Product Description
A detailed study of Byzantine Africa and its conquest by the Arabs beginning in 641/642. Professor Christides assesses the political situation on the eve of the first Arab raid, the raids themselves and the sources available for studying them, as well as the causes and consequences of the Byzantine loss of North Africa and the integration of Arabic and Islamic cultures. The study focuses primarily on the regions of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan (roughly modern-day Libya). ... Read more

Product Description
"At once steeped in detailed contextual knowledge and fully engaged with basic theoretical issues, Lisa Anderson's fine book can serve as an inspiration and a model for all who would push the analysis of state building in relation to social structure well beyond the European settings in which such processes have traditionally been studied. Doing comparative history at its best, Anderson uses a close comparison of Tunisia and Libya to arrive at analytic arguments sure to suggest fruitful leads to students of state formation in many areas of the world."
-Theda Skocpol, Harvard University

Moving beyond existing Eurocentric theories of state building, this work examines the role of state formation and disintegration in shaping social structure and political organization in Tunisia and Libya between 1830 and 1980.

"... an important book. Extensive research has gone into it. Scholars will treasure it. Nonspecialists who tackle it in the hope of learning more about Libya and Tunisia will not be disappointed."
-Harry Gregory, The Philadelphia Inquirer

"The most recent book on Libya with a broad historic sense and a deep understanding of the subject."
-I. William Zartman, The Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies, in selecting the four top books on Libya for U.S. News & World Report

"The accidents of history and geology ... have allowed one contemporary ruler [Qaddafi] to indulge at once the fundamentalist fantasy of direct theocracy and the populist fantasy of direct democracy. The spectacle is not an appealing one. But we must take note of its emergence, and be grateful for the light that Lisa Anderson has cast upon it."
-Ernest Gellner, The New Republic
Lisa Anderson is Associate Professor of Political Science and Assistant Director of the Middle East Institute at Columbia University. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

a Challenge to Modernization Theory
While most states of the Middle East region have pursued policies that more or less approached the prescriptions of the Modernization type meta-theories, there has been the general perception, from within and without, that the region as a whole has failed to live up to the promise of social and economic welfare that modern development was supposed to generate.The political advancement of the Region toward more pluralistic or democratic forms of government that was supposed to proceed as the inevitable result of economic and industrial transformation has been even more disappointing and lagged far below material achievements. In The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya 1830-1980 Lisa Anderson has rejected the mainstream meta-theoretical approaches to the study of the nature of development in the Middle East.Through a process of historical analysis of the socio-economic mechanisms that have characterized the nature of Libya and Tunisia's different paths of social and political transformation, Anderson has emphasized the study of state formation processes and the particular nature of a peripheral's state integration in the world capitalist system. Anderson has challenged both of the principal development meta-theories that became popular in the decades after WWII.She has contested Modernization theory's interpretation of development moving in a linear pattern through predictable stages to inevitably culminate in the establishment of a democratic capitalist state modeled on the pattern of the West.She has noted that development is not achieved without cost and that social conflict is a necessary outcome as the State balances its monopoly of authority as it coerces and encourages different social and economic actors to achieve a relative degree of stability and equity. In order to achieve this and promote a real degree of social transformation an efficient bureaucracy and public administration are crucial. Accordingly, her study has shown the contrasting development patterns of Libya and Tunisia.In the former, Anderson has stressed the persistence of kinship based societal relations and null bureaucratic development during the period of Italian colonization and the perpetuation of this pattern after independence.Oil rents made it possible for the Libyan administration to rely almost exclusively on its distributive capacity to prevent the establishment of efficient institutional and bureaucratic machinery; consequently, society and political development have not progressed toward the formation of a modern state in the Weberian sense. ... Read more

