezing within the ice that was then formed. This theory seems very reasonable, in view of the ice being formed from fresh water not found in the Arctic Ocean. Since this ice, like icebergs, could not have been formed by ocean water, the only explanation is that it comes from other water - fresh water rivers flowing out through the polar opening from the earth's interior. Since these animals are found inside of icebergs, which are composed of fresh water, this water, like the animals frozen in the ice it forms on reaching the surface and exposed to its lower temperature, must come from the earth's interior. Gardner speaks of herds of mammoths, elephants and other tropical animals which, when they venture out to the colder regions near the rim of the polar opening, together with glaciers which form there from water from the interior flowing outward and freezing become frozen in the ice. Or they might fall into crevasses, perhaps concealed by snow, and the moment they fall in, they will be covered by snow and snow-water from above and hermetically sealed in the ice. This would account for the fresh condition in which these mammoths frozen in the ice are found after these glaciers have gradually worked their way over the rise of the polar opening and out into the Siberian wastes where these frozen animals are found in a perfectly fresh and edible condition. Robert B. Cook tells of the remains not only of mammoths, but of hairy rhinoceros, reindeer, hippopotamus, lion and hyena, found in northern glacial deposits. He claims that these animals which were unable to endure cold weather were either summer visitors during the severity of the glacial period or permanent residents when the country had a milder climate. But Gardner maintains that these animals came from inside the earth for the following reason: "Since the reindeer, lion and hyena are present day forms of life and not as old as the mammoth (at least in the form in which we know them today and in which these remains show them to have been when they were alive), it is evident that these animals visited the spots where their remains were found not from southerly climates during early glacial epochs, but that they are remains of visitors from the land of the interior. Otherwise these present day forms would not be found alongside those of the mammoth which we have shown to be a present day inhabitant of the interior of the earth. Not knowing this, Mr. Cook has great difficulty in explaining the occurrence together of these forms which in his view are earlier and later forms of life. But when we shall see that they are really contemporaneous (and both came from the interior of the earth), the difficulty vanishes." In the stomach of the mammoth was found undigested food consisting of young shoots of pine and fir and young fir cones. In others are found fern and tropical vegetation. How could an Arctic animal have tropical food in its stomach? One explanation is that the Arctic region once had a tropical climate, and that a shift of the earth on its axis suddenly brought on the Ice Age and changed the climate to a frigid one. This theory has been offered to explain both the tropical vegetation in the stomach of frozen Arctic animals and the fact that many of these huge animals were of tropical species, related to elephants. Great deposits of elephant tusks were found in Siberia as evidence of the then northern habitat of tropical animals. But there is another theory to explain these facts: that these tropical animals came from the interior of the earth, which has a tropical climate, coming out through the North Polar opening. On reaching the cold exterior with its Arctic climate they froze, since they were unaccustomed to such cold climate. This is the theory held by Ray Palmer, who does not accept the idea that these animals died in prehistoric times as a result of a shifting of the earth on its axis. He says: "True the death must have been sudden, but it was not because the Arctic was previously tropical and suddenly changed to a frigid climate. The sudden Coming of the Ice Age was not the cause of death. The cause of death was Arctic in nature, and could have occurred any time, even recently. Since the Ice Age there were no mammoths in the known world, unless they exist in the mysterious land beyond the Pole, where one of them was actually seen alive by members of the Byrd expedition." "We have taken the mammoth as a rather sensational modern evidence of Byrd's mysterious land, but there are many lesser proofs that an unknown originating point exists somewhere in the northern regions. We will merely list a few, suggestions that the reader, in examining the records of polar explorers for the past two centuries, will find it impossible to reconcile with the known areas of food mentioned early in this presentation of facts, those areas surrounding the polar area on your present-day maps." ASTRONOMICAL EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF GARDNER'S THEORY OF A HOLLOW EARTH Gardner devotes a considerable portion of his book to a discussion of astronomical evidence in support of his theory of a hollow earth with polar openings and a central sun by referring the original