Mali Resource - Anne E. Moncure Elementary School it was adopted by most of the peoples conquered and beja or Bedauye, spoken in easternSudan and northern script, although Arabic and an indigenous script have http://hbogucki.staffnet.com/aemes/resource/mali/afroasia.htm
Extractions: Afroasiatic Languages Also known as Hamito-Semitic languages, Afroasiatic languages are spoken by 175 million persons representing a wide range of cultures through most of the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, and large portions of West Africa. The languages include Arabic and Hebrew. Afroasiatic is commonly divided into five main branches based on ancient roots: Egyptian, Semitic, Cushitic, Berber, and Chad. Omotic, formerly called West Cushitic, has recently been suggested as constituting a sixth branch. These languages differ in their particulars, and the exact relationship among the branches has not yet been established. Scholars postulate, however, that all are derived from an unknown ancestor language that was probably spoken in northeast Africa or the Sahara about the 6th millennium BC. Egyptian. Egyptian is the oldest attested language of the family and has the longest known continuous history. As a written language it proceeded in five distinct stages. The first threeOld Egyptian (c.3000 to c.2200 BC), Middle Egyptian (c.2200 to c.1200 BC), and Late or Neo-Egyptian (c.1300 to c.700 BC)were all written in Hieroglyphics. Demotic (c.700 BC to AD c.300) was written in a simplified cursive script based on hieroglyphics and spoken by early Christians. Coptic (from AD 300), written in an alphabet based on Greek and comprising many dialects, was still widely spoken in the 16th century and in some places possibly as late as the 19th century. One Coptic dialect, Bohairic, is now the liturgical language of the Christian Monophysite Coptic Church.
Nubia Map and very detailed, illustrated, article on the history of Nubia, credited to Encyclopedia Britannica.Category Society History By Time Period Ancient africa Nubia in alliance with the nomadic Blemmyes (the beja of the of 'Alwah stood as the lastindigenous Christian barrier to to the White Nile, lived peoples about which http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html
Extractions: The region referred to as Lower Egypt is the northernmost portion. Upper Nubia extends south into Sudan and can be subdivided into several separate areas such as Batn El Hajar or "Belly of Rocks", the sands of the Abri-Delgo Reach, or the flat plains of the Dongola Reach. Nubia, the hottest and most arid region of the world, has caused many civilizations to be totally dependent on the Nile for existence. The regions of Nubia, Sudan and Egypt are considered by some to be the cradle of civilization. Today the term Nubian has become inclusive of Africans, African Arabs, African Americans and people of color in general. The history of the Nubians is closely linked with that of ancient Egypt. Images of early Gods are not unlike those found on heiroglyphs of Egyptian Gods - with heads of animals and birds. More than fifty ancient pyramids and royal tombs rise out of the desert sands at Meroe. They are Sudan's best-preserved pyramids, and one of Africa's best-kept secrets. Unlike Egypt's famous pyramids to the north, the Pyramids of Meroe are not floodlit at night. They do not form the backdrop to a dazzling laser-light multimedia extravaganza. They do not cater to the whims of camera-toting, dollar-wielding tourists. The pyramids are a silent and awesome sight, where the intrepid traveler can soak up their ancient atmosphere in solitude.
