Product Description
Not every world culture that has battled colonization has suffered or died. In the Ecuadorian Andean parish of Salasaca, the indigenous culture has stayed true to itself and its surroundings for centuries while adapting to each new situation hand. Today, indigenous Salascans continue to devote a large part of their lives to their distinctive practices—both community rituals and individual behaviors—while living side by side with white-mestizo culture.

In this book Rachel Corr provides a knowledgeable account of the Salascan religion and rituals and their respective histories. Based on eighteen years of fieldwork in Salasaca, as well as extensive research in Church archives—including never-before-published documents—Corr’s book illuminates how Salasacan culture adapted to Catholic traditions and recentered, reinterpreted, and even reshaped them to serve similarly motivated Salasacan practices, demonstrating the link between formal and folk Catholicism and pre-Columbian beliefs and practices. Corr also explores the intense connection between the local Salasacan rituals and the mountain landscapes around them, from peak to valley.

Ritual and Remembrance in the Ecuadorian Andes is, in its portrayal of Salasacan religious culture, both thorough and all-encompassing. Sections of the book cover everything from the performance of death rituals to stories about Amazonia as Salasacans interacted withoutsiders—conquistadors and camera-toting tourists alike. Corr also investigates the role of shamanism in modern Salasacan culture, including shamanic powers and mountain spirits, and the use of reshaped, Andeanized Catholicism to sustain collective memory. Through its unique insider’s perspective of Salasacan spirituality, Ritual and Remembrance in the Ecuadorian Andes is a valuable anthropological work that honestly represents this people’s great ability to adapt. ... Read more

Product Description
On the eve of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, peoples throughout the Andes brewed beer from corn and other grains, believing that this alcoholic beverage, called asua, was a gift from the gods, a drink possessing the power to mediate between the human and divine. Consuming asua to intoxication was a sacred tradition that humans and spirits shared, creating reciprocal joy and ties of mutual obligation.

When Butler began research in Huaycopungo, Ecuador, in 1977, ceremonial drinking was causing hardship for these Quichua-speaking people. Then, in 1987, a devastating earthquake was interpreted as a message from God to end the ritual obligation to get drunk.

Holy Intoxication to Drunken Dissipation examines how the defense of drinking and getting drunk ended abruptly as the people of Otavalo re-evaluated their traditional religious life and their relationship with the wider Ecuadorian society, and defended a renewed traditional indigenous culture with increasing pride. This account presents both the local people’s views of their struggles and a more general analysis of the factors involved, and concludes with thoughts about how their culture will adapt in the future. ... Read more

Product Description
"It is indispensable that Ecuador has peace, but to have peace you need freedom and to have freedom you need justice. And the Indian population needs justice."—President Gustavo Noboa, January 23, 2000

For five centuries, the Indians had very little voice in Ecuador. Now they are major protagonists who seek more acceptable terms in which to coexist in a society with two vastly different world views and cultures—that of Indians and that of the descendants of Europeans. Their recent political uprising has become the most powerful and influential indigenous movement in Latin America. They have inspired other Indian movements throughout the continent.

Author Allen Gerlach details the origins and evolution of the Indian rebellion, focusing on the key period of the last thirty years. In the process, he also presents a concise political history of Ecuador. Gerlach infuses his text with an abundant supply of quotations from participants in the rise in ethnic politics, bringing Ecuador’s history and the Indians’ opposition to the country’s government to life. In addition, Indians, Oil, and Politics serves as a case study on what happens to a nation when its economy is based solely on one commodity—in this instance, oil. The discovery of oil in the Amazon in 1967 was a major factor in Ecuador’s modernization and also sparked the Indians’ fight for their rights. Oil wealth wreaked havoc on the environment and cultures of the native people of the Amazon, and it did not end old traditions of political fragmentation and corruption.

Gerlach explains that the Indians fought back by forming federations to advance their interests and by joining forces with similar structures molded in the highlands of Ecuador. Together they created the country’s first truly national indigenous organization in 1986—CONAIE (The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador)—and by 2000 their movement was a major force to be reckoned with, one which increasingly influenced state policy.

This book shows how the Indians helped bring down two governments when massive demonstrations led to the fall of two regimes in 1997 and 2000. The Indians battled for economic advancement, but above all demanded respect for the dignity of their culture and for their moral and historical rights to their lands and territories. This valuable case study of the politics of ethnicity will become increasingly useful for those interested in Latin American politics. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (6)

A Thorough Analysis
If you want to understand the current economic climate in Ecuador, this book will lend you a helping hand as to the pre-cursor that has led to Correa's regime.

useful but rambly
This book has lots of information and a lack of jargon but I do agree that an editor could have helped make the text flow better. Once the author starts talking about indigenous movements he tends to move around in time and repeat points in ways which make it hard to keep a clear thread. The chapters on recent presidencies also could use more structure. Still, worth reading if you want to get a quick picture of Ecuaforan politics till about 2001.