formation of planets from nebulae and the polar lights observed from Mars, Venus and Mercury. In reference to nebulae, Gardner points out that planetary nebulae show a shell structure, generally with a central star, as observed by H.D. Curtis of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in an article in "Scientific American" on October 14, 1916. He reports: "Fifty of these nebulae have been studied photographically with the Crosly reflector, using different lengths of exposure in order to bring out the structural details of the bright central portions as well as of the fainter, outlying parts. Most planetary nebulae show a more or less regular ring or shell structure, generally with a central star. " On the basis of the above and other astronomical evidence, Gardner claims that the shape of the nebulae, as seen through the telescope, confirms his theory by showing that in the original formation of planets from nebulae, they acquire a hollow interior, polar openings and a central sun, as is indicated by the shape of the ring nebula shown on the accompanying photograph. Gardner writes: "Why have scientists never really considered the problem of the shape of the planetary nebula? They know from actual observation and photographs that the planetary nebula takes the form of a hollow shell open at the poles and having a bright central nucleus or central sun at its center. Why have they never thought what that must imply? It is evidently one stage in the evolution of the nebula. "Why have scientists never asked themselves what that conformation must logically lead to? Why do they ignore it altogether? Is it not because they cannot explain it without too great a disturbance of their own theories? But our theory shows how that stage in the evolution of a nebula is reached and how it is passed, we show what precedes it in the history of the nebula and what follows it. "We show a continuous evolution passing through that stage to further stages in which those polar openings are fixed, the shell solidified, the nebula reduced to a planet. And it must be remembered that while the original nebula was incomparably greater than a planet in size, measuring even millions of miles across perhaps, at the same time that nebula is composed of gases so attenuated and so expanded by their immense heat that when they solidify they only make one planet." Gardner points out that just as, in the formation of the solar system, some of the original fire remains at the center in the form of the sun, so, in the case of each individual planet, by the same process by which the solar system as a whole is formed, and by a continuation of the same general movement of rotation and the centrifugal throwing out of the heavier masses to the periphery (as shown by the fact that the most outermost planets, as Uranus and Neptune, are larger than those nearer the sun, as Mercury and Venus), in the case of each of the planets, in their formation, some of the original fire remains in the center of each, to form the central sun, while their heavier constituents are thrown to their surface to form the solid crust, leaving the interior hollow. Also, due to their rotation on their axis, centrifugal force causes the mass throughout to collect more at right angles to the axis of rotation, causing a bulge at the Equator, with a corresponding compensation at the poles in form of polar depressions which open to the hollow interior, rather than being perfectly round. It is Gardner's theory, in support of which he presents astronomical evidence in his book, that all planets are hollow and have central suns, this being the basic pattern according to which solar systems are formed from the primordial nebulae from which they originate. Also our universe must have a central sun too, around which the stars circulate. Gardner quotes the famous astronomer, Professor Lowell, that he has seen gleams of light from the polar cap of Mars. According to Gardner, this is due to the central sun of Mars passing through the polar opening. Similar bright lights have been observed coming from the polar region of Venus. During a transit of Mercury across the sun, the planet, while black on the side toward us, was observed to emit a bright light, comparable to the light of our sun, coming from its black disc. Gardner concludes that these three planets are all hollow and have large polar openings misnamed polar caps of ice and snow, but in reality are white due to the large amount of fog and clouds in these regions, and that openings in the fog or clouds permit the central sun to shine through. Such bright lights have repeatedly been observed by astronomers who, not understanding the reason, could not offer any satisfactory explanation. Gardner notes that at times these polar caps disappear suddenly, due to a change of weather and that ice and snow could not melt so rapidly. Professor Newcomb says: "There is no evidence that snow like ours ever formed around the poles of Mars. It does not seem possible that any considerable fall of such snow could take place, nor is there any necessity of supposing actual snow or ice to account for the white caps. " In support of his claim concerning the existence of lights