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Johannes Gabriel Grano's career as a geographer spanned the first half of the twentieth century. In the 1920s he began to develop a highly original methodology of landscape geography, based on the idea that the real object of geographical research should be the environment as perceived by the senses and regions constructed on the basis of these perceptions. It was from this starting point that he created the doctrine he called "pure geography". First published in German (1929) and then in his native Finnish (1930), Grano's Pure Geography is regarded by many geographers as one of the classic works in the field. Although only small fragments of the work have ever been translated into English, generations of British and American scholars have drawn upon or been influenced by Grano's remarkably forward-looking ideas. What we now refer to as "environmental perception," for example, has its roots in this book, and many publications in behavioral and humanistic geography from the 1960s onward are built, sometimes unknowingly, on Grano's prescient observations. Long out of print, this widely acclaimed classic is now available for the first time in English translation. ... Read more

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Chapters: List of German Exonyms for Places in Estonia, List of Small Boroughs in Estonia, Extreme Points of Estonia, Populated Places in Estonia, Türisalu Cliff, List of Boroughs in Estonia, Raudna, Manilaid, Salinõmme Peninsula. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 42. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Between 57.3 and 59.5 latitude and 21.5 and 28.1 longitude, Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform. It borders the Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia. Average elevation reaches only 50 m (164 ft). The climate is maritime, wet, with moderate winters and cool summers. Oil shale and limestone deposits, along with forests which cover 47% of the land, play key economic roles in this generally resource-poor country. Estonia boasts over 1,500 lakes, numerous bogs, and 3,794 kilometers of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. Tallinn's Muuga port offers one of Europe's finest warm-water harbor facilities. Estonia's strategic location has precipitated many wars that were fought on its territory between other rival powers at its expense. In 1944, under Soviet occupation, the Jaanilinn and Petseri regions were annexed to Russian SFSR territory. The legal status of these territories has not been fully settled yet, though neither Estonia or Russia has not any territorial claims. Geographic coordinates: ) Estonia is a flat country covering 45,226 km (17,462 sq mi). Estonia has a long, shallow coastline (1,393 km/866 mi) along the Baltic Sea, with 1,520 islands dotting the shore. The two largest islands are Saaremaa (literally, island land), at 2,673 km (1,032 sq mi), and Hiiumaa, at 989 km (382 sq mi). The two islands are favorite Estonian vacation spots. The country's highest point, Suur Munamäg...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=9388 ... Read more

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Chapters: Lake Peipsi-Pihkva, Aa, Estonia, Lahemaa National Park, Kärdla, Püssi, Kuusalu Parish, Türi, Kesklinn, Lake Ülemiste, Karksi-Nuia, Kihnu, Elva, Estonia, Tõrva, Kernu Parish, Sinimäed Hills, Karula National Park, Rõuge Parish, Jõhvi, Viimsi Parish, Kiviõli, Sillamäe, Põlva, Otepää, Kohila Parish, Kunda, Estonia, Jõgeva, Väätsa Parish, Kiili Parish, Anija Parish, Pirita, Rae Parish, Võru, Kõue Parish, Aegviidu, Raasiku Parish, Sangaste Parish, Põhja-Tallinn, Kehra, Mõigu, Naissaar, Valjala Parish, Mustvee, Peetri, Harju County, Ridala Parish, Pelgulinn, Nõmme, Kalamaja, Tõstamaa Parish, Antsla, Vasalemma Parish, Kopli, Lavassaare, Keila Parish, Järvakandi, Riisipere, Ülenurme Parish, Tõlliste Parish, Nissi Parish, Hiiu, Helme Parish, Vändra, Paide, Kohtla-Nõmme, Saue Parish, Kõo Parish, Põltsamaa, Rakke Parish, Kallaste, Sõrve Peninsula, Taheva Parish, Sõmeru Parish, Rahumäe, Martna Parish, Lüganuse Parish, Laekvere Parish, Jõgeva Parish, Kesselaid, Vormsi Parish, Väike-Maarja Parish, Tootsi, Orava Parish, Kivimäe, Tallinn, Mäetaguse Parish, Maardu, Kose Parish, Urvaste Parish, Tartu Parish, Taebla Parish, Paljassaare, Põltsamaa Parish, Hanila Parish, Maidla Parish, Haljala Parish, Narva Reservoir, Viru-Nigula Parish, Männiku, Tallinn, Räpina, Tabivere Parish, Vaivara Parish, Puurmani Parish, Rakvere Parish, Toila, Vastse-Kuuste Parish, Sakala County, Laagri, Tallinn, Kehtna Parish, Tarvastu Parish, Kolga-Jaani Parish, Sõmerpalu Parish, Suure-Jaani Parish, Räpina Parish, Palamuse Parish, Kadriorg, Aruküla, Kõlleste Parish, Vaindloo, Torma Parish, Pääsküla, Karksi Parish, Pajusi Parish, Antsla Parish, Hageri, Abja Parish, Pärsti Parish, Ikla, Vinni Parish, Kullamaa Parish, Valgjärve Parish, Kitseküla, Viiratsi Parish, Halliste Parish, Põlva Parish, Kõpu Parish, Mikitamäe Parish, Sindi, Estonia, Võru Parish, Kanepi Parish, Paide Parish, Meremäe Parish, Tamsalu Parish, Pala Parish, Vihula Parish, Saare Parish, Paistu Pa...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=383793 ... Read more

