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Currency Euro & Emu:     more detail

EMU: Prospects and Challenges for the Euro (Economic Policy) Sweden and EMU.(Economic and Monetary Union, European currency): An article from: National Institute Economic Review Costs and benefits of Poland's EMU accession: a tentative assessment.(Economic and Monetary Union): An article from: Comparative Economic Studies by Jakub Borowski, 2004-03-01 Inflation differentials between Spain and the EMU: a DSGE perspective.: An article from: Journal of Money, Credit & Banking by Paul Rabanal, 2009-09-01 Estimated stabilization costs of the EMU. (European Monetary Union): An article from: National Institute Economic Review by Ray C. Fair, 1998-04-01 Institutional, Legal and Economic Aspects of the EMU Ensuring financial stability in the euro area.(includes related article on financial system supervision and lender of last-resort-operations in the EMU)(Cover ... An article from: Finance & Development by Alessandro Prati, Garry J. Schinasi, 1998-12-01 Challenges for Central Banks in an Enlarged EMU EMU: The rising challenge to the dollar : a European perspective on American scepticism and monetary union (Working paper series) by Constantine A Papadopoulos, 1998

lists with details

41. BUSINESS@WatB
    emu An overview On January 1, 1999, 11 european Union countries will form an economicand monetary union (emu) and start using a single currency ­ the euro.  
    http://www.watb.net/business/euro_1.shtml
    
    Extractions: On January 1, 1999, 11 European Union countries will form an economic and monetary union (EMU) and start using a single currency ­ the euro. These countries will lock the exchange rates of their national currencies to the euro and share the new currency. However, euro notes and coins will not be available until January 1, 2002. Until then the old national currency notes and coins (French francs, Deutschmarks etc) will continue to circulate. But in law they will be part of the euro. Their value in euro will be completely fixed. Ever since the European Economic Community (EEC) started in 1957, people have suggested more economic cooperation between countries ­ including a single currency. The creation of the Single Market in 1992 brought the economies of different EU regions closer together, created lower inflation and increased EU income. Economic convergence between participating countries is the primary condition for a strong and stable single currency.

42. EURO
    Government is in favour of UK membership of emu; in practice sustainable convergencebetween Britain and the economies of a single currency;; euro Preparations.  
    http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/documents/the_euro/euro_index_index.cfm
    
    Extractions: var graphics_unique = '/images/euro'; var graphics_common = '/images/common'; var menuitem='tt'; Enterprise and Productivity Financial Services International Issues Public Spending and Services ... Savings The Government's policy on membership of the single currency remains as set out by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in October 1997, and restated by the Prime Minister in February 1999. As the Chancellor said in his October 1997 statement, the Five Economic Tests will define whether a clear and unambiguous case can be made. The Five Tests are: The assessment has not yet started, but the necessary preliminary analysis - technical work that is necessary to allow us to undertake the assessment within two years as promised - is underway. On the basis of the assessment, the Government will take a decision on whether the Five Tests have been met. If the Government recommends UK entry, it will be put to a vote in Parliament and then to a referendum of the British people. Government, Parliament and the people must all agree. Practical information to help firms understand the business implications of the euro from its introduction in the Euro area on 1 January 2002 is on the Treasury's Euro website The documents relating to the Governments policy on the Economic Monetary Union are available below in Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format (PDF). If you do not have Adobe Acrobat installed on your computer you can download the software free of charge from the

43. Euro-b: The Launch Of The New Single Currency
    the european Union (EU) achieved its goal of Economic and Monetary Union (emu)on December 31, 1998 with the launch of the new single currency, the euro.  
    http://infoserv2.ita.doc.gov/ticwebsite/euweb.nsf/3d1e6f0a8c9a3f93852566bb0071eb
    