seen at the pole of Mars, Gardner quoted Professor Lowell who notes that on June 7, 1894, he was watching Mars and suddenly saw two points of light flash out from the middle of the polar cap. They were dazzling bright. The lights shone for a few minutes and then disappeared. Green, some years earlier, in 1846, also saw two spots of light at the pole of Mars. Lowell tried to explain the lights he saw as reflections of sunlight by polar ice, but Gardner denies this, quoting Professor Pickering who saw a vast area of white form at the pole of Mars within twenty-four hours, visible as a white cap, and then gradually disappeared. Also Lowell saw a band of dark blue, which he took to be water from the melting ice or snow cap. Gardner believes that the so-called Martian ice cap was really fog and clouds, which also could appear and disappear so rapidly. He writes: "What Lowell really did see was a direct beam - two direct beams at the same moment - flashing from the central sun of Mars out through the aperture of the Martian pole. Does not the blue rim around that area to which Lowell referred indicate the optical appearance of the reflecting surface of the planet gradually curving over to the interior so that at a certain part of the curve it begins to cease reflecting the light? And the fact that it is not seen often simply shows that it is only visible when Mars is in a certain position with relation to the earth, when we are able to penetrate the mouth of the polar opening and catch the direct beam. "Why have scientists never compared the facts of the light cap of Mars with the light that plays over our own polar regions? Do they forget that the auroral display has been observed to take place without any reference to the changing of the magnetic needle? And if the aurora is shown to be independent of magnetic conditions, what else can it be due to than a source of light? Is not the reflection of the aurora light from the higher reaches of the atmosphere comparable to the projection of the light of the Martian caps into the higher reaches of the Martian atmosphere? And how do scientists explain the fact that the aurora is only seen distinctly in the very far north and only seen in a fragmentary way when we get further south?" In support of his view that the polar caps of Mars are not formed of ice and snow but represent the light of its central sun shining through the polar opening, Gardner says: "Why does the hot planet Venus have polar caps like those of Mars if the Martian caps are really composed either of ice, snow or frozen carbon dioxide? Also, why do the polar caps of Venus and Mercury not wax and wane as those of Mars are said to do? And why are the polar caps of Mars seen to throw a mass of light many miles above the surface of the planet when they are seen in a side view if they are really of ice? How could they be so luminous in the first place - more luminous than snow is when seen under similar circumstances? And how could Lowell see direct gleams of light from the caps if there were not beams from a direct light source? "Furthermore, how do scientists account for the fact, noticed also by Professor Lowell, whose observations on Mars all seem to support our theory, that when the planet is viewed through a telescope at night, that its polar light is yellow and now white, as the light from snow caps would be? The central sun is an incandescent mass, and just as the glowing of an incandescent electric light looks yellow when seen from a distance through darkness, so the direct light of the Martian sun would appear yellow - but if this light were reflected from a solid white surface it would certainly appear white. But it does not, and so it is up to the scientists to tell us just why it does not. But so far as we know they have not succeeded in doing this." Mitchell saw two bright flashes of light at the polar cap of Mars which gradually came together. Gardner explains this as due to clouds which passed over the face of the interior sun, causing variations in the light emitted through the polar opening. An English astronomer, W E. Denning, writing in the scientific periodical, "Nature," concerning his observations in 1886, wrote: "During the past few months the north polar cap of Mars has been very bright, sometimes offering a startling contrast to those regions of the surface more feebly reflective. These luminous regions of Mars require at least as much careful investigation as the darker parts. In many previous drawings and descriptions of Mars, sufficient weight has not been accorded to these white spots." The English astronomer, J. Norman Lockyer, in 1892, wrote about Mars: "The snow zone was at times so bright that, like the crescent of the young moon, it appeared to project beyond the planet. This effect of irradiation was frequently visible. On one occasion the snow spot was observed to shine like a nebulous star when the planet itself was obscured by clouds, a phenomenon noticed by Beer and Madler, and recorded in their work, `Fragments Sur les Corps Celestes.' The brightness seemed to vary considerably, and at times, especially when the snow zone was near its minimum, it was by no means the prominent object it generally