Product Description
Chapters: Cyrene, Libya, Cyrenaica, Hiv Trial in Libya, Turgut Reis, Seydi Ali Reis, Salih Reis, Fourth Shore, Ancient Libya, Tripoli Agreement, Operation Epervier, Arab Islamic Republic, Italian Settlers in Libya, Senussi, Kingdom of Libya, Omar Mukhtar, Hafsid Dynasty, Libyan People's Court, Karamanli Dynasty, History of Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, Barbary Slave Trade, Fezzan, Barca, Aghlabids, Ahmed Sharif Es Senussi, Hasan As-Senussi, Slavery in Libya, Hasan Ibn Al-Nu'man, Yusuf Karamanli, United Nations Security Council Resolution 748, Federation of Arab Republics, Muhammad As-Senussi, Phut, Diocese of Egypt, Arab Lictor Youth, Barbary Wars, Revolutionary Guard Corps, United Nations Security Council Resolution 731, List of Colonial Heads of Cyrenaica, Libyan Resistance Movement, List of Heads of Government of Libya, Colonial Order of the Star of Italy, List of Kings of Cyrene, Ahmed Karamanli, List of Colonial Heads of Tripolitania, Libyan Pound, List of Colonial Heads of Libya, Barqah, List of Colonial Heads of Fezzan, Sulaiman Al-Barouni, Parætonium, Tripolitanian Lira, 1979 U.s. Embassy Burning in Libya, Ker. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 258. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The HIV trial in Libya (or Bulgarian nurses affair) concerns the trials, appeals and eventual release of six foreign medical workers charged with conspiring to deliberately infect over 400 children with HIV in 1998, causing an epidemic at El-Fatih Children's Hospital in Benghazi. The defendants were a Palestinian medical intern and five Bulgarian nurses (often termed "medics"). They were first sentenced to death, then had their case remanded by Libya's highest court, and were sentenced to death again, a penalty which was upheld by Libya's highest court in early July, 2007. The Six then had ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1036546 ... Read more

Product Description
Chapters: Bombing of Libya, Italo-Turkish War, Senussi Campaign, Battle of Maaten Al-Sarra, Action in the Gulf of Sidra, Islamic Legion, Gulf of Sidra Incident, Ouadi Doum Air Raid, Battle of Fada, Barasa-Ubaidat War. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 70. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt:The United States bombing of Libya (code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon) comprised the joint United States Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps air-strikes against Libya on April 15, 1986. The attack was carried out in response to the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing. President Reagan consults bipartisan Congress members the day before the strike. Ground crew prepares a 48th Tactical Fighter Wing F-111F aircraft for an air strike on Libya.After years of occasional skirmishes with Libya over Libyan territorial claims to the Gulf of Sidra, the United States contemplated a military attack to strike targets within Libyan land territory. In March 1986, the United States, asserting the 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) limit to territorial waters recognized by the international community, sent a carrier task force to the region. Libya responded with aggressive counter-maneuvers on March 24 that led to the Gulf of Sidra incident. Less than two weeks later on April 5, a bomb exploded in a West Berlin disco, La Belle, killing two American servicemen and a Turkish woman and wounding 200 others. The United States claimed to have obtained cable transcripts from Libyan agents in East Germany involved in the attack. After several days of diplomatic talks with European and Arab partners, President Ronald Reagan ordered the strike on Libya on April 14. Eighteen F-111F strike aircraft of the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing, flying from RAF Lakenheath supported by four EF-111A Ravens of the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing, from RAF...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=22801 ... Read more

Product Description
Chapters: Fourth Shore, History of Libya as Italian Colony, Fezzan, Italian Cyrenaica, Italian Tripolitania. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 30. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Fourth Shore or Italy's Fourth Shore (in Italian Quarta Sponda) was the name created by Mussolini to refer to coastal Libya while it was an Italian colony. The term derives from the fact that Italy is a peninsula with roughly three shores (Adriatic, Tyrrenian and Ionian) and Libya would be the fourth. The fourth shore was the southern part of the Greater Italy, a Fascist project of enlargement of Italy's national borders in the early 1940s. After the Italian conquest of Libya in 1911, during much of the early colonial period Italy waged a war of subjugation against Libya's population. Turkey renounced its interests in Libya in 1912, but fierce resistance to the Italians continued from the Sanusi sect, a strongly nationalistic group of Suni Muslims. This group held out against Italian settlement in the region for almost two decades, but were finally defeated in 1931, and its leaders sent into exile. After Rodolfo Graziani's victory on the Libyan resistance movement of Omar Al Mukhtar in the early thirties, all Libya was successfully italianized and many Italian colonists were moved to populate the Fourth Shore. Libya was made an integral part of Italy in 1939 and the local population were granted a form of Italian citizenship. Tunisia was conquered by Italy in November 1942 and was added to the Quarta Sponda even because of the huge community of Italians living there, the Tunisian Italians. In Libya the Italians in less than thirty years (19111940) built huge public works (roads, buildings, ports, etc..) and the Libian economy flourished again at a level similar to the one enjoyed during the Roman empi...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=3750314 ... Read more

