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Fossil Fuels Coal: more books (100)

Coal Phase Out: Coal in Australia, Fossil Fuel Phase Out, Hazelwood Power Station, Pembina Institute

Future Fossil Fuel Power Stations: Future Coal-Fired Power Stations, Future Natural Gas-Fired Power Stations

Future Fossil Fuel Power Stations: Future Coal-Fired Power Stations, Future Natural Gas-Fired Power Stations, Kingsnorth Power Station

2007 Annual Book of Astm Standards (Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke, 05.06)

assessment of technology for the liquefaction of coal: Summary by Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research Council Ad Hoc Panel on Liquefaction of Coal of the Committee on Processing and Utilization of Fossil Fuels, 1977

Coal severance tax limitations: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Fossil and Synthetic Fuels of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, ... ... October 28, 1981, and March 29, 1982 by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Fossil and Synthetic Fuels, 1982-01-01

Annual Book of Astm Standards, 1988: Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels: Gaseous Fuels, Coal and Coke/Section 5, Vol 05.05/Pcn 01-0505 by American Society for Testing and Materials, 1988-10

Annual Book of Astm Standards 1990: Petroleum Products, Lubricants and Fossil Fuels : Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke/Volume 05.05 (Annual Book of a S T M Standards Volume 0505)

Evaluation of Processes for the Liquefaction and Gasification of Solid Fossil Fuels Volume 1 Coal Mining and Conversion (Including Lignite

New Analytical Methods for Characterizing Fossil Fuels and Derived Products, Direct Coal Liquefaction, Biomass Fuels: Preprints of Papers Presented at by Division Of F American Chemical Society, 1995-10

Characterization of coal-derived liquids and other fossil fuel related materials employing mass spectrometry by Stuart E Scheppele, 1977

Fossil fuels : status of DOE-funded clean coal technology projects as of March 15, 1989 : fact sheet for the chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Power, ... (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-89-166 FS) by U.S. General Accounting Office, 1989

Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal: Prospects and Policy Issues by James T. Bartis, 2008-12-16

Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Generation:Case studies of recently constructed coal- and gas-fired power plants (Cleaner Fossil Fuels) by international energy agency, 2007-11-07

lists with details

Energy Matters: Fossil Fuels - Coal
Home. fossil fuels. coal. History. About 300 million years ago, enormousferns and other prehistoric plants were common on the swamplike earth.
http://hyperion.advanced.org/20331/types/fossil/coal.html

Extractions: Coal History About 300 million years ago, enormous ferns and other prehistoric plants were common on the swamp-like earth. When those plants died and fell to the ground, they were covered with water and they slowly decomposed. As decomposition took place in the absence of oxygen, much of the hydrogen content of the matter was eroded away, leaving a material rich in carbon. The material was compressed over the years by sand and dirt, leaving the form of carbon known as coal. Types The nature of coal is such that the higher the carbon content, the more cleanly and brilliantly the coal burns. Thus "peat", which is the state of the decomposing plants before being compressed, is a weak, impure substance. The other states of coal, from lowest carbon content to highest, are "lignite," bituminous coal, and anthracite coal. If the coal is heated and compressed even more, the result is "graphite," almost completely pure carbon. Nearly all the different forms of coal are used in some way or another. For instance, peat has been used for burning in furnaces, whereas bituminous coal is used extensively for the generation of electricity. "Coke," a very pure form of coal with a high heat content is used primarily in the steel industry, where high temperatures are required.
Energy Matters: Fossil Fuels
Although there are many different types of fossil fuels, we have chosen threethat we feel are especially important coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
http://hyperion.advanced.org/20331/types/fossil/

