Euro Has Made Inroads Against Dollar But Still Lags Behind Euro has made inroads against dollar but still behind Conference examines performanceas international currency the global financial system since its launch in http://www.dailystar.com.lb/business/05_02_03_c.htm
Extractions: About the RBA Statistics Speeches Media Releases ... Contact Us Creating a new note is a complex and demanding task which seeks to marry different and often conflicting objectives. A note is primarily a security document, not just a work of art, but a blend of the two is sought. Long lead times are also frequently involved in the design and production of new notes. Traditionally, portraits and national symbols have been used as major design elements. Experience has shown that the public can more easily detect faults in counterfeit notes when these are part of the design. There are various approaches which can be followed in the design of currency notes. The following comments describe the process adopted for the design of the current series of Australian notes. The Reserve Bank is responsible for the issue of Australia's currency notes, and this includes their design. The Bank is assisted by a panel of consultants, as well as suggestions from the public, as to the Australian men and women to be portrayed on notes. In deciding themes, the Bank, with the assistance of the design consultants, uses the opportunity of a new series to honour past Australians who have made an important contribution to Australia. Along with the portrait of the person, other design elements are included that relate to that person's particular achievements.
Utah.gov Disclaimer this public service or information contained and made available to this service orits contents for its accuracy, completeness, currency, its use for http://www.utah.gov/textversion/disclaimer.html
Extractions: The State makes no guarantee of the completeness or accuracy of any information provided. It makes no promise or warranty to maintain or update this public service or information contained and made available to the public. The State may suspend or discontinue this service at any time, or it may elect to charge a fee for access or use. The user assumes the risk of verifying any materials used or relied on. 2. NO WARRANTIES. The State disclaims any express or implied warranty in providing for public use its computer system and any materials, information, graphics, products, or processes contained therein. It makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any responsibility in the use of this service or its contents for its accuracy, completeness, currency, its use for any general of particular purpose, nor that such items or use of such items would not violate or infringe rights of others. This service is provided on a strictly "as is" basis.
Extractions: Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund S C H E D U L E J Settlement of Accounts with Members Withdrawing 1. The settlement of accounts with respect to the General Resources Account shall be made according to 1 to 6 of this Schedule. The Fund shall be obligated to pay to a member withdrawing an amount equal to its quota, plus any other amounts due to it from the Fund, less any amounts due to the Fund, including charges accruing after the date of its withdrawal; but no payment shall be made until six months after the date of withdrawal. Payments shall be made in the currency of the withdrawing member, and for this purpose the Fund may transfer to the General Resources Account holdings of the member's currency in the Special Disbursement Account or in the Investment Account in exchange for an equivalent amount of the currencies of other members in the General Resources Account selected by the Fund with their concurrence. 2. If the Fund's holdings of the currency of the withdrawing member are not sufficient to pay the net amount due from the Fund, the balance shall be paid in a freely usable currency, or in such other manner as may be agreed. If the Fund and the withdrawing member do not reach agreement within six months of the date of withdrawal, the currency in question held by the Fund shall be paid forthwith to the withdrawing member. Any balance due shall be paid in ten half-yearly installments during the ensuing five years. Each such installment shall be paid, at the option of the Fund, either in the currency of the withdrawing member acquired after its withdrawal or in a freely usable currency.