Where was the editor?
I have recently moved to Ecuador and thought this book might give me a better understanding of what is going on here.There is plenty of information in this book--but it is completely garbled!I have read many political science books, and this is the most disorganized, badly written, unedited one I have ever tried to get through.There are outright misktakes, frequent repetitions, poor translations, and no clear storyline, chronological or otherwise. Could someone please write a better book about Ecuadorean politics? It should be a fascinating subject.

Superb, but dense
Gerlach's discussion of the Indian uprising of 2000 is excellent, although at times his book suffers from too much detail and too little abstraction.If you are in search of a history of Ecuador, specifically the rise of the indigenous movement, then this is your book.

Political Thriller
A superb review of contemporary Ecuadorian politics and their historical roots. It's very engaging and many chapters read like a political thriller. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Multinational Monitor, published by Essential Information, Inc. on April 1, 1994. The length of the article is 2592 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the supplier: The lives of Ecuador's indigenous peoples are threatened by the presence of oil and mining companies in the Amazon region. Such companies show a blatant disregard for the natives' rights and exact a heavy toll on the environment. To remedy their situation, the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) was established in Nov. 1986 to support the natives' aim of recouping their lands and rescuing their culture and environment.

Citation Details
Title: Fueling destruction in the Amazon. (interview with Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador president Luis Macas) (Interview)
Publication: Multinational Monitor (Refereed)
Date: April 1, 1994
Publisher: Essential Information, Inc.
Volume: v15Issue: n4Page: p21(3)

Article Type: Interview

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Product Description
This digital document is an article from Multinational Monitor, published by Essential Information, Inc. on October 1, 1996. The length of the article is 611 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the supplier: The members of the Siona and Secoya indigenous communities of Ecuador have criticized the agreement between the Los-Angeles based Occidental Petroleum and the indigenous communities of Ecuador. According to the critics, the Occidental negotiator applied pressure tactics on the indigenous organizations to get the agreement signed. In Colombia, the indigenous Uwa people are pursuing legal actions to prevent Occidental's efforts. The Quito-based Ecological Action has also criticized the agreement.

Citation Details
Title: Oily trinkets and beads.(disagreement between Occidental Petroleum and indigenous communities of Ecuador)
Author: Steve Kretzman
Publication: Multinational Monitor (Refereed)
Date: October 1, 1996
Publisher: Essential Information, Inc.
Volume: v17Issue: n10Page: p6(1)

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Product Description
This digital document is an article from Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, published by Thomson Gale on January 1, 2007. The length of the article is 13478 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: The "Amazonian trial of the century": indigenous identities, transnational networks, and petroleum in Ecuador.
Author: Gabriela Valdivia
Publication: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political (Magazine/Journal)
Date: January 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 32Issue: 1Page: 41(32)

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Product Description
This digital document is an article from Multinational Monitor, published by Essential Information, Inc. on March 1, 2001. The length of the article is 866 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Resistance is Not Futile.(indigenous movements in Mexico, Ecuador)(Brief Article)
Publication: Multinational Monitor (Refereed)
Date: March 1, 2001
Publisher: Essential Information, Inc.
Volume: 22Issue: 3Page: 5

Article Type: Brief Article

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Product Description
Using the intriguing stories and words of a Quechua-speaking woman named Luisa Cadena from the Pastaza Province of Ecuador, Janis B. Nuckolls reveals a complex language system in which ideophony, dialogue, and perspective are all at the core of cultural and grammatical communications among Amazonian Quechua speakers.

This book is a fascinating look at ideophones--words that communicate succinctly through imitative sound qualities. They are at the core of Quechua speakers' discourse--both linguistic and cultural--because they allow agency and reaction to substances and entities as well as beings. Nuckolls shows that Luisa Cadena's utterances give every individual, major or minor, a voice in her narrative. Sometimes as subtle as a barely felt movement or unintelligible sound, the language supports an amazingly wide variety of voices.

