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This book describes how various types of taxes -- such asVATs, corporate income taxes, retail sales taxes, and excise taxes-- are being modified to achieve environmental goals. The authorgives particular focus to situations in which taxes are imposed onimports and where rebates are granted when domestic products areexported. These taxes are evaluated with respect to exceptions to GATTand how these exceptions can be used to create powerful taxinitiatives even though they might be considered `GATT-illegal'. The book shows how to integrate economically effective environmentaltaxes and tax subsidies with the major international trade treaties.Tax initiatives can be an important tool to improve the free tradesystem and combat environmental decline. Manufacturers, exporters, tax and environmental policymakers,international trade and tax attorneys, and academics working in thefields of environmental regulation, trade policy, and taxation willfind this work a provocative treatise on a topic of growingimportance. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Ploughshares Monitor, published by Thomson Gale on March 22, 2007. The length of the article is 885 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Landmark step towards an international arms trade treaty.
Author: Ken Epps
Publication: Ploughshares Monitor (Magazine/Journal)
Date: March 22, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 28Issue: 1Page: 21(2)

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The convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is one of the oldest multilateral environmental agreements.Since it was established to prevent international trade in wild animals and plants from threatening their survival, an complex system has evolved to induce countries to comply with and enforce the treaty’s trade controls.

This book presents the first definitive study of the CITES compliance system—a self-policing system which relies heavily on recommended trade suspensions to deal with non-compliance.It concludes that trade suspensions are effective, but identifies several weaknesses in the system.A strategy is advanced to address these weaknesses, drawing on lessons from other international compliance systems, and the potential for conflict between CITES trade restrictions and the WTO is analysed. ... Read more

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Chapters: European Free Trade Association, International Seabed Authority, Collective Security Treaty Organisation, African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, Central Treaty Organization, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Five Power Defence Arrangements, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property, International Military Tribunal. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 78. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a free trade organisation between four European countries that operates parallel to, and is linked to, the European Union (EU). EFTA was established on 3 May 1960 as a trade bloc-alternative for European states who were either unable to, or chose not to, join the then-European Economic Community (EEC) which has now become the European Union (EU). The Stockholm Convention, establishing EFTA, was signed on 4 January 1960 in Stockholm by seven countries. Today, only Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein remain members of EFTA (of which Norway and Switzerland are the only remaining founding members). The Stockholm Convention was subsequently replaced by the Vaduz Convention. This Convention provides for the liberalisation of trade among the member states. Three of the EFTA countries are part of the European Union Internal Market through the Agreement on a European Economic Area (EEA), which took effect in 1994; the fourth, Switzerland, opted to conclude bilateral agreements with the EU. In addition, the EFTA states have jointly concluded free trade agreements with a number of other countries. In 1999 Switzerland concluded a set of bilateral agreements with the European Union covering a wide range of areas, incl...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=9580 ... Read more

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Developed by 16 Nobel laureates and championed by governments from Africa to Latin America to Asia, this book discusses the Global Arms Treaty as a solution to the problems of societal weaponization that have plagued the state of India since its independence. India continues to be affected by the debilitating impact of armed conflicts according to global surveys, India is ranked second to Indonesia in the realm of internal wars in Asia. The armed conflicts manifest in the forms of irredentist and separatist wars, caste conflicts, and in several hues of terrorist-orchestrated upheavals, fueled by an illicit arms trade.

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The OECD Model Tax Convention seminar is a regular feature ofthe annual IFA Congress. At the 1998 Congress, held in London, theseminar focused on the relationship between tax treaties and domesticlaws in OECD member countries. After general surveys by two high-ranking OECD officials of relevantissues and developments in the Working Groups of the OECD's Committeeof Fiscal Affairs during the course of the preceding year, the 1998seminar offered two topics -- on the concept of beneficialownership, and on the characterization of retirement income --which were opened for discussion among panelists and attendees. Thediscussion shed significant light on the inter-relatedness ofcross-border pensions, deferred compensation, and anti-abuseprovisions as they appear in bilateral tax treaties, domestic laws,and the Model Convention. This handy volume reprints in full all the papers presented at thisimportant seminar, along with the subsequent discussions.Practitioners and academics interested in the development andapplication of the OECD Model Tax Convention will appreciate itsvaluable insights. ... Read more

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As demand for fresh water rises, together with population, water scarcity already features on the national security agenda of many countries. In this book, Dinardevelops a theory to explain solutions to property rights conflicts over shared rivers. Through systematic analysis of available treaty texts, corresponding side-payment and cost-sharing patterns are gleaned. Geographic and economic variables are used to explain recurring property rights outcomes.

Rather than focusing on a specific river or particular geographic region, the book analyzes numerous rivers, dictated by the large number of treaty observations, and is able to test several hypotheses, devising general conclusions about the manner in which states resolve their water disputes. Policy implications are thereby also gained. While the book simultaneously considers conflict and cooperation along international rivers, it is the focus on negotiated agreements, and their embodied side-payment and cost-sharing regimes, that justifies the use of particular independent variables.

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This Elibron Classics book is a facsimile reprint of a 1875 edition by the Author, Shanghai. ... Read more

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The Governance of World Trade focuses on the roles, influence and impacts of the so-called ‘GATT operatives’ or WTO practitioners. It is widely assumed that they have little influence on decisions and policies made, but, according to the authors, the GATT/WTO Secretariat has played an active role in promoting multilateral cooperation.

This unique study of the internal operation of the GATT/WTO argues that the invisible yet indispensable international civil servants are the permanent machinery within the institution. They have, the authors ascertain, an important coordinating function and act according to a specific scale of values that transcend those of individual states, providing the continuity and the cement, the credibility and the connection among self-interest-driven states. The book concludes that as one of the most ‘democratic’ international organizations, operating on the principle of consensus, the WTO needs a creative Secretariat as a necessary condition for multilateral cooperation to work.

Using case studies to analyze the workings of Secretariat officials in trade negotiations, and the influence and role of international civil servants, this book will be a fascinating read for a wide ranging audience including: political scientists and economists, international civil servants, think tanks, NGOs, and Government agencies. ... Read more