Extractions: Types of Fossil Fuels Related Pages Although there are many different types of fossil fuels, we have chosen three that we feel are especially important: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Because virtually all fossil fuel uses produce energy in pretty much the same way (see the Theory section), we have condensed them into one area on this website. An oil rig in the North Sea Fossil fuels have been a widely used source of energy every since the Industrial Revolution just before the dawn of the 20th century. Fossil fuels are relatively easy to use to generate energy because they only require a simple direct combustion. However, a problem with fossil fuels is their environmental impact. Not only does their excavation from the ground significantly alter the environment, but their combustion leads to a great deal of air pollution Follow the link to learn more about how fossil fuels can create energy.
GCSE PHYSICS Electricity - Power Stations - Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil And Natur
Most of the electricity generated in the world today comes from power stationswhich burn fossil fuels. fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas.
http://gcsephysics.com/pme29.htm
Dti: Energy | Coal | Cleaner Fossil Fuels Technology
Feedback Search Links. Home / coal / Cleaner fossil fuels technology. Introductionto cleaner fossil fuels technology. UK Cleaner coal Technology Programme.
http://www.dti.gov.uk/cct/

Extractions: Text version Help NUCLEAR OIL AND GAS ... Consultations COAL Coal health claims UK Coal Operating Aid Scheme Coal Investment Aid Cleaner fossil fuels technology ... Coal / Cleaner fossil fuels technology Introduction to cleaner fossil fuels technology UK Cleaner Coal Technology Programme Review of the case for Government support for cleaner coal technology demonstration plant Review into the feasibility of CO ... Environment Page last updated: 14 March 2003 FEEDBACK
Dti Energy - Coal - Pensions
Home / coal / Cleaner fossil fuels Technology. Cleaner fossil fuelsTechnology. Cleaner fossil fuels Technology (FFT) covers a range
http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/coal/cct/index.shtml
Fossil Fuels
coal, oil and gas are called fossil fuels because they form over millions of yearsthrough the decay, burial and compaction of rotting vegetation on land (coal
http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/eae/Acid_Rain/Older/Fossil_Fuels.html

Extractions: Fossil Fuels Conventional power stations burn coal, oil or gas to produce electricity. Coal, oil and gas are called fossil fuels because they form over millions of years through the decay, burial and compaction of rotting vegetation on land (coal), and marine organisms on the sea floor (oil and gas). Burning fossil fuels in this way releases large quantities of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which can cause acid rain. Coal is a solid fuel formed over millions of years by the decay of land vegetation. Over time, successive layers become buried, compacted and heated, a process through which the deposits are turned into coal. Coal is widely used in the generation of electricity because it is a highly concentrated energy source. However, it is not a particularly "clean" fuel, releasing more acidic pollution than either oil or gas. Coal was the first fossil fuel to be exploited on a large scale during the 19 th century with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Before the commercial introduction of electricity, coal was primarily used in industrial boilers to create steam energy to power machinery. Oil is formed from the remains of marine microorganisms (microscopic animals and plants) deposited on the sea floor. As they accumulate over millions of years they gradually infiltrate the microscopic cavities of the sea floor sediment and rock where they decay. The resulting oil remains trapped in these spaces, forming oil reserves which can be extracted through large drilling platforms. The use of oil increased significantly after the Second World War. In the early 1970s, approximately 40% of global fossil fuel use came from oil, but during the 1990s this figure has decreased. Improved energy efficiency has caused oil consumption to decline in many developed, industrialised countries, as well as shifts to other fuels such as natural gas and nuclear energy. Decreasing use of oil is also resulting from tougher environmental restrictions concerning its use in some regions.
The Hidden Cost Of Fossil Fuels
fossil fuels coal, oil, and natural gas are America's primary sourceof energy, accounting for 85 percent of current US fuel use.
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy/page.cfm?pageID=88
Fossil Fuels - Oil, Coal, Gas
Earth science for schools by Moorland School. fossilS INTO fuels. Crudeoil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels. fossil fuels are
http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/earthresources.htm

Extractions: Crude oil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are very precious resources because they are non-renewable (once they're used, that's it!). We can also make lots of organic chemicals from them, needed to make products such as paints, detergents, polymers (including plastics), cosmetics and some medicines. Fossil fuels were formed from the fossillized remains of dead plants and animals that once lived millions of years ago. Oil and natural gas are the products of the deep burial and decomposition of dead plants and animals. Heat and pressure, in the absence of oxygen, transform the decomposed material into tiny pockets of gas and crude oil. The oil and gas then migrates through the pores in the rocks to eventually collect in reservoirs. Coal comes mainly from dead plants which have been buried and compacted beneath sediments. Most coal originated as peat in ancient swamps created many millions of years ago. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amounts of other chemicals such as sulphur. The crude oil is useless as a mixture and must be sent to an
L I N K C E N T E R Fossilfuels.org
A web "encyclopedia" on fossil fuel formation, production and use. Tutorials and over 1000 Category Science Technology Energy fossil Fuel1000 annotated links One Thousand Links for learning how North Americauses fossil fuels. fossil Fuel, Electricity. Oil, Natural Gas. coal.
http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/
About F O S S I L F U E L
About fossil Fuel Overview After food, fossil fuel is humanity's most importantsource of energy. There are three major fuels coal, oil and natural gas.
http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/fossil_fuel.html