African Studies Centre - Publications In 1995 In indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, vol. 3, no. Soil and Water Conservationamong Settling beja Nomads in Eastern Sudan. In Nomadic peoples, no. http://asc.leidenuniv.nl/publications/year1995.htm
Extractions: G.J. Abbink 'Transformations of Violence in Twentieth-century Ethiopia: Cultural Roots, Political Conjunctures' In: Focaal , no. 25, p. 57-77. G.J. Abbink 'Disaster, relief and political change in southern Ethiopia: developments from within Suri society' In: J. Sorenson (ed), Disaster and Development in the Horn of Africa , Basingstoke / London: Macmillan, p. 151-170. G.J. Abbink 'Medicinal and ritual plants of the Ethiopean southwest: an account of recent research' In: Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor , vol. 3, no. 2, p. 6-8. G.J. Abbink In: Journal of Religion in Africa , vol. 25, no. 2, p. 163-190. G.J. Abbink 'Breaking and making the state: the dynamics of ethnic democracy in Ethiopia' In: Journal of Contemporary African Studies , vol.13, no. 2, p. 149-163. G.J. Abbink 'Ethiopie: le dilemme entre ethnicité et "démocratisation"' In: Politique Africaine , vol. 57, p. 137-142. L.M. Aritho The effect of household income and seasonal price changes on household food expenditure patterns. A case study of Vihiga District
Panel 1a present an opportunity to build anew an indigenous capacity for due to fighting betweenthe Sudanese peoples Liberation Army Modern Travels among the beja. http://www.dur.ac.uk/justin.willis/abstracts.htm
Extractions: Panel 1a The Funj Chronicle and the Turco-Egyptian Conquest, Professor P. Holt The paper will open with a survey of the five known writers who contributed to the final version of the Funj Chronicle. These were (1) Ahmad b. al-Hajj Abu (sic) 'Ali, known as Katib al-Shuna, the author of the original and basic version; (2) Ahmad al-Hajj Muhammad Janqal, the first continuator of the Chronicle; (3) al_Zubayr b. 'Abd al-Qadir w.al-Zayn, known as al-Zubayr w. Dawwah, the author of the Paris recension; (4) Ibrahim 'Abd al-Dafi', the author of the final recension; (5) al-Amin Muhamad al-Darir, the author of the concluding section. Their status in contemporary Sudanese society, and the effect of this on their historiography will be examined. Three sections will follow, dealing with different aspects of the Conquest as mirrored in the Chronicle. The first will deal with the widening vision of the writers in an immediate expansion first of the geographical awareness of Katib al-Shuna from the increasingly reduced confines of the Funj kingdom in its closing decades to the wider territories conquered in the campaigns of 1820-21. The theme is picked up by the other authors' accounts of the later border campaigns. The attempts of al-Zubayr w.Dawwah and Ibrahim 'Abd al-Dafi' to deepen the historical background will also be noticed. The second section will examine how the authors, especially Katib al-Shuna and Ahmad Muhammad Janqal, present the Conquest and the subsequent settlement of the conquered territories. It will assess their attitude to the events of the Turco-Egyptian invasion, and to the overall significance of the Conquest itself. Linked with this, the third section will attempt to evaluate the attitude of the conquered peoples towards their rulers, the military commanders and hukumdars, and more remotely the viceroys of Egypt and the Ottoman sultans.
The Fountain Gateway's Missions Articles Page 4 videos and Bibles for use in Sudan (an audiotape with beja music and their entirepeople then to reach out to other peoples. They're indigenous, layled http://www.fountaingateway.com/SpecialsNMessages/Missions/missionarticles4.htm
Extractions: A MINISTRY OF ACTION, COMMITMENT AND DISCIPLESHIP BASED ON THE WHOLE WORD OF GOD. Home Of The Living Word Missions Articles Page 4 Serving The Christian Community With Love and Commitment. Welcome to missions article page 4 of The Fountain Gateway. Below you will find recent articles concerning missionaries or from missionaries around the world. Please read what they have to say and "we ask" that you be in prayer about what they request! This is as God would have us to do. Thank You from the webmaster Mark K. Doty. If you have a missionary article or concern that you would like to have posted here please contact the webmaster at the following email address: tfg@fountaingateway.com All Linked Scripture is courtesy of The Blue Letter Bible or the World Wide Study Bible The Unfinished Task: Loving the Lost #8 - War-softened Cambodian hearts yearn for news of God's love By Kay Moore PHNOM PENH, Cambodia (BP) More than two decades have passed since daily headlines detailed news of American bombings in Cambodia. But when Phil Wardell confronts Cambodians whose lives were forever changed by the Vietnam War, the hatred among many is raw and fresh. Wardell, a Southern Baptist living in Southeast Asia, finds it challenging to tell Cambodians about Christ when his hearers hurl back, "Your people bombed our villages!"