    Extractions: 1. After almost 30 years, the European Union (EU) achieved its goal of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on December 31, 1998 with the launch of the new single currency, the Euro. In an extraordinary meeting of the Economic and Financial Council (ECOFIN), EU ministers fixed irrevocably the conversion rates between the Euro and the individual currencies of the 11 Euro zone member states and launched a new exchange rate regime, ERM II. In their speeches the ministers emphasized not only the hoped for economic benefits that the single currency could bring, especially in regard to stimulating growth and reducing unemployment, but also the desire that emu would translate into an enhanced role for Europe on the global political stage. Some discord did creep into the festivities when the issue of whether or not ECB (European Central Bank) president Wim Duisenberg would step down before the end of his eight-year term once again reared its head. 3. At the same time as it adopted the Euro rates, the Council also fixed the rates between the Euro and the Danish krone and Greek drachma. While not members of the euro zone, they will participate in a newly created Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM), under which the two currencies, the Danish krone and the Greek drachma, will fluctuate against the euro. The UK and Sweden have so far declined either to join either the Euro zone or ERM II. The Euro/U.S. dollar rate was set at approximately $1.17 to the euro.

44. EMU & Euro Risk Management
    euro emu europe european Monetary Union currency ExchangeProject Program Business Risk Management.  
    http://www.risktrak.com/rst/solutions/emu.htm
    
    Extractions: Transition Risk has added an EMU/Euro Interview Expert The RiskTrak EMU/Euro Interview Expert will identify many of the risks associated with doing business within Europe and internationally under EMU/Euro. Once you have answered the questions, the Interview Expert can pre-populate a project database for you. You may then add your own additional risks and begin a process of Continuous Risk Management. Using RiskTrak you will be able to identify, estimate, analyze, communicate and report on EMU/Euro risks in all your business processes. The Effect of European Monetary Union on Your Business On January 1, 1999, as part of the European Monetary Union (EMU), a single European currency, the Euro, was introduced in eleven European nations. These countries are; Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. They now make up what is being called, the Eurozone.

45. Global Beat: Convergence: Economics, Politics, And The Euro: Table Of Contents
    the decision to unite europe with one currency, the economic euroReady at IBM StickerShock? produced a list of story ideas for journalists covering emu.  
    http://www.nyu.edu/globalbeat/emu/handbook.html
    
    Extractions: Experts and Links Convergence: Economics, Politics, and the Euro A handbook for journalists covering Europe's common currency On May 2, European heads of state confirmed the launch of the euro in eleven countries next January. This handbook provides an overview of Economic and Monetary Union along with a wealth of resources to support coverage of the political, business, trade and social implications of the euro. This handbook was produced following a four-nation briefing tour from March 28 - April 4, 1998, during which ten senior journalists, editors and producers, chosen as 1998 Global Reporting Network Fellows met with government, business, labor and academic officials and experts in Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt and London to review the implications of the European common currency. Europe Counts on New Currency to Form a More Perfect Union Following interviews with dozens of key players in the transition, trip rapporteur Paul Tooher details the decision to unite Europe with one currency, the economic impact of the change, its timing, and the concerns about the success of this enormous undertaking. Sidebars: Meeting the Criteria Tackling Unemployment Impact on the US Will Britain Join?

46. EURO - The Currency
    The euro explanatory notes euro Papers Nr.17DG II, Feb/98 Monetary policy. emu. Single Market and the Single currency.  
    http://www.itd.hu/euroinfo/eurocur.htm

47. Ulster Bank And The Euro - Information On The Conversion And Currency Changes
    over a period of weeks, leaving the euro zone with one single currency. Three MemberStates, Denmark, Sweden and the UK, do not participate in emu and have  
    http://www.ulsterbank.com/new/roi/emu/emu_overview.asp
    
    Extractions: Home RoI EURO Legal Overview Notes Coins ... Other Euro Sites Other Group Websites Anytime Internet NCB Direct Trader Gold In accordance with the terms of the Maastricht Treaty, Stage 3 of EMU started on 1 January 1999. The decision to proceed, and the choice of Member States to participate in the first wave was taken by the Heads of the 15 EU governments in May 1998. The participants were decided on the basis of whether each country had achieved the required degree of economic convergence and was based on reports prepared by the EU Commission and the European Central Bank (ECB) based, in turn, on the economic criteria set out in the Maastricht Treaty. The original 11 qualifying Member States were Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain. On 1 January 1999 their currencies were linked to each other and to the euro on the basis of irrevocably fixed conversion rates. On 1 January 2001, Greece became a participating Member State and linked its currency to the others. On 1 January 2002, euro notes and coins were introduced and the national currencies of the twelve participants were withdrawn over a period of weeks, leaving the euro zone with one single currency.