is upon the planet's disc." Gardner comments on the above observations: "No one who reads the above in the light of our theory can fail to see how it fits in. Only direct beams of light from a central sun could give that luminous effect above the surface of the planet and varying as the atmosphere in the interior or above it was clouded or clear. Had it been a mere ice cap, there would not have been this luminosity when the planet was covered with clouds, as Lockyer says it was. Furthermore, that luminosity is precisely what our aurora borealis would look like if our planet was viewed from a great distance. And the light is the same in both cases. By turning to the planet Venus we shall demonstrate absolutely that the polar circles are not snow, or ice, or even hoar-frost caps, but simply apertures leading to the inner and illumined surface of the planet." On Venus the extensive water vapor tends to equalize the temperature, so that its polar caps are not composed of ice and snow, as supposed in the case of Mars, but which Gardner doubts. Speaking of the polar caps of Venus, MacPherson, in his "Romance of Modern Astronomy," says: "Polar caps have been observed, supposed by some to be similar to those on our own planet and Mars. Some astronomers, however, do not regard them as snow." The French astronomer Trouvelet, in 1878, observed at the pole of Venus a confused mass of luminous points, which Gardner attributes to light from the central sun struggling through the clouds. Since the polar cap is not made of ice, these lights cannot be a reflection of the sun. He believes this is the same case with Mars. Similar lights are seen coming from Mercury. Richard Proctor, one of the best known astronomers of the nineteenth century, wrote: "One phenomenon of Mercury, if real, might fairly be regarded as indicating Vulcanian energies compared with which those of our own earth would be as the puny forces of a child compared with the energies of a giant. It has been supposed that a certain bright spot seen in the black disc of Mercury when the planet is in transit indicates some source of illumination either of the surface of the planet or in its atmosphere. In its atmosphere it could hardly be; nor could any auroral streamers on Mercury be supposed to possess the necessary intensity of lustre. If the surface of Mercury were glowing with the light thus supposed to have been seen, then it can readily be shown that over hundreds of thousands of square miles of that surface must glow with an intensity of lustre compared with which the brightness of the lime light would be as darkness. In fact, the lime light is absolute darkness compared with the intrinsic lustre of the sun's surface; and the bright spot supposed to belong to Mercury has been seen when the strongest darkening-glasses have been employed. But there can be no doubt that the bright spot is an optical phenomenon only." Commenting on Proctor's statement, Gardner writes: "Again we agree with the observation but not with the inference. Here is a spot of light on Mercury, plainly seen through a telescope, so bright that the observer compares it to the incandescence of a sun. It is a much brighter light than any reflection could possibly give. To Proctor such an appearance must have been shocking to the extreme. He was not expecting it and was utterly unprepared to see such a phenomenon. So he is utterly unable to explain it. So Proctor calls this light `an optical phenomenon only.' But we cannot believe that Proctor's eyes have played him a trick. He was a trained astronomical observer. So what he saw must have had some explanation or cause behind it. "It is obvious to us that what he saw was the central sun of Mercury beaming directly through the polar aperture, and as Mercury is a small planet, the interior sun would be rather near the aperture, and there would be no aqueous atmosphere with clouds to darken its beams, with the result that this sun would shine with extraordinary brightness. It may be noticed that its beams put Proctor in mind of the beams from the sun that shines upon all the planets. "What more could be wanted than this to show that Mercury, as well as the other planets, has a central sun, and that such a sun is to be met with universally? Is it not significant that beginning with observations on Mars, we are able to go on to Venus and Mercury, apply the same tests and get the same results? The tests are direct observation or photographic observation. The results are the invariable appearance of a central sun." In addition to the above astronomical evidence in favor of his theory, Gardner refers to the structure of the heads of comets, showing a hollow center, outer crust and central sun. In his book he presents a drawing of Donati's comet, detected from a Florence observatory in 1858. As can be seen it had a central nucleus or sun, which "shone with a brilliance equal to that of the Polar Star" and was 630 miles in diameter. Gardner believes that a comet is a planet which, came into the orbit of some other larger body, like our sun, which tore it from its own orbit, and possibly collided with another planet and the resulting heat transformed most of it into a gaseous tail