Extractions: Environmental Aspects of Fossil Fuel Use Fossil Fuel in General About Fossil Fuel Overview: After food, fossil fuel is humanity's most important source of energy. There are three major fuels coal, oil and natural gas. Coal is used primarily to produce electricity. It therefore provides us with light, motive power from electric motors, and our many electronic devices. Oil gives us our mobility, our cars, planes, trains, trucks and boats. Natural gas is used primarily to produce heat, for our buildings, hot water, and industrial processes. Use the underlined links above to go to tutorials and pages of links for the various aspects of fossil fuel listed. Use the colored buttons to go to pages of links about each fuel, as well as about electricity. Return to Top of Page Oil Coal Natural Gas Electricity ... byDesign and PowervisioN for The Greening Earth Society Last Modified Fri, 07 Jan 2000 20:31:23 GMT
Wastes: Fossil Fuels
fossil fuels Combustion. Regulatory Determination May 22, 2000 Availability ofReport to Congress - April 28, 1999 Mangement of coal Combustion Residues, RCRA
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/fossil/

Extractions: Mine Placement of Coal Combustion Waste The Interstate Mining Compact Commission (IMMC) is conducting a series of meetings between state and tribal mining regulators, other Federal agencies, and EPA in order to collect and analyze technical and regulatory information related to minefilling of coal combustion waste (CCW). Proceedings from the meetings held to date are available below. Copies of all materials generated and discussed as part oft hese meetings will be made available on this web site. Meeting #4 - October 29-30, 2002
Fossil Fuels
Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are the main sources of energy formodern use. All of these fuels are classified as fossil fuels.
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/8th/energy/sciber/fuel.htm

Extractions: Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are the main sources of energy for modern use. All of these fuels are classified as fossil fuels . The reason they are called fossil fuels is because they are all made from decayed plants and animals that have been preserved in the earth's crust by pressure, bacterial processes and heat. It takes millions of years for these organisms to chemically change into fossil fuels. Liquid fossil fuels, like petroleum , is formed in areas that geologists believe were once covered by oceans or seas. These fuels were formed when dead plants and animals sank to the bottom of the ocean and were covered by sediments. Over long periods of time (millions of years), pressure, bacterial processes, and heat changed the sediments into sedimentary rocks and the plant and animal remains into oil. Eventually underground pools of oil formed when oil migrated through the pores and cracks of rocks and eventually filled these empty spaces. Geolgists search in areas which may contain oil traps. Oil traps include fault lines where porous rock is aligned next to non-porous rock. These traps are also found among folded rock layers. This is an example of a folded-rock-layer oil trap being drilled for petroleum. Oil drills are known as a oil derricks in the petroleum industry.
Energy Information Sheets - Nuclear Power Generation
Nuclear Power Generation. Electricity has been generated by burning fossil fuels(coal, oil, and gas) since before the turn of the twentieth century.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/nuclear.htm