Tigrinya People Profile The Tigre peoples were once related to the Tigrinya, but tef (Tigrinya t'af or Amharictyeff), an indigenous grain the Tigre people), as well as many beja people http://endor.hsutx.edu/~obiwan/profiles/tigrinya.html
Extractions: Status: 8-10% Muslim; 90-92% Coptic; 1% Evangelical NARRATIVE PROFILE Location: The Tigrinya (ti-GRIN-yuh) or Tigray (ti-GRAH-ee) people live in the southern highlands of Eritrea and the northern highlands of Ethiopia's Tigray province. They also live in Ethiopia's Gonder and Welo provinces. There are about 2 million in Eritrea and about 4 million in Ethiopia. The term Tigray is used in Ethiopia for both the people and their province. Tigrinya is used in Eritrea for the same people, so-called from the language they speak. Differences in terminology and spelling have led to a different political identity of this people group on each side of the border dividing the group. Culturally they are one people group. The terms Tigray, Tigrinya or Tigray-Tigrinya apply to the total people group, unless otherwise indicated. History: The history of the two countriesEthiopia and Eritreais closely linked, although beginning in the late 1800s, Eritrea was colonized by Italy. Eritrea was an Italian colony until 1941, then the British controlled it until 1951. Following the British occupation, the United Nations made it a federated autonomous territory with Ethiopia, until Ethiopia decided to annex it as a province in 1962. The Tigray-Tigrinya (also referred to as Tigrean) people are descendants of early Semitic peoples who originally settled in the Horn of Africa about 1000 BC. It seems they are related to or descended from the Sabaean (Sheban) people. According to their traditions they trace their roots to Menelik I, the child born of the queen of Sheba and King Solomon. It is thought that the Sabaean (Sheban) people began to settle on the west coast of the Red Sea, from their home in southern Arabia, about 1000 BC.
Sudan and the southern region, home to several black peoples. Ethnic groups black 52%,Arab 39%, beja 6%, foreigners 2 25% retain their indigenous beliefs and 59.8 http://www.aimcanada.org/sudan.htm
Extractions: AIM began ministry in southern Sudan in 1949. We continued till civil war and a Muslim government forced withdrawal in 1964. We returned in 1974 as develop- ment workers under the labels of ACROSS and Volunteer Service Group to work alongside the national churches especially the nascent Africa Inland ChurchSudan (AIC-Sudan) until forced to leave in 1992. In those relatively short periods many of the current AIC-S leaders were converted and discipled and trained. Now the AIC-Sudan has invited AIM to help them develop a stronger church. There are a hundred growing congregations from Port Sudan to Nimule the greatest number being in Eastern Equatoria State where the church first started as well as in Refugee Camps in Kenya and Uganda. As a result of the war churches have also been planted in the Khartoum area and there is a strong desire in the hearts of the leaders to reach out to their Muslim neighbours.
S U D A N organizations, women's associations and indigenous non government intentions accordingto him, beja supporters have interests of the two brotherly peoples. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Newsletters/HB7895_SUD.html
Extractions: ACRONYMS: DUP - Democratic Unionist Party IGADD - Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development NDA - National Democratic Alliance NIF - National Islamic Front NSCC - New Sudan Council of Churches NUP - Nationalist Unionist Party PDF - Popular Defence Forces PRMSS - Patriotic Resistance Movement of South Sudan RASS - Relief Association for Southern Sudan RCC - Revolutionary Command Council RCCNS - RCC of National Salvation SCC - Sudan Council of Churches SEOC - Sudan Emergency Operations Consortium SPLA - Sudan People's Liberation Army SPLM - Sudan People's Liberation Movement SSIM - South Sudan Independence Movement ** CARTER CEASEFIRE ** CARTER CENTER STATEMENT ON RECENT PEACE AND HEALTH INITIATIVES IN SUDAN (Carter Center News 25 Jul 95) ATLANTA, GAFormer U.S. President Jimmy Carter said today upon returning from a trip to Sudan that all sides in that nation's civil conflict had agreed to continue observing the cease- fire as long as good faith talks are being held under the auspices of the Inter- governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD), chaired by Kenya President Daniel Arap Moi. The cease- fire, originally set to expire July 28, has allowed international health workers to implement interventions to prevent Guinea worm disease, river blindness, and other diseases. During the trip, President Carter delivered peace talk invitations from President Moi to the Sudanese government, Sudanese People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), and the Southern Sudanese Independence Movement/Army (SSIM/A). All sides accepted the invitations for peace talks to begin soon in Nairobi.