that trails after it. Gardner claims that the fiery nucleus of the comet was once the central sun of the planet from which it was formed after it broke into fragments. ORIGIN OF THE AURORA BOREALIS Just as there are polar lights from Mars, Venus and Mercury, coming from their central suns shining through their polar openings, so Gardner claims, the same occurs in the case of our own planet, the polar lights which it gives off being the aurora borealis, which is not due to magnetism but to the earth's central sun. Gardner presents the following theory of the origin of the Aurora Borealis: "Why have scientists never compared the facts of the light cap of Mars with the light that plays over our own polar regions? Do they forget that the auroral display has been observed to take place without any reference to the changing of the magnetic needle ? And if the aurora is shown to be independent of magnetic conditions, what else can it be due to than a source of light? Is not the reflection of the aurora light from the higher reaches of the atmosphere comparable to the projection of the light of the Martian caps into the higher reaches of the Martian atmosphere? And how do scientists explain the fact that the aurora is only distinctly seen in the very far north and only seen in a fragmentary way when we get further south?" Gardner concludes that the aurora borealis is due to the central sun shining through the polar orifice on the night sky; and the variations in the streamers of light are due to passing clouds in the interior, which, in their movements, cut off the light of the central sun and cause the reflection on the sky to keep changing. That the aurora is not due to magnetism or electrical discharges is proven by many observations of Arctic explorers showing there is no disturbance of the compass nor crackling sounds that accompany electrical discharges, when the aurora is most intense. Gardner says: "There are some other considerations which show that the aurora is really due to the interior sun. Dr. Kane, in his account of his explorations, tells us that the aurora is brightest when it is white. That shows that when the reflection of the sun is so clear that the total white light is reflected, we get a much brighter effect than when the light is cut up into prismatic colors. In the latter case the atmosphere is damp and dense (in the interior of the earth) - that being the cause of the rainbow effect - and through such an atmosphere one cannot see so much. Hence the display is not so bright as it is when the atmosphere is clear and the light not broken up. "Again, if the aurora is the reflection of the central sun, we should expect to see it fully only near the polar orifice, and see only faint glimpses of its outer edges as we went further south. And that is precisely what is the actual fact of the matter. Says Dr. Nicholas Senn in his book, "In the Heart of the Arctics:" "`The aurora, which only occasionally is seen in our latitudes, is but the shadow of what it is to be seen in the polar region.' "The aurora is not a magnetic or electrical disturbance but simply a dazzling reflection from the rays of the central sun. For if it warms continents and waters in the interior of the earth, if, as we have seen, birds have their feeding and breeding grounds there, if an occasional log or seed or pollen-like dust is seen in the Arctic that came from some such unknown place as we have described, it ought to be possible to obtain enough evidence of such life." [End of Part 8 of 15] - -> Send "subscribe iufo " to majordomo@world.std.com -> Posted by: James Shannon
Blather Archives: Mammoth Tales
while they don't seem to be 'mammoths' as such and Burma, to see if the Nepalese animalsare genetically are no less magical than finding a prehistoric survivor
http://www.blather.net/archives2/issue2no14.html

Extractions: Back then, Blather promised to bring you a discussion of the book *Mammoth Hunt In Search of the Giant Elephants of Nepal*, co-written by Blashford-Snell with actress Rula Lenska. Well, finally perused, and finally closed a matter of hours ago, *Mammoth Hunt* is one of those rare books that can only be described as a Damned Good Read. Around 1987, Blashford-Snell (hitherto referred to as JBS) was made aware of rumours concerning 'giant mammoths' which were pillaging villages in remote areas of Nepal. JBS, who has been leading expeditions to remote regions for many years with Operation Raleigh, Discovery Expeditions and the Scientific Exploration Society decided that Nepal was a good place to bring the *clients* of Discovery Expeditions. In all, some seven separate expeditions were executed between 1991 and 1997, the first team containing many tired and listless executives in need of a good shaking up, as well as one Mark O'Shea, described as being a 'mad Irish snake expert'. While *Mammoth Hunt* isn't the kind of book usually discussed in Blather, i.e. it doesn't deal with phenomenalism, at least not in any deliberate sense, *Mammoth Hunt* would be of definite interest to everyone from the armchair-adventurer, those interested in travelling to more *exotic* locations, and to readers with even just a passing interest in cryptozoology.