Product Description
Chapters: History of Modern Libya. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 24. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952. Idris represented Libya in the subsequent UN negotiations. When Libya declared its independence on December 24, 1951, it was the first country to achieve independence through the United Nations and one of the first former European possessions in Africa to gain independence. Libya was proclaimed a constitutional and a hereditary monarchy and Idris was proclaimed king. Under the constitution of October 1951, the federal monarchy of Libya was headed by King Idris as chief of state, with succession to his designated heirs. Substantial political power resided with the king. The executive arm of the government consisted of a prime minister and Council of Ministers designated by the king but also responsible to the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of a bicameral legislature. The Senate, or upper house, consisted of eight representatives from each of the three provinces. Half of the senators were nominated by the king, who also had the right to veto legislation and to dissolve the lower house. Local autonomy in the provinces was exercised through provincial governments and legislatures. Benghazi and Tripoli served alternately as the national capital. Several factors, rooted in Libya's history, affected the political development of the newly independent country. They reflected the differing political orientations of the provinces and the ambiguities inherent in Libya's monarchy. First, after the first general elections, which were held on February 19, 1952, political parties were abolished. The National Congress Party, which had campaigned against a ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=5171141 ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Middle East Policy, published by Middle East Policy Council on December 22, 2007. The length of the article is 1460 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: A History of Modern Libya.(Book review)
Author: David S. Sorenson
Publication: Middle East Policy (Magazine/Journal)
Date: December 22, 2007
Publisher: Middle East Policy Council
Volume: 14Issue: 4Page: 184(3)

Article Type: Book review

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

Product Description
Chapters: History of Benghazi, University of Libya, Benghazi Venus. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 20. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Libya's second largest city Benghazi, has a history which extends from when the city was first inhabited in the 6th century BCE to the present day. Throughout its history, the city has been continuously conquered by different Ancient and Colonial forces. A panathenaic amphora found in Benghazi from the times of Euesperides, the Ancient Greek city that is now Benghazi.Modern Benghazi lies in the province of Cyrenaica, an area which was heavily colonised by the Greeks in antiquity. The Greek city that existed within the modern day boundaries of Benghazi was founded around 525 BC. It was called Euesperides and was one of five important cities in Cyrenaica known as the Pentapolis the other four were the chief city Cyrene, its port Apollonia, Taucheira, and Barca. Euesperides was probably founded by people from Cyrene or Barca on the edge of a lagoon which opened from the sea. At the time, the lagoon may have been deep enough to receive small sailing vessels. The name Euesperides was attributed to the fertility of the area, and gave rise to mythological associations with the garden of Hesperides. The city was located on on a raised piece of land opposite what is now the Sidi Abeid graveyard, in the Eastern Benghazi suburb of Sebkha Es-Selmani (Es-Selmani Marsh). Euesperides is first mentioned by ancient sources in Herodotus' account of the revolt of Barca and the Persian expedition to Cyrenaica in c.515 BC; the punitive force sent by the satrap in Egypt conquered most of Cyrenaica and reached "as far west as Euesperides". The oldest coins minted in the city date back to 480 BC. One side of the coin has an engraving of Delphi, whilst the other has an...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=21434448 ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Middle East Quarterly, published by Middle East Forum on September 22, 2008. The length of the article is 363 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: A History of Modern Libya.(Book review)
Author: Adam Pechter
Publication: Middle East Quarterly (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 22, 2008
Publisher: Middle East Forum
Volume: 15Issue: 4Page: 83(2)