Cadena's narratives and commentaries on everyday events reveal that sound imitation through ideophones, representations of dialogues between humans and nonhumans, and grammatical distinctions between a speaking self and an other are all part of a language system that allows for the possibility of shared affects, intentions, moral values, and meaningful, communicative interactions between humans and nonhumans. ... Read more

Product Description
This beautifully illustrated book features some of the most significant works of art produced by the people that inhabited the present territory of Ecuador before the arrival of the Spaniards.It provides an overall view of a very rich civilization as illustrated through a selection of emblematic objects made of pottery, metal and other materials.This book is enriched by a collection of essays from the most distinguished experts in Ecuadorian archaeology. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (2)

The splendor of an unknown Precolombian Area
This is one of the most revealing and best presented books I have ever seen on a region wrongly considered as minor in the art of Precolombian America.
The texts are well documented and give a good insight in the present day knowledge of the surprisingly little explored archeological sites of Equador. The objects presented in this book are of stunning beauty, emphasised by excellent photography.
Similar quality books should be produced for other socalled minor areas, as Precolombian art is not about the Maya and the Incas only.

precolumbian Ecuador- clay and gold
The art of precolumbian Ecuador is not widely understood, particularly if you compare this wonderful world to the far more widely known clay and gold from ancient Peru. And, for sure, the former is not less intriguing than the latter if you get involved in trying to read, on clay and gold, the history of those fascinating populations. This book fills an important bibliographic gap and, in my opinion, it was worthwhile to wait so long to finally see such a beautiful publication! From Valdivia to the Inca, all of the regional artistic "desarrollo" unfolds under the reader's eye, with hundreds of perfect pictures making the most exhaustive complement to a text well written, thoroughly clear and detailed although never academic (and boring). Really a beautiful, and important, book! ... Read more

Product Description
In the heavily forested foothills of the Andes Mountains in Ecuador, a Shuar healer named Alejandro Tsakimp leads many lives. He is a peasant who sells cattle and lumber, a member of the Shuar Federation, a son and a brother, a husband and a father, a student and a worker, and, finally, a troubled shaman. Being a healer has long been both a burden and a resource, for the power to cure is also the power to kill, and shamans like Tsakimp are frequently in danger from accusations of witchcraft. But the situation of the Shuar today is especially perilous, and Tsakimp must constantly negotiate relations of power not only with rival shamans and his patients, but with the better-educated and richer officials of the Shuar Federation and his own siblings as well.

In his own words, Alejandro Tsakimp tells of his lives and relationships, the practice of shamanism, and the many challenges and triumphs he has encountered since childhood. He was born at the time when Shuar were first confronting the impact of Ecuadorian colonialism, which had triggered devastating intertribal conflict over the production and trade of shrunken heads and intratribal feuding fueled by accusations of witchcraft. Tsakimp was first exposed to healing practices when he was cured in the womb by a shaman. Later he actively pursued this knowledge in the hopes of curing his father, another shaman, who was ill from witchcraft. His father's death in 1990 created conflict among his heirs, who were the first generation of Shuar to inherit property. Tsakimp's family fiercely competed for the property and eventually accused one another of witchcraft and parricide.

Anthropologist Steven Rubenstein, who began working with Tsakimp in 1989, has skillfully edited Tsakimp's stories and provides essential background information. Ruben-stein argues that although these stories reveal tensions between individual and collective autonomy on the colonial frontier, they also resist simplistic dichotomies such as state versus indigene and modern versus traditional.

Alejandro Tsakimp provides a revealing look at the relationship between anthropologist and shaman and an insightful glimpse into the complicated lives of South American Indians today.

Steven Rubenstein is an assistant professor of anthropology at Ohio University. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (4)

This book will make a great textbook!
This is a serious anthropological book.I was extremely impressed by Dr. Rubenstein's intellectual discussions, his research methods, and his careful approach to his informants as well as his sensitivities to and sincerity for his informants during research and writing.He is honest with his readers.In ethnographic works like this, especially ones involving different cultures, I have observed that authors tend to paint the stories heard in their own cultural colors and speak for their informants instead of allowing the informants to speak their own voices.However, in this book, the author makes sure that the readers clearly hear Alejandro's and other informants' voices and their telling their own stories.

This is a must book for students majoring in anthropology, especially graduate students.Dr. Rubenstein reviews and includes the work by anthropologists in the past such as Malinowski and Radcliff-Brown and engages his reader in great discussions about various issues in anthropology.Because the author explains each issue clearly and systematically, even a person like me, a professor of communication, who has no formal anthropological background and whose mother tongue is not English, could understand the major discussions in anthropology identified in this book.In addition, because the author deals with various issues in academia and in life, readers can apply the knowledge they gain from this book into various fields.For instance, in terms of the issue about colonizer and colonialism, this book made me think about what happened to the farmers in my own neighborhood in Japan after WWII and during 1970 when new land policies were enforced.