Books account of the Caucasian and Central Asian peoples, as well Sudan was ruled by itsfirst indigenous ruler, the as points of entry into beja cultural knowledge. http://www.hf.uib.no/smi/meb/books.html
Extractions: The Centre by scholars at Bergen, or visitors while resident in Bergen. A.I. Abu Shouk, The Public Records of Kassala Province A.I. Abu Shouk, Muhammad Ibrahim Abu Salim: muhaqqiqan wa-mu'arrikhan A.I. Abu Shouk, Ta`rikh Harakat al-Islah wa-Irshad Women and Islamization A.K. Bang, The Idrisi state in 'Asir The Seven Days of Man The Public Treasure of the Muslims T. Bringa, Being Muslim the Bosnian way T. Eide Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, I - IV I. Gilhus, Laughing Gods, Weeping Virgins A. Grannes, Turco-Bulgarica Etnisk nasjonalisme Short-cut to Decay J.O. Hunwick Arabic Literature of Africa, II Aqualithic sites among the rivers Nile and Atbara F. Jacobsen, Exploring theories of sickness and misfortune among the Hadandowa H. Jenssen: The Subtleties and Secrets of the Arabic Language Z. Kamalkhani, Women's Islam Deserting the Desert A.N. Longva, Walls built on sand Bridge over troubled water After Oslo: New realities, old problems L.O. Manger, From the Mountains to the Plains L.O. Manger
Extractions: - Sampling of print articles A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In March/April 2001 five senior Canadian church leaders visited Southern Sudan, a region devastated by 18 years of civil war. The visit was in solidarity with Sudanese church partners and to inform Canadian churches and the Canadian public about the present status of the conflict and its impact on civilians. Delegates carried with them the knowledge that a Canadian company, Talisman Energy, has been accused of complicity in human rights violations in Sudan. The delegation had planned to visit Khartoum in Northern Sudan but the Sudanese government did not grant visas. Meetings with some 20 individuals and groups were held in Nairobi, Kenya and Southern Sudan, to learn as much as possible about the conflict. The majority of meetings were with Southern Sudanese representing the churches, humanitarian groups, local civil administrations, ethnic groups, and displaced populations.
Global Endeavor - People Profile Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25 Ethnic groups black 52%, Arab39%, beja 6%, foreigners of congregations in areas with many unreached peoples. http://www.globalendeavor.org/peopleprofile.html
Extractions: Turkey Population (2000) Capital : Ankara Religion Muslim Christian Jewish Answers to Prayer The emergence of a small, but significant Turkish Evangelical Church. Turkish believers probably numbered about 10 in 1960. This had risen to about 2,000 in 34 fellowships by 2000. The legal recognition of the existence of a Turkish Protestant Church and the official establishment of several Protestant congregations. The increasing openness on the part of the authorities to recognize Turkey as a multi-cultural, multi-religious country. Prayer Requests Turkey remains the largest unreached nation in the world. For over 1,000 years it was a bastion of Christianity, but it became a strong propagator of Islam. The Christian population has declined from 22% to 0.32% since 1900 most of these Christians being non-Turkish. Few of the 66 million Muslims have ever heard the gospel. 2. Turkeys long association with Islam and more than a millennium of bitter wars with Christian Europe make conversion appear almost an act of treachery.
Extractions: If we follow the dictum, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, we will end up being a nation of eyeless and toothless people Oil and the Civil War in the Sudan THE CIVIL WAR IN THE SOUTH Since the firing of the first bullet in 1983, the reappearance of the war between northern and southern Sudan has generally been interpreted as a typical ethno-religious conflict emanating from differences between Muslims and Christians, or Arabs and Africans. While this categorisation may have served well as a description of the earlier conflict in the 1950s, and still has some bearing on how the war is being conducted and perceived, our opinion is that the nature of the conflict has changed. Conflicts are processes, not static events. And over the last five decades developments in the Sudan have gradually if consistently changed the nature of the conflict between the North and the South from being a classic ethno-religious conflict to one primarily over resources, with the economic and resource crisis in the North emerging as the driving force in the Sudanese civil war The two Civil Wars The Sudan is a country at war with itself. Violent conflict is raging in four fronts in the Sudan, civil war in the South, high intensity conflict in the Nuba Mountains and high to medium intensity conflicts in the East and West of the country. To understand the turmoil of violence and dislocation, a differentiation between structural and direct causes of violence is useful. Structural problems are responsible for making the country susceptible to unrest, while the direct causes are the ones that actually precipitate violence.