Extractions: Nuclear Power Generation Electricity has been generated by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) since before the turn of the twentieth century. For over three decades, however, a nonfossil fuel, uranium, also has been used to produce electricity. The first U.S. nuclear power plant went into commercial operation in 1957 at Shippingport, Pennsylvania. Since then, the use of nuclear-generated electricity has grown substantially in the United States. The U.S. nuclear power industry achieved its third straight year of record power generation levels during 2000 Total power generated was 754 billion kilowatthours, 3.5 percent above the previous record of 728.1 billion kilowatthours set in 1999. This represents continued growth in power production for the nuclear power industry that had produced only 577.0 billion kilowatthours as recently as 1990. The record year 2000 output was achieved despite the fact that the industry had only 104 operating reactors compared to 111 operating reactors as recently as 1990. Record output was attained through an annual net capacity factor of 88.1 percent during 2000 compared to 85.3 percent in 1999 and 66 percent in 1990. Nuclear generation surpassed 700 billion kilowatthours for the second consecutive year. For eight of the first nine months of 2000, nuclear generation was higher than in the same months during 1999. The nuclear industry generated 69.2 billion kilowatthours in July 2000, the highest level for the U.S. nuclear power industry ever.
Fossil Fuels And Climate Protection: The Carbon Logic - 6. Conclusions - The Car
Only a small fraction of the economically recoverable reserves can ever be used.coal has the highest carbon intensity of the conventional fossil fuels.
http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/science/reports/carbon/clfull-6.html

Extractions: previous next title page contents A number of conclusions can be drawn from the present analysis in relation to the use of fossil fuels and indeed of greenhouse gas emissions over the next century. With action on deforestation a budget for fossil fuels over the next century of around 225 GtC may enable long term warming to be limited to around 1 o C. The present findings are consistent with earlier work, taking into account both the improvements in scientific knowledge over the past decade and the changes in the international policy context. The conclusion that there must be an ecological limit to burning fossil fuels is robust to a wide range of assumptions. Even if the climate is less sensitive to human interference than the current evidence suggests, or governments fail to take a precautionary approach to setting limits, a `carbon budget' is will still result which is less than current fossil fuel reserves. This has several implications: * Coal use needs to be phased out as rapidly as possible. Only a small fraction of the economically recoverable reserves can ever be used. Coal has the highest carbon intensity of the conventional fossil fuels. Coal is subsidised in many parts of the world and these subsidies should be moved, where necessary, to renewable energy systems. * There should be no further exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas reserves. Estimated economically recoverable volumes of gas and oil in this category are sufficient alone to breach the `carbon budget'. These resources should not be allowed onto the market as doing so will inevitably lead to cost reductions through production scale effects. This can only make it more difficult to phase out fossil fuels.
Fossil Fuels And Climate Protection: The Carbon Logic - 1. Fossil Fuels And Clim
releases approximately 6 billion tonnes of carbon (gigatonnes or GtC) in the formof carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the burning of fossil fuels coal, oil and gas
http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/science/reports/carbon/clfull-1.html

Extractions: previous next title page contents The Carbon Logic Researched and written by Bill Hare Climate Policy Director, Greenpeace International Greenpeace International Greenpeace International Keizersgracht 176 1016 DW Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone: +31 20 5236222 Fax: +31 20 5236200 Preventing dangerous climate change will involve limiting both the rate and magnitude of climate change over the next century to levels that natural and human systems can tolerate without significant damage. This report shows the implications for overall fossil fuel use, in the form of a `carbon budget', over the next century if the global community is to prevent dangerous climate change. It is demonstrated that it is only possible to burn a small fraction of the total oil, coal and gas that has already been discovered, if such dangerous changes are to be avoided. Even the reserves of fossil fuels that are considered economic to recover now, with no advances in technology, are far greater than the total allowable `carbon budget'. This conclusion is shown to be robust to a wide range of assumptions about how sensitive the climate is to human interference, and the levels of change that might be considered unacceptable or dangerous.
Energy Generation (Chapter 7): Fossil Fuels And Nuclear Power
Three forms of fossil fuel coal. petroleum. natural gas. You've read thatfossil fuels are nonrenewable. Are fossil fuels really non-renewable?
http://ripley.wo.sbc.edu/departmental/env-studies/geo/energy.htm