Article Type: Book review

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

Product Description
The pilot who directed the 1986 U.S. air attack on Libya discloses how twenty-four F-111s penetrated one of the most heavily fortified areas on the planet and brilliantly carried out the now-historic anti-terrorist raid. Reprint. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Good service and book condition
This book arrived just a few days after I submitted the order and was in very good condition considering it was published in 1992. ... Read more

Product Description
In Forgotten Voices, Ali Abdullatif Ahmida employs archival research, oral interviews and comparative analysis to rethink the history of colonial and nationalist categories and analyses of modern Libya. ... Read more

Product Description

This book examines the socioeconomic and political development of Libya from earliest times to the present, concentrating in particular on the four decades of revolutionary rule which began in 1969. Focusing on the twin themes of continuity and change, Ronald Bruce St John emphasises the full extent to which the revolutionary government has distorted the depth and breadth of the post-1969 revolution by stressing policy change at the expense of policy continuity.

Following a brief look at pre-independence Libya, the author explores the way in which the fragility of the post-independence state, unable to contain rising Arab nationalist struggles and growing economic expectations, opened the way for the Free Unionist Officers led by Muammar al-Qaddafi to seize power. He then traces the progressive development of the revolutionary state through four stages:

• the consolidation of power to 1973
• the projection of power to 1986
• withdrawal and retrenchment to 1999
• the redefinition of the state after 1999.

Highlighting the issues facing the contemporary state and providing possible solutions, this book will be an important text for students of current affairs, history, North Africa and the Middle East.

Product Description

Customer Reviews (1)

Nasser's example...
Qadafhi's`revolution' has been protected from any adverse public outrage.
Differences of opinion with the regime wouldn't be acceptable until proof had been offered.
The Coup was not harmful to the outgoing politicians clutching at any straw for they were not, in the first place, fully committed to the deposed King Idris al-Senussi.
The best beneficiary was Gamal Addul Nasser, who after `his' 1967 defeat (Arab/Israeli War of June 67), Nasser showed understanding and sympathy with the young `free officers' in Libya and never withheld his consent when the Coup was a fait accompli.
Actually, the Libyan Coup had been a mirror image of Nasser and his colleagues seventeen years before.
Many, in the Arab world, believed that Nasser concocted the Coup whereas it came mainly by the nearest chance. King Idris was on vacation in Turkey (perhaps for medical treatment), when he was deposed in bloodless Coup. The second `blood free' in the Arab World in an Arab country located in Africa.
A few days adter the Coup, Nasser sent his emissaries to Libya to meet, for the first time, the new leaders and they came back to Egypt and boosted Nasser's shattered morals that `they are your men Rayyess'[Leader].
History will record that, without his knowledge, Nasser inspired the young Libyan officers. "He reminds me of my youth" Nasser spoke of Qadafhi to his confidant Hassanein Heikal.
Nasser's example of a `clean' Coup in Egypt was 'copied' in Tripoli and this may well have combined to save many lives in Libya.
... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

The Jews of Libya
This is an extremely detailed and comprehensive account of Jewish life in Libya from 1835 to 1970, in it's social, economic and political components.

Jews had lived in Cyrenaica and Tripolitania from before 300 BCE.
The Jews of Libya, lived under Islamic rule, as in other Arab countries under Dhimni status.
Astolerated but discriminated against and treated as inferiors under the Dhimni status- the special system of apartheid applied to Jews and Christians for centuries in Islamic countries.
From time to time this status quo gave way to outright persecution and pogroms against Jews by Arabs.
A member of the Alliance Israelite Universalle, a teacher at the local Alliance school who was living in Triploi in 1900 described the situation in these communities in a field report mailed to Paris:
"In those out of the way places a Jew may not ride a horse or a donkey in the Arab's presence. On seeing an Arab coming a Jew must dismount quickly and continue on foot, leading his mount until the Arab disappears round a bend in the highway. If a Jew forgets this or takes too long to dismount, the Arab brutally reminds him of 'good manners' by throwing him to the ground. The Jews of the Jebel (one of the regions) told me that over the last twenty years three Israelites had been killed in this way. The testimony of a Jew is not accepted and he would dare to acuse anyone of robbing him. Every Jewish family is under the suzerainty of an Arab, termed the Saheb...They told me that some time ago, Arabs had plundered their little synagogue and stolen the Scrolls.The next day they were dumbfounded to see an Arab riding a donkey with a saddle made of Torah parchment. They claimed it back but to no avail".
While a few Jews had achieved affluence the majority of Jews in Libya lived under wretched conditions in a ghetto known as the Hara.
The last decades of Ottoman rule saw an extreme turn for the worse for the Jews of Libya, with an eruption of violent anti-Semitism.
Synagogues and Jewish houses were attacked and destroyed and several Jews murdered.
It is no wonder that the Jews welcomed Italian rule in 1911.
The growth of the Zionist movement injected new life into the Jewish population, as it did for Jews around the world.
New democratic institutions were founded in the Jewish communities under Zionist influence.
In 1931 there were 24 534 Jews in Libya (about 4% of the total population), with about 15 000 of them in Tripoli. The Jews suffered from racial legislation introduced in Italy in 1938, but were relatively safe from attack until after the British seized control of Libya, and bloody pogroms (under the ifluence of Pan Arabists and Islamists) broke out against Jews, with the British doing nothing to protect the Jews, in 1945 and 1948.