Extractions: African American Black Blood Donor Emergency COUNTRY RACIAL and/or ETHNIC ANALYSIS of PEOPLE GROUPS Afghanistan Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian (see Barbuda) Argentina European 97% (mostly of Spanish and Italian descent), 3% other (mostly Indian or Mestizo) Armenia Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989) Note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia
Geography Of Sudan Other species of indigenous vegetation include cotton, papyrus, castoroil ethnicgroups in northern Sudan include the beja, Jamala, and Nubian peoples. http://www.sudancenter.org.uk/geograph.htm
Extractions: Map of Sudan Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to the Sudan Home Page. The following information came from Microsoft Encarta. Sudan , Republic of the, republic in northeastern Africa, the largest country of the African continent. It is bounded on the north by Egypt; on the east by the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia; on the south by Kenya, Uganda, and Zaire; and on the west by the Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya. Sudan has a total area of 2,505,813 sq km (about 967,495 sq mi). Khartoum is the capital and largest city. Land and Resources Sudan has a tropical climate. Seasonal variations are most sharply defined in the desert zones, where winter temperatures as low as 4.4 C (about 40 F) are common, particularly after sunset. Summer temperatures often exceed 43.3 C (about 110 F) in the desert zones, and rainfall is negligible. Dust storms, called haboobs, frequently occur. High temperatures also prevail to the south throughout the central plains region, but the humidity is generally low. In the vicinity of Khartoum the average annual temperature is about 26.7 C (about 80 F); and annual rainfall, most of which occurs between mid-June and September, is about 254 mm (about 10 in). Equatorial climatic conditions prevail in southern Sudan. In this region the average annual temperature is about 29.4 C (about 85 F), annual rainfall is more than 1015 mm (more than 40 in), and the humidity is excessive. Natural Resources The primary natural resources of Sudan are water, supplied by the Nile River system, and fertile soil. Large areas of cultivable land are situated in the region between the Blue Nile and the At barah and between the Blue Nile and the White Nile. Other cultivable land is in the narrow Nile Valley and in the valleys of the plains region. Irrigation is extensively employed in these areas. The country also has vast areas of grasslands and forests, including acacia forests, the source of gum arabic. Small deposits of many different minerals occur, the most important of which are chromium, copper, and iron ore. Petroleum was discovered in western Sudan in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Landru.i-link-2.net/jtrees/text/Nations_of_old-world.txt generic name for several peoples) Dompago Dyerma all language groups Arab beja SwazilandSwazi Chinese (15%) see CHINA indigenous (6%) Cambodia http://landru.i-link-2.net/jtrees/text/Nations_of_old-world.txt
Extractions: A glimpse of the historical background Independence and open conflict The Past 15 years - The Experience of Genocide The complexity of the conflict IGAD , attempts at negotiations, a cease-fire, and peace OLS - Operation Lifeline Sudan SPLM - The Sudan People's Liberation Movement SRRA - The Sudanese humanitarian assistance organisation NPA as a humanitarian and political actor in the sphere of international development and solidarity NPA in Sudan The National Board emphasises the following: ... NPA General Assembly 19 22 August 1999 Background: Geographical data, population, and resources Sudan covers approximately 2.5 million square kilometres and is consequently the largest country in Africa. Historically there is a demarcation line between North and South Sudan with a border which may be said to stretch roughly from the town of Maban close to the Ethiopian border in the east to the town of Boro on the border of the Central African Republic. On this assumption, South Sudan covers an area of approximately 700-800 000 square kilometres.