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Discusses the history, geography, resources, politics, ethnography, economics, and future of this Baltic country annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 and independent once again in 1991. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Tourism Management, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The study analysed the seasonality of foreign tourists' space consumption in Estonia using mobile positioning dataset with anonymous roaming data. The method which uses mobile phone positioning coordinates in space-time movement studies in Estonia is called the social positioning method. The dataset allowed analysis of the distribution of foreigners' country of origin in Estonia with the precision of network cells of mobile operators. Privacy of mobile phone holders was guaranteed according to EU regulation. It was concluded that seasonality produces very different and sometimes even opposite tourists' space consumption patterns in Estonia. Coastal areas are popular for summer tourism and not so popular in winter; continental inland areas were used more for winter tourism. The popular summer tourism areas along the Baltic Sea beaches are dominated by one nationality: the Finnish in western Estonia, and the Russians in eastern Estonia. Latvians made up a higher percentage in Saaremaa and Parnu during summer and in Otepaa and Lake Peipsi in winter. The mobile positioning data have great potential for tourism studies and monitoring, but is a sensitive issue due to the fear of surveillance. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Cartography and Geographic Information Science, published by Thomson Gale on October 1, 2007. The length of the article is 8383 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: The paper introduces methods and applications of the mobile positioning-based social positioning method in geography. The social positioning method (SPM) studies space-time behavior by analyzing the location coordinates of mobile phones and the social characteristics of the people carrying them. We describe the experience gained from the SPM pilot studies carried out in Estonia from 2003 to 2006. The results demonstrate that mobile positioning-based tracing is applicable in different geographical studies, as an analysis of temporal movement patterns and activity spaces. The biggest advantage of mobile positioning-based methods is that mobile phones are widespread, positioning works inside buildings, and collection of movement data is done by a third party at regular intervals. The disadvantage of mobile positioning today is relatively low spatial accuracy and surveillance fears. The boom in the generation of phones with A-GPS will improve positioning accuracy in networks.

Citation Details
Title: Mobile positioning in space--time behaviour studies: social positioning method experiments in Estonia.
Author: R. Ahas
Publication: Cartography and Geographic Information Science (Magazine/Journal)
Date: October 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 34Issue: 4Page: 259(15)

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Webster's bibliographic and event-based timelines are comprehensive in scope, covering virtually all topics, geographic locations and people. They do so from a linguistic point of view, and in the case of this book, the focus is on "Estonia," including when used in literature (e.g. all authors that might have Estonia in their name). As such, this book represents the largest compilation of timeline events associated with Estonia when it is used in proper noun form. Webster's timelines cover bibliographic citations, patented inventions, as well as non-conventional and alternative meanings which capture ambiguities in usage. These furthermore cover all parts of speech (possessive, institutional usage, geographic usage) and contexts, including pop culture, the arts, social sciences (linguistics, history, geography, economics, sociology, political science), business, computer science, literature, law, medicine, psychology, mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology and other physical sciences. This "data dump" results in a comprehensive set of entries for a bibliographic and/or event-based timeline on the proper name Estonia, since editorial decisions to include or exclude events is purely a linguistic process. The resulting entries are used under license or with permission, used under "fair use" conditions, used in agreement with the original authors, or are in the public domain. ... Read more

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At the turn of the 21st century the political significance of the agrarian population and especially small farmers, was crucial in northern and eastern Europe. They were one of the most important population groups in terms of newly emerging parliamentarism, and also the group on which the new nation states were based. The farmers historical heritage accounts for the predominant nostalgic desire to reinstate family farming in post-socialist Eastern Europe. Created as a result of a research project, this work presents the results of research carried out on the privatization of Kanepi Kolkhoz in the southeastern part of Estonia. A series of events that devastated people's conditions of existence. The book puts forward the argument that it is a challenging subject of interpretation on the level of social theory and addresses questions such as: What was "real socialism" really like from the viewpoint of agriculture? How did the system finally come to a dead end; and How was it forced to give way to another system in a situation of economic collapse? ... Read more