This book will make a useful textbook in ethnography, anthropology, or methodology.This book also will aid anyone who is interested in life history, cultural and cross-cultural studies, spirituality, politics and colonialism, social change, history, South American culture, and cross-cultural and intercultural communication.I think more communication scholars, especially the ones who conduct qualitative researches or who teach intercultural communication, should read this book.

Insightful and honest...
Rubenstein's book does two things at once: It provides an insightful look into the life of the Shuar healer Alejandro Tsakimp, in which many of the complexities of this person (and the Shuar people) are presented to the reader. At the same time, Rubenstein confronts the issues of representation -- he introduces himself and explains his relationship to his subject and the representation he is making -- then steps away and allows Alejandro to tell his story.

I found this book both interesting and useful for those two reasons -- as a fascinating glimpse into the lives of the Shuar people and as a model of dealing with the critical issues of representation confronting authors (and readers) across a wide range of studies.

Alejandro Tsakimp, a Shuar Healer in the Margins of History
This book is a serious anthropological work about an indigenous Ecuadorian Shaman.I had no difficulty reading the book as a layperson.Dr. Rubenstein puts a lot of himself into the book and is upfront about his friendship with Alejandro. I liked how he confronted the ethical and objectivity issues inherent in a study involving people.He lets Alejandro Tsakimp tell the story of his life.Much of the book is dialogue from interviews of Alejandro which allowed me to draw my own conclusions about what it might be like to be Shuar and a shaman in modern Ecuador.

I enjoyed the book.I thought it was clear, expressive and well-paced.I recommend it to anyone who is interested in South American culture.It would also be an excellent resource for anyone considering working with Shuar people as a Peace Corps volunteer or with an aid organization.

evocative book worthy of good readers
Rubenstein's book (about Alejandro Tsakimp) intrigued me because it initially confronted many of the fallacies of the written word. I felt that it was extremely thoughtful of the author toaddress these anthropological and literary issues,and he succeeded in heightening my awareness of the anthropologist as a lens through which the "subject" (Alejandro) is seen, thus allowing Alejandro to retain his dignity as a subject with a voice of his own.
Rubenstein, in the tradition of Briggs and Belmonte, strives to capture the quintessence of his subject(s) yet cannot ignore the fact that he is, inevitably, a part of his subject's (Alejandro's) tale; he (Rubenstein) is conscientious in admitting to the reader that he is the medium through which Alejandro's story must pass. I view his honesty as one of his many strengths.

Unlike any other ethnography I have read, Rubenstein allows us to hear Alejandro's stories in his own words (at length). I believe that Rubenstein uses the first 4 chapters to prepare us for this framing of Alejandro's life, so that we may understand it (Alejandro's life) in terms of itself, and not through the mind of an anthropologist. We eventually see the irony in this framing of Alejandro's story, because of the interconnectedness of all things; all things and events bleed across their supposed boundaries and the reader understands that nothing is an isolated incident. I was forced to understand Alejandro in terms of his context.
Alejandro's tales reveal the confusion created by the confluence of two cultures. In order to protect themselves from state infringement, the Shuar create a Federation which only seems to further indoctrinate them into a state-level society through bureaucratic representation. The reader has to decide whether the cultural plight of the Shuar exhibits symptoms of ethnocide or a sort of ethnogenesis.
In addition, Alejandro's powerful story is further riddled with the perils of being a shaman and facing the duality of one's power, the power to kill and cure.
In the end, the most enduring thing about Rubenstein's book is his honest and cleverly constructed commentary on the human condition and Alejandro's "quixotic determination to live in that world, to reflect on it and thus, necessarily to reflect it. In this reflection the space betwen history and culture, and the myths people -not just anthropologists but Shuar and colonos and even Alejandro himself- hold about culture unravel. And in this unraveling, Alejandro is just a shuar, just a person, living the best he can."

I believe that Rubenstein's book would be of considerable interest to anyone fascinated by the indiginous peoples of South America or any serious student of anthropology (or even english major interested in literary theory).
However, this book is accessible to anyone who's willing to spend a little time with it. There are so many issues swimming within the pages of Rubenstein's book that you won't have to read far to find something of interest.
Anyone with a sense of humor can appreciate Alejandro's stories, yet Rubenstein's book is not an easy read. It will make a reader think, but it's (the book is) well worth the extra effort. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs, published by Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute on July 27, 2001. The length of the article is 1685 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: ECUADOR: PRESIDENT GUSTAVO NOBOA FACES STRIKES & BANK CRISIS.(Statistical Data Included)
Publication: NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (Newsletter)
Date: July 27, 2001
Publisher: Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute
Page: NA