Extractions: Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund S C H E D U L E I Administration of Liquidation of the Special Drawing Rights Department 1. In the event of liquidation of the Special Drawing Rights Department, participants shall discharge their obligations to the Fund in ten half-yearly installments, or in such longer period as the Fund may decide is needed, in a freely usable currency and the currencies of participants holding special drawing rights to be redeemed in any installment to the extent of such redemption, as determined by the Fund. The first half-yearly payment shall be made six months after the decision to liquidate the Special Drawing Rights Department. 2. If it is decided to liquidate the Fund within six months of the date of the decision to liquidate the Special Drawing Rights Department, the liquidation of the Special Drawing Rights Department shall not proceed until special drawing rights held in the General Resources Account have been distributed in accordance with the following rule: After the distributions made under 2( a ) and ( b ) of Schedule K, the Fund shall apportion its special drawing rights held in the General Resources Account among all members that are participants in proportion to the amounts due to each participant after the distribution under 2(
The Euro - Europe's Single Common Currency What are the prospects for European monetary union? This page contains links to official EU information Category Science Social Sciences currency and Money Euro In 1998 four German professors made an unsuccessful participation in the single currencydeclared unconstitutional. its web site includes articles against the http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/euro.html
Extractions: For the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire most of Europe has a single, common currency. The US dollar faces the first challenge to its hegemony since it displaced the British pound sterling as the world's most important currency after the First World War. However, if the Euro is to assume a wider role it will have to flourish in its own continent and survive challenges to the stability of European economies first. "If you think the speculators can't get at the countries within EMU, think again. It won't be long before our derivatives geniuses dream up a new synthetic currency. Where there is motive, there will always be opportunity." Linda Davies The quotation is from a speech on the Psychology of Risk, Speculation and Fraud , at a conference on the Future of European Monetary Union in Amsterdam. What are the prospects for European monetary union? This page contains links to official EU information sources and to other sources expressing a variety of viewpoints. The Euro - Official Home Page of the future single currency There are versions in each of the official languages of the European Union.
Money In North American History The first State issue of notes (in north America) was made in 1690 by Fed which hadbeen set up to provide an elastic currency strangled its patient. http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/northamerica.html
Extractions: Apart from its intrinsic interest, history can often shed light on current political controversies. Many political disputes revolve around questions of economics and of all the matters that fall under the purview of economic history there is one that has had, and still has, a profound impact on many aspects of everyone's daily life, and that is money. This essay is based on a book on monetary history by Glyn Davies which contains a considerable amount of material on the financial development of the United States. The reference is: Davies, Glyn. A history of money from ancient times to the present day, 3rd ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002. 720 pages. Paperback: ISBN 7083 1717 0. Hardback: ISBN 7083 1773 1.
About The World Bank Group to the increase in the value of the amount of such currency described in (a changein the par values of the currencies of all its members is made by the http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20049564~pageP
Extractions: var templatePathPrefix = "http://siteresources.worldbank.org/"; Home Contact Us Help/FAQ Site Index ... Topics Search All Home About Us International Bank f... Articles of Agreement IBRD Articles of Agreement: Article II What is the World Bank What We Do Organization International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ... Events Calendar IBRD Articles of Agreement: Article II ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT (As amended effective February 16, 1989) Membership in and Capital of the Bank (a) The original members of the Bank shall be those members of the International Monetary Fund which accept membership in the Bank before the date specified in Article XI, Section 2 (e). (b) Membership shall be open to other members of the Fund, at such times and in accordance with such terms as may be prescribed by the Bank. (a) The authorized capital stock of the Bank shall be $10,000,000,000, in terms of United States dollars of the weight and fineness in effect on July 1, 1944. The capital stock shall be divided into 100,000 shares (1) having
About The World Bank Group Payments to each member shall be made in its own currency, or if that currencyis not available in other currency acceptable to the member. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20049604~pageP