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In its original form, these studies were grouped together under the somewhat provocative title: Oppositional Religion in Finland. The project brought together Finnish researchers with foreign colleagues from the United States, Great Britain, Belgium, Estonia, the Scandinavian countries and Russia. As this research evolved, however, the contributions of academic experts, representatives of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church, and members of the New Religious Movements currently active in Finland, made it clear that a change of the original, rather contentious title to the more accurate Beyond the Mainstream: the Emergence of Religious Pluralism in Finland, Estonia and Russia was appropriate. This anthology thus represents the most thorough and wide ranging account of the Finnish religious milieu which flourishes beyond the Evangelical Lutheran mainstream as it exists today, and it includes as well a section on the contemporary Russian religious milieu. This book should be seen, however, as only a beginning in what will surely be in the years to come a vital area of study in the academic life of Finland. ... Read more

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Describes the history, development, current status, and possible future of the former Soviet republics Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. ... Read more

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Studies of vegetation history are important, as past vegetation distribution and development provide information on the development of the Earth?s climate, palaeoecological conditions, as well as on the migration and activity of early humans. For studying the vegetation history of SE-Estonia, modern case-study approach was used on three lakes of different nature and archaeological background: one at the top of the Haanja Heights (Lake Plaani), oneon the slope of the Heights (Lake Verijärv) and oneat the foot of the Heights (Lake Lasva), which wereanalyzed sedimentologically and palynologically.Sediments in Lake Lasva and Verijärv are laminated and provide a very precise time-scale, enabling comparison of pollen records from Lake Lasva with historical data. The vegetation dynamics in SE-Estonian uplands has several distinctive features compared with lowland regions of Estonia, such as the earlier arrival of Picea, Ulmus and Quercus, stable broad-leaved woods due to suitable habitats in the mosaic landscape and later human influence. From the Lake Verijärv sequence an evidence of a catastrophic forest fire was found. ... Read more

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Livonia was once the land of the Finnic Livonians inhabiting the principal ancient Livonian County Metsepole with its center at Turaida. The most prominent ruler of the ancient Livonia was Caupo of Turaida. During the Livonian Crusade, ancient Livonia was colonized by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, later called Livonian Order and the name Livonia came to designate a much broader territory: Terra Mariana on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea, in present-day Latvia and Estonia. Its frontiers are the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Finland in the north-west, Lake Peipus and Russia to the east, and Lithuania to the south. Livonia was inhabited by various Baltic and Finnic peoples, ruled by an upper class of Baltic Germans. Over the course of time, some nobles were polonized into the Polish-Lithuanian nobility (Szlachta) or russified into the Russian nobility (Dvoryanstvo). ... Read more

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Multiannual changes in atmospheric columntransparency, based on measurements of direct solarradiation and precipitable water express varioustendencies in climatic changes. Time series ofatmospheric transparency are calculated forEstonian, Spanish, Russian and Kyrgyzian stationscovering together a 70-year period. The comparisonof time series revealed that decrease in ransparencyduring 1962?1984 coincides with extensivedevelopment of industry, energetics, transport andagriculture. The trend ends with a steep decline oftransparency after a series of volcanic eruptions ofSoufriere (1979), St. Helens (1980), Alaid (1981)and El Chichón (1982). From 1984 to 1990 theatmosphere remarkably restored its clarity, almostreaching the level of the 1960s. Following theeruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991), there was the mostsignificant reduction in transparency of the postwarperiod. The clearing from 1993 evidently indicates adecrease in the content of aerosol particles and,besides the absence of volcanic activity, maytherefore be also traced to changes in technology,to general industrial and agricultural decline inthe former USSR and Eastern Europe. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Vääna (old: Feyena, Faehna, Fähna) is a village in Harku Commune in Harju County in northern Estonia, on a northern edge of a historical Keila parish, appr. 20 km. from Tallinn. Based on a data of the 2007 census the village has 275 inhabitants. First mention of the village (Feyena) has been dated to 1325. In the village center is a Vääna manor, surrounded by a park. There are also ruins of Vääna vassal castle in the park. Nowadays the manor houses a Vääna kindergarten-elementary school (est. 1855), public library and public internet point. ... Read more