48. Accounting Directory - EMU/Euro
    Guide for Companies euro 2002 Introduction to the euro currency for Beginnersand Professionals euro Brief Overview, emu Implementation, Fiscal  
    http://www.cpateam.com/accounting-emuandeuro.htm

49. SIBRA GmbH - Ein PROST Auf Den EURO - EURO-PROST, EURO, Umstellung, EURO-Calcula
    Additionally C_PROST has passed the Reference Test for euro currency conversionsof Deutsche Bundesbank. For nonemu currencies (eg USD, GBP, CHF) you need the  
    http://www.sibragmbh.com/Current/E/Produkte/UmrBeispiele_in_ExcelAccess.htm
    
    Extractions: Examples for C_PROST Euro Conversion Functions in MS Excel and MS Access Conversion of DEM-Amount into EUR-Amount, result as a number Conversion of DEM-Amount into EUR-Amount, result as a string Conversion of EUR-Amount into DEM-Amount, result as a number Conversion of EUR-Amount into DEM-Amount, result as a string Ctrl e Ctrl d Many other control key combinations for further currency conversion functions and services are available. Examples: =SUM(A17:A30) SUM(A17:A30) The conversion functions DEM_EUR, EUR_DEM, etc. are examples for simplified conversion functions which call internally the C_PROST standard conversion functions VB_U1 to VB_U4 with setting some of their parameters to fixed values. Each user can easily implement such private conversion functions for the purposes he needs, e.g. NLG_EUR, EUR_GBP, USD_DEM, etc. The Euro conversion functions are available as Excel and Access function calls . You can execute a currency conversion function by calling the wanted function in an Excel cell or by calling the function in an Excel or Access VBA macro statement Example in an Excel cell:

50. Cyber-Europa: Euro, EMU And Currency Training
    Cybereuropa euro, emu and currency training for companies wishing to to providetraining for all staff into the implications and practicalities of handling  
    http://www.cyber-associates.com/side1.htm

51. Zagrebaèka Banka D.d. Euro
    Zagrebacka Banka clients can continue to hold their foreign currency accounts inthe currencies the emu countries, a euro accounts will be automatically opened  
    http://www.zaba.hr/info/euro/euroeng.htm
    
    Extractions: After a year of preparations, 1 January 1999 will mark a new currency for the 11 nations participating in the European Monetary Union (EMU) – the euro. The EMU member states are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Portugal and Spain. From January 1, 1999, all non-cash transactions can be conduct in euro. Cash payment, however, must still be conducted in the national currencies. The dual currency period will last three years after which, on January 1, 2002, euro bills and coins will be put into circulation. National currencies are to be withdrawn from circulation July 1, 2002. Zagrebacka Banka clients can continue to hold their foreign currency accounts in the currencies the EMU countries, a euro accounts will be automatically opened when the first euro deposits are made to the foreign currency accounts. Zagrebacka Banka clients can also decide to convert their existing EMU national currencies to the euro and conduct all their banking business in the euro. The bank will provide the foreign currency services for the 11 EMU currencies when all business is conducted in the euro. How will the introduction of the euro affect savings in the EMU national currencies?

52. Euro - The Facts - What Is The Euro?
    What is the euro? Twelve european countries (the 'eurozone') have chosen to replacetheir existing currency with a new, single european currency the euro.  
    http://www.nationwide.co.uk/newsinformation/emu/facts.htm
    
    Extractions: What does it look like? A euro is made up of 100 cents. Euro notes and coins How much is the Euro worth? The exchange rate fluctuates daily. To get the latest exchange rate, please refer to the national press, Teletext (page 498 on C4), the Post Office, banks, travel agents and bureau de change.