Extractions: var templatePathPrefix = "http://siteresources.worldbank.org/"; Home Contact Us Help/FAQ Site Index ... Topics Search All Home About Us International Bank f... Articles of Agreement IBRD Article V What is the World Bank What We Do Organization International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ... Events Calendar IBRD Article V Organization and Management The Bank shall have a Board of Governors, Executive Directors, a President and such other officers and staff to perform such duties as the Bank may determine. (a) All the powers of the Bank shall be vested in the Board of Governors consisting of one governor and one alternate appointed by each member in such manner as it may determine. Each governor and each alternate shall serve for five years, subject to the pleasure of the member appointing him, and may be reappointed. No alternate may vote except in the absence of his principal. The Board shall select one of the Governor-s as chairman. (b) The Board of Governors may delegate to the Executive Directors authority to exercise any powers of the Board, except the power to:
Uzbekistan: IMF Ready To Support Tashkent, But Keeping Its Eyes Open Last year, the IMF withdrew its representative from Uzbekistan in view of the effortsit has made in the the amount of som the national currency that can http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/06/27062002161335.asp
Extractions: Email this article to a friend By Antoine Blua A delegation from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated this week that Uzbekistan has made progress in reforming its heavily centralized economy. It added, however, that more observation is needed before the IMF resumes full cooperation with the Central Asian republic. RFE/RL looks at the steps taken by the Uzbek government toward the liberalization of its foreign-exchange regime, one of the one of the most important elements of the IMF staff-monitored program. Prague, 27 June 2002 (RFE/RL) A delegation from the International Monetary Fund, or IMF, concluded a two-week visit to Uzbekistan this week (25 June). The delegates' mission was to review the implementation of economic reforms agreed to in January under an IMF staff-monitored program. The measures were to be completed by Uzbekistan by the end of June. The plan covers such wide-ranging issues as monetary policy, fiscal regime, state budget management, credit-lending policies, banking reforms, and agriculture. In a statement released jointly with the government and the Central Bank of Uzbekistan at the end of the trip, the IMF said Tashkent has made "significant progress" in implementing the plan. It says the Uzbek authorities have taken "all measures set as structural benchmarks" under the program.
Extractions: Email this article to a friend By Bruce Jacobs The year 2002 was filled with drama and contrasts. Nuclear and conventional warfare threatened some parts of the globe, while in others, countries pulled together in the name of peace and security. Europe introduced a new currency, while Afghanistan inaugurated a new transitional government. RFE/RL has those stories and more in a look back at some of the top news stories of the year. Prague, 17 December 2002 (RFE/RL) Most citizens of Western Europe celebrated the start of 2002 with a new currency. After decades of dreaming and years of planning, the euro finally became a bankable reality. Just after midnight on 1 January, cash machines in 12 European Union countries began distributing euro notes. Some of the first customers, Italian tourists in Paris, were thrilled as they held the new currency for the first time. They cheered, "Vive la France!" Some of these cheers disappeared later in the year when a European Commission survey showed a majority of people in the euro-zone believed the conversion to the new currency contributed to inflation. In late January, a speech by U.S. President George W. Bush grabbed the world's attention. In his annual State of the Union address to both houses of the U.S. Congress, Bush called Iran, Iraq, and North Korea an "axis of evil." "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world," Bush said.
Was It All Hype? -- The Washington Times fellow economists, they cite the case for free trade that Adam Smith made 225 years findsthe goods are no longer cheap when the value of its currency declines http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20030213-69214326.htm
Extractions: That so many Americans still believe the pen retains its power in our corrupt society governed by organized interest groups indicates a refreshing lack of cynicism. But there is frustration, too, on the part of many Americans, who believe fellow citizens are impervious to the connection between globalism and declining job opportunities and income growth in the U.S. The following paragraph, which has made its way around the Internet, sums up the frustration: Joe Smith started the day early having set his alarm clock (made in China) for 6 a.m. While his coffeepot (made in China) was perking, he shaved with his electric razor (made in Hong Kong). He put on a shirt (made in Sri Lanka), designer jeans (made in Singapore) and tennis shoes (made in Korea). After cooking his breakfast in his electric skillet (made in India), he sat down with his calculator (made in Mexico) to check his budget for the day. After setting his watch (made in Taiwan) to the radio (made in India) he got in his car (made in Japan) and continued his search for an American job. At the end of yet another discouraging and fruitless day, Joe decided to relax. He put on his sandals (made in Brazil), poured himself a glass of wine (made in Chile), turned on his TV (made in Indonesia) and wondered why he cannot find a job in America.