A savage pogrom in Tripoli on November 5, 1945, killed more than 140 Jews and wounded hundreds more. Almost every synagogue was looted.

Jews were burned alive,Jewish women and girls raped and in some cases whole families wiped out.

In June 1948, rioters murdered another 12 Jews and destroyed 280 Jewish homes.

The British pro-Arab policies in the Palestine Mandate extended to British colonies in the Middle East including Libya, where the British did nothing to protect Jews and even covertly encouraged the slaughter.

From 1945 until 1949 the British banned and forcibly prevented any emigration out of Libya, so that Libyan Jews could not migrate to the Holy Land.

Thousands of Jews fled the country after Libya was granted independence and membership in the Arab League in 1951, although King Idris tried to protect the Jews and soften the effects of anti-Jewish measures, he was forced to take these measures by the anti-Jewish Arab population and by neighbouring countries like Egypt, under Nasser.

After the Six Day War of 1967, more bloody pogroms took place against Jews, engineered by Nasserist elements, and the remainder of the 7000 Jews in Libya, were forced to leave that copuntry destitute.

After these same elements seized power under Colnel Muammar Qaddafi, all Jewish property was expropriated and all Jewish debts cancelled.

A cornerstone of Qadaffi's policy was hatred of Israela reversal of King Idris' moderate pro-Western policy, and support for international terrorism.

The official organ of the Qadaffi regime Ar-Raid thundered on 31 October 1969:

"It is the unavoidable duty of the city councils of Tripoli, Bhengazi, Misurata etc to remove their (the Jews) cemetries immediately, and throw the bodies of their dead, which, even in their eternal rest, soil our country, into the depths of the sea. Where those dirty corpses are lying they should put buildings, parks, and roads. Only thus can the hatred of the Libyan Arab people towards the Jews be satiated".

All synagogues under Qadaffi were destroyed, turned in to mosques, or used for profane purposes such as social clubs.

Qadaffi hypocritically invited the Jews to return back to Libya attaching the following perfidious conditions.

1 "Islam was ordered for everyone and was the last of the divine messages".

2 "Judaism itself is responsible for any opression which may be inflicted, since any action without fail is followed by reaction in other places".

3 Jews who migrated to Israel after 1948 could not be tolerated and if they were opressed in Arab countries the Jews "must have commited in Palestine some act against the Arabs which caused an adverse reaction against them.".

The book serves as another documentation of persecution of Jews in Arab lands, the pogroms of the late 1940s against Jews in Arab countries, and the perfidy of terror-mongering tyrants like Qadaffi.
... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from APS Diplomat Fate of the Arabian Peninsula, published by Pam Stein/Input Solutions on October 1, 2001. The length of the article is 629 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: LIBYA - Meeting The Economic Challenges.(Brief Article)
Publication: APS Diplomat Fate of the Arabian Peninsula (Newsletter)
Date: October 1, 2001
Publisher: Pam Stein/Input Solutions
Volume: 42Issue: 4Page: NA

Article Type: Brief Article

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more