53. EURO
    The european Council in Madrid 15/16 December 1995. Named the future single currency euro ; Confirmed the starting date for 3rd stage of emu as 1 January 1999;  
    http://www.eurplace.org/euro/croneur.html
    
    Extractions: Named the future single currency "EURO" Confirmed the starting date for 3rd stage of EMU as 1 January 1999 Defined the Scenario for the introduction of the single currency 1 January 1994 The second stages for achieving EMU Establishment of the European Monetary Institute (IME) Independence of each national central bank Monetary financing of budget deficits is forbidden (credit provided by the central bank) Privileged access for the state to financial institutions Co-ordiantion of macro-economic policies Surveillance of budgetary situation in member states Challanges to be met in 1996 1. The legal bases of the Euro

54. Europarl: The Euro - The Single Currency And The European Parliament
    maintenance of the Cohesion Fund following the start of emu Stage 3 to Proposed Regulationson the introduction of the euro as a Single currency were voted  
    http://www.europarl.eu.int/euro/2_pe/2_pe2_en.htm
    
    Extractions: template_mover_menu = "default_en.htm"; template_mover_prev = "2_pe1_en.htm"; template_mover_next = "../3_uem4/default_en.htm"; template_page_sendmail = "/guide/faq/default.htm"; var linguistic_bar_tab = new Array( new Array("es", "2_pe2_es.htm", "2"), new Array("da", "2_pe2_da.htm", "2"), new Array("de", "2_pe2_de.htm", "2"), new Array("el", "../default_el.htm", "2"), new Array("en", "", "3"), new Array("fr", "2_pe2_fr.htm", "2"), new Array("it", "2_pe2_it.htm", "2"), new Array("nl", "2_pe2_nl.htm", "2"), new Array("pt", "2_pe2_pt.htm", "2"), new Array("fi", "2_pe2_fi.htm", "2"), new Array("sv", "2_pe2_sv.htm", "2")); original_url = "http://www.europarl.ep.ec/euro/en/2_pe/2_pe2.htm"; Page_Initialization("/wwwroot", "/wwwroot/euro/2_pe", "en", "/wwwroot/euro/2_pe/2_pe2_en.htm"); The European Parliament will carry out tasks within EMU at three levels: Legislative Supervisory Deliberative Parliament's Legislative Role

55. Euro The European Single Currency
    euro The european Single currency. The subject of european Monetary Union (emu) isan important and controversial issue facing the members of the european Union  
    http://www.greekshares.com/euro.asp
    
    Extractions: The European Single Currency The subject of European Monetary Union (EMU) was an important and controversial issue for the members of the European Union since the date of the monetary and currency union (March 1, 2002). While politicians and diplomats met and went forward with the formal arrangements for a single European currency, at the grass roots level there were considerable anxiety on the part of average EU citizens. Will convergence bring economic prosperity, or will the measures required for entry into the EMU further depress the already stagnant job market in much of Europe?

56. Euro - EMU
    Economic and Monetary Union (emu) is an area with a single currency, the euro, withinthe european Union (EU) single market in which people, goods, services  
    http://www.bportugal.pt/euro/emu/emu_e.htm
    
    Extractions: Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is an area with a single currency, the euro, within the European Union (EU) single market in which people, goods, services and capital move without restrictions. As trade between the EU Member States amounts to 60% of their total trade, EMU is the natural complement of the single market. With the single currency, the benefits of the single market will be delivered more fully with the removal of the transaction costs brought about by currency conversions and the elimination of exchange rate variations which disrupt trade and investments. As the name itself indicates, EMU has two sides: the monetary and the economic, both gathering in the pursuit of ensuring a framework for nominal stability, a condition necessary to obtain low interest rates and, consequently, a sound and sustained growth in the medium and long term. The single monetary policy , conducted by the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) from 1 January 1999 onwards, has the purpose of maintaining