Papers Abstracts: SSA Annual Conference, 05/98 of the traditions of the indigenous people, the to ensure representation for the country'sdiverse peoples. presented concerning the south, beja, DarFur, Nuba http://www.sudanstudies.org/abstr598.html
Extractions: Abstracts Sudan Studies Association ANNUAL CONFERENCE, MAY 1998 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Ismail Abdalla, College of William and Mary (Panelists: Abdullahi Ali Ibrahim, Ahmed Osman, Bushra A. Hamad) Proverbs are gems of wisdom. They are the un-masked and un-adulterated image of society. In them one finds peoples' ideas about life, the ideals and values they hold dear, and the elements they consider supreme in the spiritual as well as material life. With the help of selected Sudanese proverbs, each panelist will reflect on the place of proverbs among the group of the Sudanese s/he happens to know best. AbdelRahman Ahmed AbdelRahman, Visiting Scholar, Michigan State University In the second half of the 1970s, the production of cotton, Sudan's principal foreign exchange earner, was in a serious crisis reflected in a particularly pronounced decline in yields and output. In the early 1980s, the implementation of cost and price-generating reforms, supported by the IMF and the World Bank, led initially to some productivity improvement in the Gezira Scheme, the country's principal parastatal for cotton production. However, the initial recovery of the crop has not been sustained over the long haul, due mainly to unfavorable macroeconomic conditions. The experience of the Gezira Scheme demonstrates that even in Sudan's tradition-bound, market-unfriendly, and state-controlled systems of agricultural production farmers can be motivated through market-based incentives to be productive.
EJAB: Electronic Journal Of Africana Bibliography, Volume 8 324 p. Keywords/Motsclés beja/Economics/Erosion Nomadic peoples (1997), vol. projects/Drought/Grazingreserve/Grazing rights/indigenous knowledge/Mali/Niger http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/ejab/8/biblio.html
Extractions: 6. ADAMU, M., KIRK-GREENE, A. H. M. (ed.) Pastoralists of the West African savanna : selected studies presented and discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 . - Manchester : Manchester University Press, in assoc. with the International African Institute, 1986. - xxxii, 359 p.
Justice Newsletter Also in the north are the beja, Jamala and Nubian peoples. Nearly 70% of Sudan'scitizens identify with Sunni Muslim; indigenous beliefs account for http://www.fpcberkeley.org/ministries/evangelism/justice/Spring_2001.htm
TUNISIA Among reptiles the Egyptian cobra seems to be indigenous in the south, where MixedArab and Berber peoples, say The chief town of the Majerda basin is beja (pop http://13.1911encyclopedia.org/T/TU/TUNISIA.htm
Extractions: Untersuch. u. d. Tunic. d. Adriat. Meeres, in Denkschr. d. if. A had. Wiss. (18751877); (20) Lacaze-Duthiers, Asc. simp. d. cfites d. Thier-Reich Tunicata. (W. A. HE.) TUNICLE (Lat. tunicella) , a liturgical vestment of the Christian church, proper to subdeacons. It is practically the same vestment as the dalmatic (q.v.). TUNING FORK, a small bar of cast steel with tolerably defined edges, bent into a fork with two prongs, with a handle of the same metal extending from the bend of the fork and serving as a sound-post to transmit the, vibrations to any resonance board or body convenient for reinforcing the sound. The fork is set in vibration by striking one of the prongs against a hard substance, or pressing the prongs together if they are light ones, or if heavy drawin.g a bow across. The tuning fork was invented by John Shore, royal trumpeter in 1711, sergeant trumpeter at the entry of George I. in 1714, and lutanist to the Chapel Royal in. 1715. It is used for determining musical pitch (see PITCH), and also in certain physical experiments (see SOUND). The European QuarterFrom the landing stage a short street leads into the broad Avenue Jules Ferry or de la Marine running east to west and ending in the Place de la Residence, on. the north side of which is the Roman Catholic cathedral and on the south side the palace of the French resident-general, with a large garden.. The main thoroughfare is continued westwards by the Avenue de France, which leads to the Porte de France. Beyond the gate is the small Place de la Bourse, in which is the British consulate. From the Porte electric trams run to the harbour and also in a circle round the native city. From the Place de la Residence cross-roads run north