Extractions: Home Up Aerial Photos Global Positioning Systems (GPS) [ Energy Generation (Chapter 7): Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power ] Energy Generation: Energy From Renewable Resources Biomes Biogeography Biodiversity ... Managing the Environment Energy Generation This topic can be divided up into three sections: fossil fuels and nuclear power "alternative" energy energy conservation Start off with some important points 1) Even though chapter seven in your book is called "Energy Generation," we can't in fact generate energy. We can only harvest it, and transform it from a less useable to a more useable form. This image shows this transformation for crude oil and coal, two kinds of fossil fuel. 2) Where does our energy come from? The main source, by far, is the sun. Minor sources include geothermal energy, nuclear fission, energy from volcanos. 3) When we harvest and use energy, much is lost during the process. Our efficiency of transformation is not great. Energy is lost during the harvesting process, refinement, transportation, and when it is actually used. At each step, we lose energy. 4) The use of energy is critical for our well-being and to maintain our standard of living. Therefore, energy production is tightly linked to economics and to our national security. Protection of our sources of energy is critical.
SEEN
coal. Of all of the fossil fuels, coal is the cheapest, and so, despite the warningsof Rio, it remains the fuel of choice for many countries in the South.
http://www.seen.org/pages/energy.shtml

Extractions: An Introduction to Fossil Fuels Coal Between 1973 and 1993, coal use increased by 36 percent, growing fastest in South America (360 percent) and Asia (162 percent) and slowest in Europe (6 percent) . The world now burns more than 3.5 billion tons of coal a year. Countries like China, India, and Brazil, which have their own substantial coal reserves, are expected to burn coal most rapidly. China alone releases 650 million metric tons of carbon from coal-burning per year (about 27 percent of the world total from coal burning)and is projected to double its coal consumption by 2010. At a shadow price of about $20 per ton of carbon , China is now externalizing at least $13 billion in carbon emissions per year from coal burning alone . Global energy use projections suggest that, in large part because of their high coal consumption, China and India will account for more than 20 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions from the global South by 2010. Oil The world now consumes 65 million barrels of oil a day. Oil burned by cars alone produces nearly a fifth of global carbon dioxide; other noxious byproducts include carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Our addiction to oil is directly proportional to our universal addiction to the automobile: Every second, an additional car takes to the road.
Geology And Sources Of Energy; Rockhounding Arkansas
be mined. coal, oil and gas are collectively called fossil fuels, becausethey formed from organic (living) matter. Uranium is also
http://rockhoundingar.com/geology/energy.html

Extractions: Careers Geology and Sources of Energy by Steve Sharp, P.E. S ome of our mineral resources can be taken out of the ground and used for fuel. Raw materials have two sources: they can be grown or they can be mined. Coal, oil and gas are collectively called fossil fuels, because they formed from organic (living) matter. The ways that electricity was generated in Arkansas in 1997. This data is from the Energy Information Agency. There are several naturally occurring sources of energy that are used in Arkansas to generate electricity. Electricity is perhaps the most readily available form of energy that we all use everyday in our homes, schools, offices, businesses and factories. Coal, natural gas, fuel oil, uranium and falling or flowing water are all used to generate large amounts of electricity in Arkansas. Wind and solar energy are also used by some, but the amount of electricity they generate is very small.
David Suzuki Foundation: Climate Change: Fossil Fuels
fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas - that we've come to rely on for convenienceand prosperity, are destabilizing our climate and polluting our air.
http://www.davidsuzuki.org/Climate_Change/Science/Fossil_Fuels.asp

Extractions: Fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas - that we've come to rely on for convenience and prosperity, are destabilizing our climate and polluting our air. Large-scale fossil fuel use began with the industrial revolution. From firewood to natural gas, humans have always sought new energy sources to add light, warmth or power to our lives. For millions of years, we used firewood. Then, around the year 1200 in Europe, firewood began to run out, and we turned to coal - a "fossil fuel", having formed from the slow accumulation of dead plants millions of years ago. The technologies spawned in the industrial era which followed made it possible for us to drill, refine and burn other fossil fuels - oil and natural gas Modern industrial societies burn huge quantities of fossil fuels. We now consume petroleum products, which slowly accumulated over millions of years, at a tremendous rate. The combustion of fuel in our cars, factories and power plants has pumped billions of tonnes of microscopic particules and greenhouse gases into our atmosphere, fundamentally changing its composition. Renewable energy provides an alternative to fossil fuels.
Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems
Programme A New Future for coal coal Dialogue, 18-20 June 2002, Warsaw, Poland.Presentations Cleaner fossil fuels Systems Meeting, 21-22 March 2002
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/wec_info/work_programme2004/tech/cffs/tech_c

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