57. Guernsey And EMU
    currency units. My business has various emu country currency bank accounts.Can they be amalgamated into a euro account? Yes. Most  
    http://www.gov.gg/emu/banksmain.htm
    
    Extractions: BANK PRODUCTS AND SERVICES What euro products and services will banks offer to Bailiwick businesses? It is likely that most Bailiwick banks will provide a comprehensive range of euro products and services to meet their business customer requirements. These products and services will probably include:- • electronic methods of controlling the management of funds and information; • euro-denominated bank accounts - current and deposit accounts, overdrafts and loans; • the ability to send and receive payments in euro; • the ability to draw and pay-in euro-denominated cheques; and • the ability to draw and process trade products, such as letters of credit and guarantees. Will I be able to make payments in euro ? Yes. You should consult your bank for advice on the best way this can be achieved. Banks located in the territory of the European Union will be obliged not to pass on any costs resulting from converting sums denominated in national currency units into euro. Will euro-denominated bank accounts be available for businesses?

58. Guernsey And EMU
    in the existing national currency of an emu country can continue to be expressedin a national currency which will become a nondecimal unit of the euro on 1  
    http://www.gov.gg/emu/legalmain.htm
    
    Extractions: LEGAL ISSUES What impact does the introduction of the euro have on my existing business contracts? Both the Working Party and the States Advisory and Finance Committee have considered the legal implications for the Bailiwick arising from the scheduled introduction of the euro. In this regard, the Committee has sought expert advice from a major firm of London based legal consultants versed in European Union law. The most pressing legislative concern for local businesses arising from EMU is that of ensuring legal certainty in connection with the continuity of contracts and other legal agreements which may be affected by the new currency. Briefly, many businesses wish to receive clarification that parties to contracts and legal agreements are unable to escape from their contractual obligations merely because the currency of payment has been replaced by the euro. As a result, the States of Guernsey has approved local legislation called the European Communities (Euro: Miscellaneous Provisions)(Guernsey) Ordinance, 1998 which provides for certainty on this issue. The Ordinance also provides for the replacement of the ECU by the euro. Similar legislation entitled the European Communities (Euro: Miscellaneous Provisions)(Alderney) Ordinance, 1998 has been approved by the States of Alderney. This does not mean that contracts will be completely unaffected by EMU. Parties may wish to terminate contracts because of EMU or amendments to contracts may need to be made to take account of practical issues such as a change in what constitutes a business day within the EMU countries from 1 January 1999.

59. APPENDIX 9: OUTLINE CHRONOLOGY OF EURO EVENTS
    the Member States of the EU confirm that eleven Member States, including Ireland,qualify to participate in emu and adopt the single currency, the euro, from 1  
    http://www.gov.ie/ecbi-euro/4th_annreport/w_apnd_9.htm
    
    Extractions: 7 February 1992 Treaty on European Union signed at Maastrict. 18 June 1992 Maastricht Treaty endorsed referendum in Ireland. 31 May 1995 European Commission publishes Green Paper on Practical Arrangements for the Introduction of the Single Currency. Autumn 1995 Single Currency Officers Team (SCOT) established in Ireland by the Department of Finance. December 1995 European Council meeting in Madrid confirms 1 January 1999 as the starting date for stage three of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), adopts a reference scenario for the changeover to the single currency and names the currency "euro". Spring 1996 Euro Changeover Group established to advise the Department of Finance on technical issues in the run-up to the 1998 Council decision on which Member States qualify for EMU and to help coordination of the changeover across the economy. December 1996 Forfás EMU Business Awareness Campaign launched. December 1996 European Council meeting in Dublin confirms that the Treaty procedure for deciding which Member States fulfil the necessary conditions for EMU will be applied as early as possible in 1998. May 1997 First edition of "EMU and the euro: Ireland's National Changeover Plan" published.

60. GnuCash And The EURO
    Introduction. On January 1, 1999, eleven european Union countries formed an economicand monetary union (emu) and started using a single currency the euro.  
    http://www.gnucash.org/docs/C/xacc-euro.html

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