Bank Of England - History Of The Bank has developed and evolved, centred on the management of the nation's currency andits But the Bank made sure it kept enough gold to pay its notes on http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/history.htm
Extractions: - giants, nuns and sewers The Bank of England Act 1998 Relevant publications History of the Bank This area of the website provides material on the history of the Bank of England. There are various histories to look at on the site, charting different periods and aspects of the Bank's past. Further information about the Bank's past and its historical collections and records are available in the Museum area of the site. The Bank of England was founded in 1694 to act as the Government's banker and debt-manager. Since then its role has developed and evolved, centred on the management of the nation's currency and its position at the centre of the UK's financial system. The history of the Bank is naturally one of interest, but also of continuing relevance to the Bank today. Events and circumstances over the past three hundred or so years have shaped and influenced the role and responsibilities of the Bank. They have moulded the culture and traditions, as well as the expertise, of the Bank which are relevant to its reputation and effectiveness as a central bank in the early years of the 21st century. At the same time, much of the history of the Bank runs parallel to the economic and financial history, and often the political history, of the United Kingdom more generally.
OCC - CRA INFORMATION of the Comptroller of the currency; Board of Under its impetus, banks and thriftshave opened credit underwriting standards, and made substantial commitments http://www.occ.treas.gov/crainfo.htm
Extractions: The Act (CRA) The CRA was enacted in 1977 to prevent redlining and to encourage banks and thrifts to help meet the credit needs of all segments of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. It extends and clarifies the longstanding expectation that banks will serve the convenience and needs of their local communities. The CRA and its implementing regulations require federal financial institution regulators to assess the record of each bank and thrift in helping to fulfill their obligations to the community and to consider that record in evaluating applications for charters or for approval of bank mergers, acquisitions, and branch openings. The federal financial institution regulators are: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency; Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; and Office of Thrift Supervision. The law provides a framework for depository institutions and community organizations to work together to promote the availability of credit and other banking services to underserved communities. Under its impetus, banks and thrifts have opened new branches, provided expanded services, adopted more flexible credit underwriting standards, and made substantial commitments to state and local governments or community development organizations to increase lending to underserved segments of local economies and populations.
Extractions: [Return to Publications List] [On-Line Booklet] BANK FAILURE: AN EVALUATION OF THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE FAILURE OF NATIONAL BANKS was published in 1988 and is based on a study of banks from 1979 through 1987. Its purpose is to help examiners and bankers identify problem areas in banks that otherwise appear to be healthy. [Return to Publications List] [Report] BUILDING HEALTHY COMMUNITIES THROUGH BANK SMALL BUSINESS FINANCING summarizes a community development conference sponsored by the OCC in September 1992. It includes national bankers' discussions of strategies available to banks for financing small and minority businesses. [Return to Publications List] CHECK FRAUD: A GUIDE TO AVOIDING LOSSES describes common check fraud schemes and presents tactics banks can use to combat check fraud.
Derwent - Frequently Asked Questions can also request a Derwent Tailor made Profiles, custom the online hosts is definedby its display formats are you converting to the single European currency? http://www.derwent.com/derwentfaq/
Disclaimer for viewing, distributing or copying of materials on its sites made available tothe does not represent or endorse the accuracy, currency, or reliability http://health.utah.gov/html/disclaimer.html
Extractions: 1. ACCURACY AND CONTINUITY OF SERVICE. The State makes no guarantee of the completeness or accuracy of any information provided. It makes no promise or warranty to maintain or update this public service or information contained and made available to the public. The State may suspend or discontinue this service at any time, or it may elect to charge a fee for access or use. The user assumes the risk of verifying any materials used or relied on. 2. NO WARRANTIES. The State disclaims any express or implied warranty in providing for public use its computer system and any materials, information, graphics, products, or processes contained therein. It makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any responsibility in the use of this service or its contents for its accuracy, completeness, currency, its use for any general of particular purpose, nor that such items or use of such items would not violate or infringe rights of others. This service is provided on a strictly "as is" basis. 3. EXTERNAL LINKS; PERSONAL OPINIONS. State computer resources and materials may contain hypertext or other links to Internet of computer sites, not owned or controlled by the State, that may be of interest. Links to other computer systems are not supervised nor regularly reviewed by the State. Any information, endorsements of products or services, materials or personal opinions appearing on such external sites are not controlled, sponsored not approved by the State. The State specifically disavows legal responsibility for what a user may find on another site, or for personal opinions of individuals posted on any site, whether or not operated by the State, established for the purpose of permitting free exchange of personal opinions or a "town hall" discussion.