Tolo Lake Mammoths - Glassary
forms of life (fossils), such as mammoths, dinosaurs, and the study of fossils ofanimals with bony by archaeologists for places where prehistoric and historic
http://radio.boisestate.edu/information/otherprojects/mammoth/glossary.html

Extractions: Glossary Archaeologist Archaeologists are scientists who learn about prehistoric cultures by studying the tools and other remains left by ancient peoples. Artifacts (objects manipulated and used by humans), such as spear points, pottery, ornaments, and grinding stones are studied in conjunction with animal and plant remains recovered from places where people lived long ago. Archaeology Archaeology is the study of prehistoric cultures through the study of the remains they have left behind. (See also: Archaeologist AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) A form of radiocarbon dating that requires only a very small amount of sample material (bone, charcoal, etc.). This technique involves the use of a mass spectrometer to directly measure the amount of radioactive carbon in a sample. This technique was used on a bone from the first Tolo Lake mammoth specimen excavated in 1994. (See also: Carbon-14 Dating BP BP is used by researchers to date an archaeological site, fossils, or time period. It literally means "Before Present", which means the date being referenced is based on the current year. For example, 10,000 BP refers to 10,000 years before today's date. Carbon-14 Dating (Radiocarbon dating) All living things take in carbon. Some carbon contains small amounts of energy, or radiation. These small amounts of radioactive carbon we call Carbon-14 (C-14). At death, the amount of radioactive carbon begins to decay at a constant rate. Radiocarbon or C-14 dating involves measuring the tiny amounts of radiation released from one-living material. These measurements can tell us how old the once-living material is, up to 100,000 years ago. The older the material, the less radiation there is left to release. Bone, wood, cloth, shell, and other materials can all be C-14 dated.
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and those with human attributes See General Guideline 13 03.25 prehistoric animalsExcluding Saber tooth tigers (03.01.03); Woolly mammoths (03.03.01) 03.25
http://www.uspto.gov/tmdb/dscm/dsc00008.htm
Webpage
Instead of just having bones to examine, as we do with most extinct creatures, wholemammoths have been discovered. With most prehistoric animals we have to
http://www.pleasanthill.k12.or.us/Schools/High/EricksonPages/TheMexicans/webpage

Extractions: Introduction The Age of Mammals Creature of the Ice Age Where did they live? ... FUN!!! Ice Age Introduction The Age of Mammals No one is quite certain why dinosaurs died out. Some scientists think it could have been a change in the climate. Others have said that there might have been a major disaster, like a comet crashing into the earth. With dinosaurs out of the way, mammals could start to develop. It took many millions of years. The woolly mammoth lived during one of the ice ages. When scientists named it, they called it Elephus Primigenius. This means "first born elephant". Scientist called it this because when fossils were discovered they thought it was a very early kind of elephant, but this was not correct. Other fossil remains which have been discovered show that it was one of the later elephants. Many other elephants had been on the earth before the woolly mammoths appeared. The first true elephants had lived millions of years before the woolly mammoth. back to top Creature of the Ice Age The Ice Ages lasted for 200,000 years. When this happened the earth was covered with a coat of ice. Plants did grow during this time and the woolly mammoth was feed upon them. The temperatures were very low, however. To overcome these conditions the woolly mammoth developed a very thick coat of hair. It was a long shaggy coat. To keep the animal warm in these very cold conditions, there were two layers to the coat.

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