Article Type: Statistical Data Included

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Product Description
This digital document is an article from NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs, published by Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute on May 23, 2003. The length of the article is 1904 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: ECUADOR: LAWSUIT FILED AGAINST TEXACO.(ecological damage litigation on ChevronTexaco Corp.)
Publication: NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (Newsletter)
Date: May 23, 2003
Publisher: Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute


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Product Description
This digital document is an article from Dollars & Sense, published by Economic Affairs Bureau on May 1, 2000. The length of the article is 1101 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: ECUADOR'S SHORT-LIVED REBELLION.
Author: Betti Sachs
Publication: Dollars & Sense (Newsletter)
Date: May 1, 2000
Publisher: Economic Affairs Bureau
Page: 9

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Product Description
This digital document is an article from NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs, published by Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute on February 5, 2010. The length of the article is 1418 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: ECUADOR: ENVIRONMENT, GOVERNMENT'S BREAKPOINT.
Author: Unavailable
Publication: NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (Newsletter)
Date: February 5, 2010
Publisher: Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute


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Product Description
This digital document is an article from NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs, published by Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute on October 23, 2009. The length of the article is 1044 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: ECUADOR: PRESIDENT RAFAEL CORREA--POST-NEOLIBERAL?
Author: Luis Angel Saavedra
Publication: NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (Newsletter)
Date: October 23, 2009
Publisher: Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute


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Product Description
This digital document is an article from NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs, published by Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute on June 8, 2001. The length of the article is 989 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: ECUADOR: U.S. COURT THROWS OUT SUIT AGAINST TEXACO.(Brief Article)
Publication: NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (Newsletter)
Date: June 8, 2001
Publisher: Latin American Data Base/Latin American Institute
Page: NA

Article Type: Brief Article

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Product Description
From the colonial period through the mid-twentieth century, haciendas dominated the Latin American countryside. In the Ecuadorian Andes, Runa-Quichua-speaking indigenous people-worked on these large agrarian estates as virtual serfs. In "Remembering the Hacienda: Religion, Authority, and Social Change in Highland Ecuador", Barry Lyons probes the workings of power on haciendas and explores the hacienda's contemporary legacy. Lyons lived for three years in a Runa village and conducted in-depth interviews with elderly former hacienda laborers. He combines their wrenching accounts with archival evidence to paint an astonishing portrait of daily life on haciendas. Lyons also develops an innovative analysis of hacienda discipline and authority relations. "Remembering the Hacienda" explains the role of religion as well as the reshaping of Runa culture and identity under the impact of land reform and liberation theology. This beautifully written book is a major contribution to the understanding of social control and domination. It will be valuable reading for a broad audience in anthropology, history, Latin American studies, and religious studies. ... Read more

Product Description
Native to a high valley in the Andes of Ecuador, the Otavalos are an indigenous people whose handcrafted textiles and traditional music are now sold in countries around the globe. Known as weavers and merchants since pre-Inca times, Otavalos today live and work in over thirty countries on six continents, while hosting more than 145,000 tourists annually at their Saturday market. In this ethnography of the globalization process, Lynn A. Meisch looks at how participation in the global economy has affected Otavalo identity and culture since the 1970s. Drawing on nearly thirty years of fieldwork, she covers many areas of Otavalo life, including the development of weaving and music as business enterprises, the increase in tourism to Otavalo, the diaspora of Otavalo merchants and musicians around the world, changing social relations at home, the growth of indigenous political power, and current debates within the Otavalo community over preserving cultural identity in the face of globalization and transnational migration. Refuting the belief that contact with the wider world inevitably destroys indigenous societies, Meisch demonstrates that Otavalos are preserving many features of their culture while adopting and adapting modern technologies and practices they find useful. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

A perfect follow-up for a visit to Ecuador
Upon the recommendation of the owner of the mountain lodge where we stayed in Otavalo, Ecuador, I ordered Andean Entrepreneurs following our return home.Lynn Meisch has written a highly readable book about the people and commerce of that region, well-researched and full of interesting detail.It is warm and human, reflecting her love of the Otavaleños, with whom she lived for long periods of time.It was fascinating to learn so much about the music, the style of dress, customs, families, entrepreneurial spirit, and long-standing skill with weaving and textiles among these kind people with whom I had enjoyed an interesting visit.This book will be quite valuable for anyone contemplating a visit to Ecuador, or who has returned from time spent there. ... Read more

Product Description
4 case studies: Samoa, Congo, NE India, Ecuador. ... Read more