History Of The Bank Of Canada A week after the report was made public, the Prime March 1935, the Bank of Canadaopened its doors as Bank still exists to regulate credit and currency in the http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en/histor.htm
Extractions: document.write(day + ', ' + date + ' ' + months[month] + ' ' + year); D uring the first fifty years of Confederation, Canada showed little interest in the establishment of a central bank. It was 1913 before Parliament formally discussed the subject, prompted at that time by W. F. MacLean, MP for South York. His plan, which called for a privately owned national bank subject to government control, was dismissed. Prime Minister R. L. Borden saw "no present necessity" for such a bank. Up to the time of the Depression, there was little apparent need for central banking in a scattered and mainly rural economy. The banking system that developed in Canada was quite different from that in the neighbouring United States. South of the border, a different philosophy encouraged the development of independent local banks, and a larger population, clustered in established communities, made it workable. In Canada, the continuing British influence was reflected in the preference for a limited number of banks with multiple branches. In the years leading up to Confederation, small rural settlements spread over an extended area made branch banking a practical approach. In a relatively undeveloped economy, branch banks could be established with less capital and fewer skilled officers than would have been required for independent banks at each location. The branch bank network was sufficient to the nation's needs for almost a century. The chartered banks provided the bulk of notes in circulation and could meet seasonal or unexpected demands. The larger banks were able to deal with government business without strain, and the branch network gradually developed a system for clearing cheques between banks.
FT.com - Special Reports / Euro The euro made an historic leap into the wallets and the largest logistical challengeof its kind, culminated and banknotes of the single currency became legal http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT35OG06WVC.html
Extractions: The euro made an historic leap into the wallets, cash tills and piggy banks of the eurozone's 300m citizens. Months of preparations for what has been a far-reaching political project and the largest logistical challenge of its kind, culminated at midnight on New Year's Eve when the coins and banknotes of the single currency became legal tender and entered general circulation. The European Commission on Tuesday said the changeover had been proceeding smoothly. "No news is good news," commented spokesman Gerassimos Thomas. Although not every single ATM had worked, people had been able to withdraw euros in all eurozone countries, he said. Three years after its birth as a virtual currency - a financial instrument used by banks and traders, but not ordinary citizens - the euro has now become a tangible reality shared by the inhabitants of 12 countries.
FT.com - Special Reports / Euro The euro made a calm and reassuring start on its first full day inthe world's currency markets on Monday. But some dealers were http://specials.ft.com/euro/FT3IHXZSTPC.html
Extractions: The euro made a calm and reassuring start on its first full day in the world's currency markets on Monday. But some dealers were surprised by the speed with which it replaced the outgoing currencies of the euro-zone. "It was a momentous occasion, but not a monumental trading day," said Guy Whittaker, global head of foreign exchange at Citibank in London. "Traders have come back from their New Year break with enthusiasm for the new currency but not for taking risks." After climbing to $1.19 against the dollar in the Asian session, the euro settled back to trade around $1.18 for the duration of European trading hours. This was still higher than the level below $1.17 at its creation on December 31. Dealers estimated that the volume of trading in the London market was around half the normal level. "It started very thin this morning but picked up a bit later in the day," said David Bloom, currency economist at HSBC in London.
